TAKING THE PULSE OF THE PROFESSIONAL TRANSLATORS IN TURKEY: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON WORK ATTITUDE

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 46, 302 – 318, 30.06.2024

Oğuz Başol Burcu Taşkın

Öz

While translation is one of the oldest occupations in history, translators are a professional group that has been rather neglected by both academic and professional circles. Within the increasingly demanding economy, they feel the day-to-day pressures of the ever-expanding global language services sector and struggle to find a balance between work and life. They are also striving for higher levels of recognition, professionalization, and fair remuneration. While there are a number of promising studies that focus on translators as professionals, the work attitude tools developed for translators to date lack appropriate validity and reliability tests. Thus, the study aims to adapt the job satisfaction, work-life balance, turnover intention, and workload scales developed for employees from different sectors to translators. The study conducted with the participation of 216 translators living and working in different provinces in Turkey shows that these adapted scales are valid and reliable measurement tools in the Turkish language (Chi-square/df: 1.71; RMSEA: 0.058; SRMR: 0.049; NFI: 0.96; NNFI: 0.98; CFI: 0.98, GFI: 0.90 and AGFI: 0.85). Alongside validity and reliability, this study examines the correlations among the variables obtained from the analyses of the scales, drawing statistically significant results.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Translators, Job Satisfaction, Work-Life Balance, Turnover Intention, Workload, Validity and Reliability

Etik Beyan

The study followed research and publication ethics.

Kaynakça

Bagozzi, R.P. and Yi, Y. (1988). On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
Barnett, R. C. (1999). A New Work-Life Model for the Twenty-First Century. The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, 562(1), 143–158.
Başol, O. and Çömlekçi, M.F. (2022). The Effect of Remote-work Attitude on Life Satisfaction: Investigating the Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 77, 23-36.
Başol, O. and Çömlekçi, M. F. (2020). İş Tatmini Uygulaması Geçerlik Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 1(2), 16-29
Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J. K., Huck, S. W. Skolits, G. J. and Esquivel, S. L. (2013). Practical Considerations for Using Exploratory Factor Analysis in Educational Research, Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 18(6), 1-13.
Bednárová-Gibová, K. and Madoš, B. (2019). Investigating Translators’ Work-related Happiness: Slovak Sworn and Institutional Translators as a Case in Point. Meta, 64(1), 215–241. https://doi.org/10.7202/1065335ar
Bednárová-Gibová, K. and Majherová, M. (2021) Academic Literary Translators: A Happy ‘elite’ or not?, The Translator, 27(2), 167-189.
Bednárová-Gibová, K. (2022). How Happy are Legal Translators at Their Work? Further Findings from a Cognitive–affective enquiry. Translation Studies, 15(1), 1-20.
Bothma, C. F. C., and Roodt, G. (2013). The Validation of the Turnover Intention Scale. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(1), 1–12.
Chang, H.-T., Chi, N.-W., and Miao, M.C. (2007). Testing the Relationship Between Three-component Organizational/occupational Commitment and Organizational/occupational Turnover Intention Using A Non-recursive Model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(2), 352–368.
Cho, Y. J., and Lewis, G. B. (2012). Turnover intention and turnover behavior: Implications for retaining federal employees. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 32(1), 4–23.
Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family Border Theory: A New Theory of Work/family Balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747-770.
Cooper, C. L., Rout, U., and Faragher, B. (1989). Mental Health, Job Satisfaction, and Job Stress Among General Practitioners. British Medical Journal, 298(6670), 366-370.
Costello, A. B. and Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most from Your Analysis, Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
Courtney, J., and Phelan, M. (2019). Translators' Experiences of Occupational Stress and job Satisfaction. The Translation and Interpreting Studies, 11(1), 100-113.
Çoban, F. (2017). Profesyonel Çevirmenlerin Duygusal Zekâları ile Çevirmen Tatminleri Arasındaki İlişki. Doctoral Dissertation. Sakarya University.
Dam, H. V. and Zethsen, K. K. (2011). The Status of Professional Business Translators on the Danish Market: A Comparative Study of Company, Agency and Freelance Translators. Meta, 56(4), 976–997. https://doi.org/10.7202/1011263ar
Dam, H. V. and Zethsen, K. K. (2016) “I Think It Is a Wonderful Job” On the Solidity of the Translation Profession." The Journal of Specialised Translation, 25, 174-187.
De Vaus, D. A. (2002). Surveys in Social Research, Australia: Allen and Unwin.
Dursun, S., Basol, O., and Sengul, B. (2022). Validity and Reliability Study of Safety Climate Scale. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 65, 203-216.
Ekinci, H., Sabancı A. (2021). Adaptation of Work-life Balance Scale to Turkish: Validity and reliability study. Trakya Journal of Education, 11(1), 151-163.
Fapohunda, T. M. (2014). An Exploration of the Effects of Work Life Balance on Productivity. Journal of Human Resource Management and Labour Studies, 2(2) 71-89.
Fırat, G. (2021). Uberization of Translation: Impacts on Working Conditions. The Journal of Internationalization and Localization, 8(1), 48-75.
Fisher, G. G., Bulger, C. A., Smith, C. S. (2009). Beyond Work and Family: A Measure of Work/nonwork Interference and Enhancement. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(4), 441-456.
Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Göktepe, E. A. (2011). Formel ve Enformel Kadın Çalışanların İstihdam Edilme Biçimlerinin İş Doyum Düzeyleri Üzerindeki Etkisi. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 26, 1-12.
Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., Shaw, J. D. (2003). The Relation Between Work–family Balance and Quality of Life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 510–531.
Guest, D. E. (2002). Perspectives on the Study of Work-life Balance. Social Science Information, 41(2), 255-279.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. and Anderson, R. E (2010). Multivariate data analysis a global perspective (7th Ed.). USA: Pearson.
Haldorai, K., Kim, W. G., Pillai, S. G., Park, T. (Eliot), and Balasubramanian, K. (2019). Factors Affecting Hotel Employees’ Attrition and Turnover: Application of Pull-push-mooring Framework. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 83, 46–55.
Hancock, J. I., Bosco, F. A., McDaniel, K. R., and Pierce, C. A. (2013). Meta-analytic Review of Employee Turnover as a Predictor of Firm Performance. Journal of Management, 39(3), 573–603.
Hancock, P. A., and Matthews, G. (2019). Workload and Performance: Associations, Insensitivities, and Dissociations. Human Factors, 61(3), 374-392.
Hoppock, R. (1935) Job Satisfaction. Harper, Oxford.
Joo, B. K., Hahn, H. J., and Peterson, S. L. (2015). Turnover Intention: The Effects of Core Self- evaluations, proactive personality, perceived organizational support, developmental feedback, and job complexity. Human Resource Development International, 18(2), 116–130.
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C., Kluger, A. N. (1998). Dispositional Effects on Job and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Core Evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), pp. 17-34.
Karatuna, I. Başol, O. (2017). Job Satisfaction of Part-time vs. Full-time Workers in Turkey: The Effect of Income and Work Status Satisfaction. International Journal of Value Chain Management, 8(1), 58-72.
Katan, D. (2009). Translation Theory and Professional Practice: A Global Survey of The Great Divide. HERMES- Journal of Language and Communication in Business, 42, 111-153.
Lee, Jieun. (2017). "Professional Interpreters’ Job Satisfaction and Relevant Factors: A Case Study of Trained Interpreters in South Korea." Translation and Interpreting Studies. The Journal of the American Translation and Interpreting Studies Association,12(3), 427-448.
Liu, C. (2013). A Quantitative Enquiry into the Translator’s Job-related Happiness: Does Visibility Correlate With Happiness?. Across Languages and Cultures, 14(1), 123-147.
Lo, W. Y., Chien, L. Y., Hwang, F. M. Huang, N., and Chiou, S. T. (2017). From Job Stress to Intention to Leave Among Hospital Nurses: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74, 677– 688.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction (Edit. M. D. Dunnette), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New York, USA.
Lockwood, N. R. (2003). Work Life Balance: Challenges and Solutions. HR Magazine, 48(6), 1-10.
Long, C., Thean, L., Ismail, W., ve Jusoh, A. (2012). Leadership Styles and Employees’ Turnover Intention: Exploratory Study of Academic Staff in a Malaysian College. World Applied Sciences Journal, 19(4), 575- 581.
Maslach, C., and Jackson, S. E. (1981). The Measurement of Experienced Burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99-113.
McLafferty I. (2004). Focus Group Interviews As A Data Collecting Strategy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(2), 187-94.
Memon, M. A., Mohamed, R. S., and Baharom, N. R. (2016). The Link Between Training Satisfaction, Work Engangement and Turnover Intention. European Journal of Training and Development, 40(6), 407–426.
Moloney, W., Boxall, P., Parsons, M., and Cheung, G. (2018). Factors Predicting Registered Nurses’ Intentions to Leave Their Organization and Profession: A Job Demands-resources Framework. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(4).
Moorkens J. (2017) Under Pressure: Translation in Times of Austerity, Perspectives, 25(3), 464-477.
Pichler, F. (2008). Determinants of Work-life Balance: Shortcomings in the Contemporary Measurement of WLB in Large-scale Surveys. Social Indicators Research, 92(3), 449-469.
Piecychna, B. (2019). Polish Sworn Translators’ Attitudes Towards the Job They Perform–results Obtained From a Job Satisfaction Survey. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric, 58,(1), 125-154.
Prottas, D. (2007). Attitudes towards Occupation, Job, Life, and Family: Translators as Independent Contractors, Owners, and Employees. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 19, 16-30.
Pym, A. (2009). Humanizing Translation History. HERMES-Journal of Language and Communication in Business, (42), 23-48.
Rodríguez-Castro, M. (2015). Conceptual Construct and Empirical Validation of a Multifaceted Instrument for Translator Satisfaction. The Translation and Interpreting, 7(2), 30-50.
Rodríguez-Castro, M. (2019). Critical Distinctions Between Expert and Novice Translators: Task and Professional Satisfaction. HERMES-Journal of Language and Communication in Business, 59(1), 123-138.
Ruokonen, M., and Makisalo, J. (2018). Middling-status Profession, High-status Work: Finnish Translators' Status Perceptions in the Light of Their Backgrounds, Working Conditions and Job Satisfaction. The Translation and Interpreting, 10(1), 1-17.
Ruokonen, M., Lassus, J., and Virtanen, T. (2020). ‘I Fulfil My Place Among the Humankind, in the Universe’: Finnish Translators’ Job Satisfaction in Three Empirical Studies. MikaEL Kääntämisen ja tulkkauksen tutkimuksen symposiumin verkkojulkaisu.
Sass, D. A. (2010). Factor Loading Estimation Error and Stability Using Exploratory Factor Analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(4), 557–577.
Simeoni, D. (1998). The Pivotal Status of the Translator's Habitus. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies, 10(1), 1-39.
Spector, P. E. (1985). Measurement of Human Service Staff Satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13(6), 693-713.
Spector, P. E., and Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of Four Self-report Measures of Job Stressors and Strain: Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, Quantitative Workload Inventory, and Physical Symptoms Inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 356.
Taber, K. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education, Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273-1296.
Tett, R. P., and Meyer, J. P. (1993). Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Turnover Intention, and Turnover: Path Analyses Based on Metaanalytic Findings. Personnel Psychology, 46, 259–293.
Tuncer, Ö. (2019). Determinants Of Counterproductive Work Behaviors: The Role of Workload, Role Ambiguity, Leader Support and Work Locus of Control. Master’s Thesis, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı.
Wayne S.J., Shore L. M., Linden R. C. (1997). Perceived Organizational Support and Leader Member Exchange: A Social Exchange Perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 82-111.
Weaver Jr, C. P. (2015). Perceived Organizational Support and Job Overload as Moderators on the Relationship Between Leadership Effectiveness and Job Satisfaction. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 8(1), 79- 100.

TÜRKİYE’DEKİ PROFESYONEL ÇEVİRMENLERİN NABZINI TUTMAK: KAPSAMLI BİR İŞ TUTUMU İNCELEMESİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 46, 302 – 318, 30.06.2024

Oğuz Başol Burcu Taşkın

Öz

Çeviri tarihin en eski mesleklerinden biri olsa da çevirmenler hem akademik hem de profesyonel çevreler tarafından oldukça ihmal edilmiş bir meslek grubudur. Çevirmenler, giderek daha talepkâr hale gelen ekonomi içerisinde, sürekli genişleyen küresel dil hizmetleri sektörünün günlük baskılarını hissetmekte ve iş ile yaşam arasında bir denge kurmaya çalışmaktadırlar. Aynı zamanda, daha yüksek düzeyde tanınma, profesyonelleşme ve adil ücretlendirme için mücadele etmektedirler. Profesyonel çevirmenlere odaklanan bir dizi umut verici çalışma olsa da bugüne kadar çevirmenler için geliştirilen iş tutumu araçları uygun geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik testlerinden yoksundur. Bu nedenle çalışma, farklı sektörler için geliştirilen iş tatmini, iş-yaşam dengesi, işten ayrılma niyeti ve iş yükü ölçeklerini çevirmenlere uyarlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye’nin farklı illerinde yaşayan ve çalışan 216 çevirmenin katılımıyla gerçekleştirilen çalışma, uyarlanan bu ölçeklerin Türkçe dilinde geçerli ve güvenilir ölçüm araçları olduğunu göstermektedir (Ki-kare/df: 1,71; RMSEA: 0,058; SRMR: 0,049; NFI: 0,96; NNFI: 0,98; CFI: 0,98, GFI: 0,90 ve AGFI: 0,85). Geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğin yanı sıra, bu çalışmada ölçeklerin analizlerinden elde edilen değişkenler arasındaki korelasyonlar incelenmiş ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çevirmenler, İş Tatmini, İş-Yaşam Dengesi, İşten Ayrılma Niyeti, İş Yükü, Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik

Etik Beyan

Çalışmada Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine uyulmuştur.

Kaynakça

Bagozzi, R.P. and Yi, Y. (1988). On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.
Barnett, R. C. (1999). A New Work-Life Model for the Twenty-First Century. The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, 562(1), 143–158.
Başol, O. and Çömlekçi, M.F. (2022). The Effect of Remote-work Attitude on Life Satisfaction: Investigating the Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 77, 23-36.
Başol, O. and Çömlekçi, M. F. (2020). İş Tatmini Uygulaması Geçerlik Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 1(2), 16-29
Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J. K., Huck, S. W. Skolits, G. J. and Esquivel, S. L. (2013). Practical Considerations for Using Exploratory Factor Analysis in Educational Research, Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 18(6), 1-13.
Bednárová-Gibová, K. and Madoš, B. (2019). Investigating Translators’ Work-related Happiness: Slovak Sworn and Institutional Translators as a Case in Point. Meta, 64(1), 215–241. https://doi.org/10.7202/1065335ar
Bednárová-Gibová, K. and Majherová, M. (2021) Academic Literary Translators: A Happy ‘elite’ or not?, The Translator, 27(2), 167-189.
Bednárová-Gibová, K. (2022). How Happy are Legal Translators at Their Work? Further Findings from a Cognitive–affective enquiry. Translation Studies, 15(1), 1-20.
Bothma, C. F. C., and Roodt, G. (2013). The Validation of the Turnover Intention Scale. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(1), 1–12.
Chang, H.-T., Chi, N.-W., and Miao, M.C. (2007). Testing the Relationship Between Three-component Organizational/occupational Commitment and Organizational/occupational Turnover Intention Using A Non-recursive Model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(2), 352–368.
Cho, Y. J., and Lewis, G. B. (2012). Turnover intention and turnover behavior: Implications for retaining federal employees. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 32(1), 4–23.
Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family Border Theory: A New Theory of Work/family Balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747-770.
Cooper, C. L., Rout, U., and Faragher, B. (1989). Mental Health, Job Satisfaction, and Job Stress Among General Practitioners. British Medical Journal, 298(6670), 366-370.
Costello, A. B. and Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most from Your Analysis, Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
Courtney, J., and Phelan, M. (2019). Translators' Experiences of Occupational Stress and job Satisfaction. The Translation and Interpreting Studies, 11(1), 100-113.
Çoban, F. (2017). Profesyonel Çevirmenlerin Duygusal Zekâları ile Çevirmen Tatminleri Arasındaki İlişki. Doctoral Dissertation. Sakarya University.
Dam, H. V. and Zethsen, K. K. (2011). The Status of Professional Business Translators on the Danish Market: A Comparative Study of Company, Agency and Freelance Translators. Meta, 56(4), 976–997. https://doi.org/10.7202/1011263ar
Dam, H. V. and Zethsen, K. K. (2016) “I Think It Is a Wonderful Job” On the Solidity of the Translation Profession." The Journal of Specialised Translation, 25, 174-187.
De Vaus, D. A. (2002). Surveys in Social Research, Australia: Allen and Unwin.
Dursun, S., Basol, O., and Sengul, B. (2022). Validity and Reliability Study of Safety Climate Scale. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 65, 203-216.
Ekinci, H., Sabancı A. (2021). Adaptation of Work-life Balance Scale to Turkish: Validity and reliability study. Trakya Journal of Education, 11(1), 151-163.
Fapohunda, T. M. (2014). An Exploration of the Effects of Work Life Balance on Productivity. Journal of Human Resource Management and Labour Studies, 2(2) 71-89.
Fırat, G. (2021). Uberization of Translation: Impacts on Working Conditions. The Journal of Internationalization and Localization, 8(1), 48-75.
Fisher, G. G., Bulger, C. A., Smith, C. S. (2009). Beyond Work and Family: A Measure of Work/nonwork Interference and Enhancement. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(4), 441-456.
Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Göktepe, E. A. (2011). Formel ve Enformel Kadın Çalışanların İstihdam Edilme Biçimlerinin İş Doyum Düzeyleri Üzerindeki Etkisi. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 26, 1-12.
Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., Shaw, J. D. (2003). The Relation Between Work–family Balance and Quality of Life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(3), 510–531.
Guest, D. E. (2002). Perspectives on the Study of Work-life Balance. Social Science Information, 41(2), 255-279.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. and Anderson, R. E (2010). Multivariate data analysis a global perspective (7th Ed.). USA: Pearson.
Haldorai, K., Kim, W. G., Pillai, S. G., Park, T. (Eliot), and Balasubramanian, K. (2019). Factors Affecting Hotel Employees’ Attrition and Turnover: Application of Pull-push-mooring Framework. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 83, 46–55.
Hancock, J. I., Bosco, F. A., McDaniel, K. R., and Pierce, C. A. (2013). Meta-analytic Review of Employee Turnover as a Predictor of Firm Performance. Journal of Management, 39(3), 573–603.
Hancock, P. A., and Matthews, G. (2019). Workload and Performance: Associations, Insensitivities, and Dissociations. Human Factors, 61(3), 374-392.
Hoppock, R. (1935) Job Satisfaction. Harper, Oxford.
Joo, B. K., Hahn, H. J., and Peterson, S. L. (2015). Turnover Intention: The Effects of Core Self- evaluations, proactive personality, perceived organizational support, developmental feedback, and job complexity. Human Resource Development International, 18(2), 116–130.
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C., Kluger, A. N. (1998). Dispositional Effects on Job and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Core Evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), pp. 17-34.
Karatuna, I. Başol, O. (2017). Job Satisfaction of Part-time vs. Full-time Workers in Turkey: The Effect of Income and Work Status Satisfaction. International Journal of Value Chain Management, 8(1), 58-72.
Katan, D. (2009). Translation Theory and Professional Practice: A Global Survey of The Great Divide. HERMES- Journal of Language and Communication in Business, 42, 111-153.
Lee, Jieun. (2017). "Professional Interpreters’ Job Satisfaction and Relevant Factors: A Case Study of Trained Interpreters in South Korea." Translation and Interpreting Studies. The Journal of the American Translation and Interpreting Studies Association,12(3), 427-448.
Liu, C. (2013). A Quantitative Enquiry into the Translator’s Job-related Happiness: Does Visibility Correlate With Happiness?. Across Languages and Cultures, 14(1), 123-147.
Lo, W. Y., Chien, L. Y., Hwang, F. M. Huang, N., and Chiou, S. T. (2017). From Job Stress to Intention to Leave Among Hospital Nurses: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74, 677– 688.
Locke, E. A. (1976). The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction (Edit. M. D. Dunnette), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New York, USA.
Lockwood, N. R. (2003). Work Life Balance: Challenges and Solutions. HR Magazine, 48(6), 1-10.
Long, C., Thean, L., Ismail, W., ve Jusoh, A. (2012). Leadership Styles and Employees’ Turnover Intention: Exploratory Study of Academic Staff in a Malaysian College. World Applied Sciences Journal, 19(4), 575- 581.
Maslach, C., and Jackson, S. E. (1981). The Measurement of Experienced Burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99-113.
McLafferty I. (2004). Focus Group Interviews As A Data Collecting Strategy. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(2), 187-94.
Memon, M. A., Mohamed, R. S., and Baharom, N. R. (2016). The Link Between Training Satisfaction, Work Engangement and Turnover Intention. European Journal of Training and Development, 40(6), 407–426.
Moloney, W., Boxall, P., Parsons, M., and Cheung, G. (2018). Factors Predicting Registered Nurses’ Intentions to Leave Their Organization and Profession: A Job Demands-resources Framework. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(4).
Moorkens J. (2017) Under Pressure: Translation in Times of Austerity, Perspectives, 25(3), 464-477.
Pichler, F. (2008). Determinants of Work-life Balance: Shortcomings in the Contemporary Measurement of WLB in Large-scale Surveys. Social Indicators Research, 92(3), 449-469.
Piecychna, B. (2019). Polish Sworn Translators’ Attitudes Towards the Job They Perform–results Obtained From a Job Satisfaction Survey. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric, 58,(1), 125-154.
Prottas, D. (2007). Attitudes towards Occupation, Job, Life, and Family: Translators as Independent Contractors, Owners, and Employees. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 19, 16-30.
Pym, A. (2009). Humanizing Translation History. HERMES-Journal of Language and Communication in Business, (42), 23-48.
Rodríguez-Castro, M. (2015). Conceptual Construct and Empirical Validation of a Multifaceted Instrument for Translator Satisfaction. The Translation and Interpreting, 7(2), 30-50.
Rodríguez-Castro, M. (2019). Critical Distinctions Between Expert and Novice Translators: Task and Professional Satisfaction. HERMES-Journal of Language and Communication in Business, 59(1), 123-138.
Ruokonen, M., and Makisalo, J. (2018). Middling-status Profession, High-status Work: Finnish Translators' Status Perceptions in the Light of Their Backgrounds, Working Conditions and Job Satisfaction. The Translation and Interpreting, 10(1), 1-17.
Ruokonen, M., Lassus, J., and Virtanen, T. (2020). ‘I Fulfil My Place Among the Humankind, in the Universe’: Finnish Translators’ Job Satisfaction in Three Empirical Studies. MikaEL Kääntämisen ja tulkkauksen tutkimuksen symposiumin verkkojulkaisu.
Sass, D. A. (2010). Factor Loading Estimation Error and Stability Using Exploratory Factor Analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(4), 557–577.
Simeoni, D. (1998). The Pivotal Status of the Translator's Habitus. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies, 10(1), 1-39.
Spector, P. E. (1985). Measurement of Human Service Staff Satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13(6), 693-713.
Spector, P. E., and Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of Four Self-report Measures of Job Stressors and Strain: Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, Quantitative Workload Inventory, and Physical Symptoms Inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 356.
Taber, K. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education, Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273-1296.
Tett, R. P., and Meyer, J. P. (1993). Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Turnover Intention, and Turnover: Path Analyses Based on Metaanalytic Findings. Personnel Psychology, 46, 259–293.
Tuncer, Ö. (2019). Determinants Of Counterproductive Work Behaviors: The Role of Workload, Role Ambiguity, Leader Support and Work Locus of Control. Master’s Thesis, Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı.
Wayne S.J., Shore L. M., Linden R. C. (1997). Perceived Organizational Support and Leader Member Exchange: A Social Exchange Perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 82-111.
Weaver Jr, C. P. (2015). Perceived Organizational Support and Job Overload as Moderators on the Relationship Between Leadership Effectiveness and Job Satisfaction. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 8(1), 79- 100.

Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimi
Bölüm	Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar	Oğuz Başol KIRKLARELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0002-7523-4544 Türkiye Burcu Taşkın KIRKLARELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0002-7647-8305 Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi	28 Haziran 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi	30 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi	11 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi	20 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2024 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 46

Kaynak Göster

APA	Başol, O., & Taşkın, B. (2024). TAKING THE PULSE OF THE PROFESSIONAL TRANSLATORS IN TURKEY: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON WORK ATTITUDE. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 26(46), 302-318.

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