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TAKIYYÜDDİN er-RÂSID Skip to content (ö. 993/1585)
Klasik İslâm astronomisinin son büyük temsilcisi olduğu kabul edilen Osmanlı âlimi.
4 Ramazan 932 (14 Haziran 1526) tarihinde Dımaşk’ta Türk kökenli bir aile içinde dünyaya geldi. Nev‘îzâde Atâî yanlış olarak 927’de (1521) Kahire’de doğduğunu söyler ve bu bilgi daha sonra bazı araştırmacılar tarafından tekrarlanır. Eserlerinde isim zinciri Ebû Bekir Takıyyüddin Muhammed b. Zeynüddin Ma‘rûf b. Ahmed er-Râsıd ed-Dımaşkī şeklindedir. Takıyyüddin’in bazı kitaplarında verilen tam isim zincirinin dokuz ve onuncu sırasında yer alan Mengü Bars ve Humâr Tegin adlı ataları Nûreddin Mahmud Zengî ve Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin kumandanlarındandı. Babasının ve kendisinin taşıdığı Sahyûnî nisbesi de Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin Mengü Bars’a verdiği Lazkiye yakınlarındaki Sahyûn (Sıhyevn) Kalesi’yle ilgilidir. Takıyyüddin ilk eğitimini, Necmeddin el-Gazzî’nin Dımaşk’ta müderrislik yaptığını ve 971’de (1564) Üsküdar’da öldüğünü söylediği (el-Kevâkibü’s-sâʾire , III, 207-210) babası Kadı Zeynüddin Ma‘rûf Efendi’den aldı. Kutbüddin İbn Sultân, Kemâleddin İbn Hamza, Şemseddin İbn Tolun, Takıyyüddin Ebû Bekir b. Muhammed el-Belâtunusî, Takıyyüddin Ebû Bekir b. Muhammed el-Kārî, Şehâbeddin Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Gazzî ve Muhammed b. Muhammed İbn Mağûş Dımaşk’ta ders gördüğü diğer hocalarıdır. Ailesinin 957 (1550) yılı civarında İstanbul’a gitmesi üzerine öğrenimini orada Çivizâde Mehmed Efendi, Ebüssuûd Efendi, Kutbüddinzâde Mehmed Efendi ve Saçlı Emîr’in yanında tamamladı. Bilgi birikiminin artmasını ve özellikle astronomi ve matematik konularında derinleşmesini sağlayan bu öğrenim sürecinden sonra Mısır’a giderek Kahire’de Şeyhûniyye ve Sargatmışıyye medreselerinde müderrislik yaptı. Ardından İstanbul’a geldi ve Sadrazam Semiz Ali Paşa zamanında Edirnekapı Medresesi’ne müderris tayin edildi. Ancak bir süre sonra ailevî sebeplerle Kahire’ye döndü ve orada müderrislik görevini sürdürdü. Bu arada Mısır kadılığına getirilen Çivizâde Mehmed Efendi’ye vekâlet etti. Mısır kadılığına tayin edilen Kazasker Molla Abdülkerim Çelebi ile babası Kutbüddin Efendi’nin teşvikleriyle astronomi ve matematik üzerinde yoğunlaştı. Takıyyüddin, bilimsel kişiliğinin oluşumunu derinden etkilediği anlaşılan Abdülkerim Çelebi’ye büyük saygı beslemiş ve optik hakkındaki kitabını ona ithaf etmiştir.
Matematik ve astronomi araştırmalarını en ileri düzeye ulaştırdığı sırada tekrar İstanbul’a gelen (978/1570) ve bir yıl sonra II. Selim tarafından müneccimbaşılığa tayin edilen Takıyyüddin, Galata Kulesi’nde gözlem çalışmalarına başladı ve birkaç yıl süren bu çalışmalarını 985 (1577) yılından itibaren III. Murad’ın izniyle Tophane sırtlarında kurduğu rasathânede sürdürdü. Burada ayrıca bir kütüphane oluşturdu. Ancak bir yandan siyasal bağlantıları, bir yandan yakın dostluklar kurduğu devlet adamlarının arasındaki çekişmeler onu ve rasathâneyi hedef alan bir yıpratma kampanyasının başlatılmasına yol açtı. Siyasî çekişmelere dinî bir zemin hazırlamakta gecikmeyen Şeyhülislâm Kadızâde Ahmed Şemseddin Efendi’nin, “Rasathâneler bulundukları ülkeleri felâkete sürükler” şeklindeki fetvası yüzünden Osmanlı Devleti tarihindeki tek gözlemevi olan ve Türk bilim tarihinde büyük önem taşıyan İstanbul Rasathânesi, 4 Zilhicce 987 (22 Ocak 1580) tarihli bir hatt-ı hümâyunla içindeki aletlerle birlikte tahrip edildi. Bu olaydan derin üzüntü duyarak köşesine çekilen Takıyyüddin İstanbul’da vefat etti.
Osmanlı döneminde yetişen çok yönlü bilim ve düşünce adamlarından biri ve XVI. yüzyıl Osmanlı ilminin en seçkin temsilcisi olan Takıyyüddin matematik, astronomi, fizik, optik, mekanik ve tıp konularında çeşitli eserler kaleme almıştır. Onun çalışmalarına bakıldığında asıl ilgisinin astronomiye olduğu, bilimsel etkinliklerini bu ilginin belirlediği ve eserlerinin yaklaşık üçte birinin bu konuya ayrıldığı görülür. Özellikle gözlemlerinden elde ettiği verilere dayanarak yaptığı hesaplamaları ayın, yerin ve diğer gezegenlerin hareketlerindeki düzensizlikleri günümüz değerlerine yakın ölçülerde açıklaması onun bu konudaki bilgisini göstermektedir. Takıyyüddin, eski zîclerin artık ihtiyacı karşılayamadığını, yeni gözlemlere gerek olduğunu belirterek daha önce İslâm dünyasında yürütülen astronomi çalışmalarının Osmanlı Devleti’nde de sürdürülebilmesi için bir gözlemevi kurulmasını zorunlu gördüğünü bildirince III. Murad, Vezîriâzâm Sokullu Mehmed Paşa ile Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi’yi ona yardımcı olmakla görevlendirmiştir. Bazılarını Takıyyüddin’in icat ettiği, dönemin en mükemmel gözlem aletleriyle donatılan İstanbul Rasathânesi, kısa ömrüne rağmen Tycho Brahe’nin (ö. 1601) kurduğu Uranienborg Gözlemevi’yle boy ölçüşecek nitelikteydi.
Takıyyüddin’in diğer önemli araştırma alanı trigonometridir. XVI. yüzyılın ünlü astronomu Copernicus’in sinüs terimini kullanmamasına rağmen sinüs, kosinüs, tanjant ve kotanjanttan söz ettiği bilinmektedir. Takıyyüddin ise bunların tanımlarını vermiş, kanıtlamalarını yapmış, ayrıca birer derecelik aralıklarla 1°’den 90°’ye kadar hesaplanmış sinüs ve tanjant tabloları hazırlamıştır. Aritmetik alanında kendine özgü pratik bir rakamlama sistemi geliştirerek altmışlı kesirlerin yerine ondalık kesirleri kullanmaya başlamış, böylece ondalık kesirlerin Batı’da bunu ilk kullanan Simon Stevin’den (ö. 1620) önce Doğu’da bilindiğini ortaya koymuştur. Ancak onun tam sayılarla ondalık kesirleri birbirinden ayırmak için kesir simgesi (,) kullanmadığı ve ondalık kesir hânelerini sözel biçimde ifade ettiği görülmektedir. Bu arada cebir konularına da girmiş ve ikinci dereceden denklemleri aritmetik yoluyla çözmüştür. Takıyyüddin optik alanında da büyük başarı göstermiş ve İslâm dünyasında yaklaşık sekiz yüzyıl önce başlatılmış olan optik çalışmalarının sonucunda ulaşılan argüman ve problemleri nedensel ve matematiksel bağlamda tekrar değerlendirip yeni yaptığı deneylerle desteklemiştir. Onun ayrıca ilk defa ışığın küresel yayılımını anlattığı, yine ilk defa Batı’da bilinmesinden önce -adını vermeden- teleskoptan söz ettiği ve yaptığı bir aleti, “uzakta bulunmaları sebebiyle görülemeyen şeyleri gösterebilen bir billûr (mercek)” şeklinde tanımladığı yazdığı optik kitabından öğrenilmektedir. Osmanlılar’ın yetiştirdiği en önemli mühendis kabul edilen Takıyyüddin mekanik saatler, kaldıraçlar ve göllerden, ırmaklardan, kuyulardan su çekmekte kullanılan -büyük ölçüde Benî Mûsâ ve İsmâil b. Rezzâz el-Cezerî’nin aletlerine benzeyen- çeşitli araç gereçler tasarlamış ve bunları bir eserinde ayrıntılarıyla açıklamıştır. Onun cep, duvar, masa ve astronomik gözlem saatlerini anlattığı kitap Batı dünyası dahil o yüzyılda konuyla ilgili en kapsamlı eserdir. Bir gözlem aracı diye bahsettiği saatlerinin en önemli özelliği dakikanın yanında saniyeyi de gösterebilmesidir. Batı’da saniyeyi gösteren saatlerin yapılmasının ve Brahe’nin gözlemevinde kullanılmasının İstanbul’daki rasathânenin kullanımından sonraya rastlaması Takıyyüddin’in çalışmasını daha değerli hale getirmektedir.
Eserleri. 1. Sidretü müntehe’l-efkâr fî melekûti’l-feleki’d-devvâr (ez-Zîcü’ş-şehinşâhî) . Uluğ Bey zîcinin eksiklerini tamamlamak ve yanlışlarını düzeltmek amacıyla yazılan eserde Galata Kulesi ile müellifin rasathânede gerçekleştirdiği gözlemler ve yaptığı aletler hakkında da bilgi verilir.
2. Reyḥânetü’r-rûḥ fî resmi’s-sâʿat ʿalâ müsteve’s-süṭûḥ . Güneş saatlerine dair olan ve Ömer b. Muhammed el-Fâriskûrî (ö. 1018/1610) tarafından Nefḥu’l-füyûḥ bi-şerḥi Reyḥâneti’r-rûḥ adıyla şerhedilen eseri adı bilinmeyen bir müellif XVII. yüzyılın başlarında Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir.
3. Cerîdetü’d-dürer ve ḫarîdetü’l-fiker . İlk defa ondalık kesirlere dayanarak hazırlanmış tabloları içeren küçük bir zîc olup bugün de kullanılabilecek niteliktedir. Remzi Demir eseri doktora tezinde incelemiş (1991, AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü), daha sonra bu çalışmasını zîcin Türkçe tercümesiyle birlikte neşretmiştir (Takiyyüddîn’de Matematik ve Astronomi , Ankara 2000).
4. ed-Dürrü (el-ʿİḳdü)’n-naẓîm fî reshîli’t-taḳvîm . Uluğ Bey zîcinden takvim çıkarma yöntemlerini göstermektedir.
5. Deḳāʾiḳu iḫtilâfi’l-ufḳayn (Risâle fi’l-iḫtilâf beyne’l-muvaḳḳıtîn bi-maḥrûseti’l-Ḳāhire fî żabṭi ḳavseyi’n-nehâr ve’l-leyl ve dâʾireti’l-fecri ve’ş-şafaḳ) .
6. es-Simârü’l-yâniʿa min ḳuṭûfi’l-âleti’l-câmiʿa . İbnü’ş-Şâtır’ın küresel (sferik) usturlabının kullanımına dair el-Eşiʿʿatü’l-lâmiʿa fi’l-ʿamel bi’l-âleti’l-câmiʿa adlı eseri üzerine bir ta‘liktir.
7. ed-Düstûrü’r-racîḥ li-ḳavâʿidi’t-tasṭîḥ . Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi’ye ithaf edilen eser kürelerin düzlem haline getirilmesi hakkındadır.
8. Âlât-ı Raṣadiyye li-Zîci’ş-şehinşâhiyye . İstanbul Rasathânesi’ndeki aletlerin nasıl kullanılacağını anlatan ve şekillerini ihtiva eden bir çalışmadır. Eser Sevim Tekeli tarafından yayımlanmıştır (“Meçhul Bir Yazarın İstanbul Rasathanesinin Tasvirini Veren ‘Âlât-ı Rasadiye Li Zic-i Şehinşahiye’ Adlı Makalesi”, Araştırma , I [Ankara 1963], s. 71-122).
9. Fevâʾid fi’stiḫrâci mınṭıḳati’l-kürreti ve maʿrifeti’l-ceyb .
10. el-Mizveletü’ş-şimâliyye bi-fażli dâʿiri ufuḳi Kostantîniyye .
11. Risâle fi’l-ʿamel bi-rubʿi’d-düstûr . Müellif bu eserine şerh yazmıştır.
12. Risâle fî maʿrifeti’l-ufḳi’l-ḥadîs̱ .
13. Risâle fî evḳāti’l-ʿibâdât .
14. el-Kevâkibü’d-dürriyye fî vażʿi’l-benkâmâti’d-devriyye . Mekanik saatlerin yapımına dair önemli bir çalışmadır (Arapça metin, Türkçe ve İngilizce trc. Sevim Tekeli, 16’ıncı Asırda Osmanlılarda Saat ve Takîyüddîn’in “Mekanik Saat Konstrüksüyonuna Dair En Parlak Yıldızlar” Adlı Eseri , Ankara 1966; nşr. Ahmed Yûsuf el-Hasan, Halep 1976).
15. eṭ-Ṭuruḳu’s-seniyye fi’l-âlâti’r-rûḥâniyye . Saatler, kaldıraçlar, pompa ve tulumba gibi aletler hakkında olan bu eser önce Ahmed Yûsuf el-Hasan tarafından neşredilmiş (Taḳıyyüddîn ve’l-hendesetü’l-mîkânîkiyyeti’l-ʿArabiyye: Maʿa Kitâbi’ṭ-Ṭuruḳi’s-seniyye fi’l-âlâti’r-rûḥâniyye , Halep 1976), daha sonra Münâ Sancaktar Şa‘rânî eseri geniş birer incelemeyle birlikte tıpkıbasım halinde yayımlamıştır (Dirâse taḥlîliyye li-maḫṭûṭi’ṭ-Ṭuruḳı’s-seniyye fi’l-âlâti’r-rûḥâniyye , Küveyt 2000).
16. Nevru ḥadîḳati’l-ebṣâr ve nûru ḥaḳīḳati’l-enẓâr . İbnü’l-Heysem ve Kemâleddin el-Fârisî’nin çalışmalarını açıklamak ve geliştirmek amacıyla kaleme alınmış bir optik kitabıdır. Müellifin Kazasker Molla Abdülkerim Çelebi’ye ithaf ettiği eser üzerine Hüseyin Gazi Topdemir doktora çalışması yapmış ve metni Türkçe tercümesiyle birlikte yayımlamıştır (Takîyüddîn’in Optik Kitabı , Ankara 1999).
17. Buġyetü’ṭ-ṭullâb min ʿilmi’l-ḥisâb . Osmanlılar’da kullanılan hesâb-ı Hindî ve hesâb-ı sittînî üzerinedir; eserde ondalık kesirlere de yer verilmiştir.
18. Kitâbü’n-Nisebi’l-müteşâkile fi’l-cebr ve’l-muḳābele .
19. Risâle fî ʿameli’l-mîzâni’ṭ-ṭabîʿî elleẕî yuʿlemu bihî mâ fi’l-cismi’l-mürekkeb min maʿdeneyn muḫtelifeyn . Archimedes terazisi hakkındadır.
20. el-Meṣâbiḥu’l-muẓhire fî ʿilmi’l-bezdere . Av kuşları ile bunların terbiye ve tedavisinden bahseder.
21. Şerḥu’l-ebyâti’t-tisʿ fi’stiḫrâci’t-tevârîḫi’l-meşhûre . Müellifin hicrî tarihle diğer tarihlerin birbirinden nasıl çıkarılacağına dair daha önce yazdığı dokuz beytin şerhidir.
22. Tercümânü’l-eṭıbbâʾ ve lisânü’l-elibbâʾ (eserlerinin yazma nüshaları için bk. İhsanoğlu v.dğr., Osmanlı Astronomi Literatürü , I, 202-217; Osmanlı Matematik Literatürü Tarihi , I, 84-87; Osmanlı Tabii ve Tatbiki Bilimler , I, 40-44; Şeşen, Fihrisü Maḫṭûṭât , s. 153).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Atâî, Zeyl-i Şekāik , s. 286-287.
Gazzî, el-Kevâkibü’s-sâʾire , II, 16; III, 207-210.
Hafâcî, Reyḥânetü’l-elibbâ , I, 151-153.
Sicill-i Osmânî , II, 52.
Sevim Tekeli, Nasirüddin, Takiyüddin ve Tycho Brahe’nin Rasat Aletlerinin Mukayesesi , Ankara 1958.
a.mlf., “İstanbul Rasathanesinin Araçları”, Araştırma , XI, Ankara 1979, s. 29-44.
A. Süheyl Ünver, İstanbul Rasathanesi , Ankara 1969.
Şeşen, Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti’ṭ-ṭıbbi’l-İslâmî , s. 153.
a.mlf., “Meşhur Osmanlı Astronomu Takiyüddin el-Râsıd’ın Soyu Üzerine”, Erdem , IV/10, Ankara 1988, s. 165-180.
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu v.dğr., Osmanlı Astronomi Literatürü Tarihi , İstanbul 1997, I, 199-217.
a.mlf. v.dğr., Osmanlı Matematik Literatürü Tarihi , İstanbul 1999, I, 83-87.
a.mlf. v.dğr., Osmanlı Tabii ve Tatbiki Bilimler Literatürü , İstanbul 2006, I, 39-44.
Remzi Demir, Takiyüddîn’de Matematik ve Astronomi , Ankara 2000.
a.mlf., “Takiyüddin ibn Maruf’un Ondalık Kesirleri Trigonometri ve Astronomiye Uyarlaması”, AÜİFD , XL (1999), s. 403-424.
Yavuz Unat, “Takîyüddîn ve İstanbul Gözlemevi”, Türkler (nşr. Hasan Celâl Güzel v.dğr.), Ankara 2002, XI, 277-288.
a.mlf., “Türk Teknoloji Tarihinden İki Örnek: Cezerî ve Takîyüddîn”, 1. Türk Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi Kongresi Bildirileri (15-17 Kasım 2001): Türk Teknoloji Tarihi (nşr. Emre Dölen – Mustafa Kaçar), İstanbul 2003, s. 75-79.
Melek Dosay, “Takîyüddîn’in Cebir Risalesi”, TTK Belleten , LXI/231 (1997), s. 301-319.
D. A. King, “Taḳī al-Dīn”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 132-133.
Hamîd Rızâ Giyâhî Yezdî, “Taḳıyyüddîn-i Râṣıd”, Dânişnâme-i Cihân-ı İslâm , Tahran 1382/2003, VII, 876-880.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 454-456 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.