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TAKRÎBÜ’l-MEZÂHİB Skip to content İslâm mezheplerinin ve özellikle Ehl-i sünnet ile Şîa’nın ortak amaçlar etrafında hareket etmesi anlamında bir tabir.
Sözlükte “yaklaşmak” anlamındaki kurb (karâbet ) kökünden türeyen takrîb le (yaklaştırmak) mezheb kelimesinin çoğulu olan mezâhib den oluşan terkip “itikadî mezheplerin birbirine yaklaştırılması” demektir. Terimleşme sürecine yeni giren bu tabirle daha çok Ehl-i sünnet ile Şîa’nın birbiri hakkında doğru bilgi edinmesi, olumsuz düşünce ve değerlendirmelerden uzak durması, ortak amaçlar etrafında birlikte hareket etmesi kastedilmektedir. Bazan aynı anlamda “vahdet-i İslâmiyye” terkibi veya kısaca “vahdet” kelimesi de kullanılır.
İslâmiyet Allah’ın birliğine büyük önem verdiği gibi müslümanların inanç, ibadet ve sosyal hayatta ayrılığa düşmemelerinede vurgu yapmıştır. Ancak genelde insanların farklı eğilim, mizaç, eğitim ve birikime sahip olması, ayrıca İslâm’ın fikir hürriyetine önem vermesi, nasların farklı yorumlara elverişli bulunması, siyasal faktörler ve sosyokültürel etkenlerle İslâm tarihinde değişik anlayışlar ortaya çıkmış, bunlar zamanla gruplaşarak mezhepler teşekkül etmiştir. Esasen din, özellikle de İslâmiyet ferdi ve toplumu hemen her yönüyle kapsayan bir sistem olmanın yanında duyular âlemiyle duyu ötesi gayb dünyasına yönelik açıklamalarda bulunur ve kişinin iç dünyasını etkiler; bu sebeple onun bazılarınca istismar edilmesi bir yana samimi şekilde anlaşılıp yaşanması da kaçınılmaz farklılıklar meydana getirir. Bu çerçevede erken dönemlerden itibaren inanç alanındaki ihtilâflardan itikadî, amelî alandaki farklılıklardan fıkhî, politik gelişmelerden siyasî mezhepler doğmuş, siyasî mezhepler dinin hem inanç hem amel yönüyle ilgili anlayışlar geliştirdiğinden bunlar aynı zamanda itikadî ve fıkhî karakter kazanmıştır.
Bazı araştırmalarda mezheplerin bir bakıma düşünce ekolleri özelliği taşıdığı ifade edilmekle birlikte gerek itikadî ve fıkhî gerekse siyasî mezheplerden her biri kendini doğru kabul etmiş, diğer mezhepler hakkında yer yer katı tavırlar geliştirmiştir. Bazı istisnalar dışında İslâm tarihinde mezhep ihtilâfları silâhlı mücadelelere yol açmamış, fikrî düzeyde kalmıştır. Çok az taraftarı bulunan aşırı fırkalar bir yana (bk. GĀLİYYE ) her mezhep kendi görüşlerini naslarla temellendirmeye çalışmış, karşı mezheplerin görüşlerini delillere dayanarak eleştirmiştir. Başta Kaderiyye ve Mu‘tezile olmak üzere kelâm mezhepleri Ehl-i sünnet’in kelâm ekollerinin ortaya çıkmasından sonra zayıflamış, zamanla tarihe karışmış, böylece Ehl-i sünnet kendi içindeki kelâm ekolleriyle müslümanların çoğunluğunu oluşturmuştur. Bunun yanında fıkıh alanında bazı mezhepler zuhur etmişse de zaman içinde Hanefîlik, Şâfiîlik, Hanbelîlik ve Mâlikîlik dışında kalanlar tarih sahnesinden çekilmiştir. Siyasî mezheplerden Hâricîlik birkaç asır hareketli dönemler geçirmiş, birçok kola ayrılmış, bunlardan İbâzıyye dışındakiler aynı âkıbete uğramış, İbâzıyye de katı düşüncelerini terkedip yaygın İslâmî yapıya yaklaşmıştır. Geride Ehl-i sünnet ile en büyük azınlığı oluşturan Şîa kalmıştır. Dolayısıyla takrib temelde bu iki mezhep arasındaki yakınlaşma çabalarını ifade etmek için kullanılmıştır.
Takrîbü’l-mezâhib yakın dönemde ortaya çıkan bir tabir olmakla birlikte Sünnî-Şiî yakınlaşması çabalarına yönelik faaliyetlerin çok daha erken tarihlerde başladığını belirtmek gerekir. Nâsır b. Abdullah Ali el-Gıfârî, kaynaklardaki bazı kayıtlardan hareketle bunun V. (XI.) yüzyıla kadar götürülebileceğini söyler. Meselâ 437 (1046) yılında Bağdat’ta Sünnîler’le Şiîler yahudilere karşı ortak bir mücadeleye girişmiş, bu münasebetle 442’de (1051) aralarında ciddi yakınlaşma meydana gelmiş, Sünnîler Hz. Ali ve Hüseyin’in kabirlerini ziyarete başlamış, Şiîler de Sünnîler’in camilerinde namaz kılmış, ashaba dil uzatmaktan vazgeçmiştir. Aynı dönemde Şîa’nın önemli âlimlerinden Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, Tefsîrü’t-Tibyân adlı eserinde âyetleri her iki mezhebe ait rivayetlerle yorumlamış, VI. (XII.) yüzyılda yine Şiî müfessirlerinden Tabersî Mecmaʿu’l-beyân ’da Tûsî’yi izlemiş ve yakınlaşmayı çağrıştıran faaliyetlerin öncüsü kabul edilmiştir (Mesʾeletü’t-taḳrîb , II, 148-151). Devrin tarihî ve sosyal şartlarıyla açıklanabilecek olan bu küçük çaplı faaliyetler dikkate alınmazsa söz konusu alanda ilk ciddi teşebbüsler Nâdir Şah zamanında (1736-1747) gerçekleşmiştir. İran’da Safevî hânedanlığına son verip Avşarlılar hânedanlığını kuran Nâdir Şah, müslümanlar arasında yer yer büyük çekişmelere yol açan aşırı Şiî anlayışlarının terkedilip mutedil Ca‘ferîliğin benimsenmesi için gayret göstermiştir. Osmanlılar’la yaptığı barış görüşmelerinde Ca‘ferî mezhebinin beşinci hak mezhep olarak kabul edilmesini isteyen Nâdir Şah, Kâbe’de Ca‘ferîler adına bir rüknün açılmasını ve İranlı hacılar için hac emîri tayin edilmesini istemiştir. Uzun müzakerelerden sonra Osmanlılar, şer‘î ve siyasî düşünceler çerçevesinde Ca‘ferîliğin İran’a ait bir mezhep kabul edilebileceğini, beşinci mezhep diye benimsenmesinin mümkün görülmediğini bildirmiş, ancak İranlı hacılar için hac emîri tayin etmekte sakınca görmemiştir. Nâdir Şah mezhep ihtilâflarının sosyal hayatı olumsuz yönde etkilemesi, özellikle mezhep mensuplarının birbiri hakkında tekfire varan suçlamalarda bulunması karşısında bu alanda yeni çalışmalar yapmanın gerektiğini düşünmüş, bu amaçla iki tarafın âlimlerini bir araya getirerek Necef’te bir toplantı düzenlemiştir (1159/1746). Ehl-i sünnet adına toplantıya katılan Ebü’l-Berekât Abdullah b. Hüseyin es-Süveydî tarafından daha sonra kitap haline getirilen bu toplantıdaki müzakerelerde (Müʾtemerü’n-Necef , Muhibbüddin el-Hatîb, el-Ḫuṭûṭu’l-ʿarîza , Kahire ts. içinde; trc. Mustafa Çağrıcı, “Sünnî-Şiî İttifakına Doğru”, Bekir Topaloğlu, Kelâm İlmi: Giriş , İstanbul 1981 içinde, s. 317-349) hilâfet meselesi ve Şîa’nın ashaba dil uzatması gibi temel konularda uzun tartışmalar yapılmış, sonuçta bir mutabakat metni ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu metinde Şiîler’in başta ilk üç halife ve Hz. Âişe olmak üzere ashaba dil uzatmamaları, Sünnîler’in de Şîa’yı İslâm dairesi içinde görmeleri hususu karara bağlanmıştır (geniş bilgi için bk. Saim Arı, Osmanlı Arşiv Kaynakları Işığında Nâdir Şah-I. Mahmûd Dönemi Ehl-i Sünnet-Şiî Diyaloğu , doktora tezi, 2001, Harran Üniversitesi). Ancak bu çaba belli ölçüde yarar sağlamışsa da çok geçmeden etkisini kaybetmiştir.
XIX. yüzyılda İslâm dünyasının hemen her alanda görülen bozulma, bazı âlim ve fikir adamlarını bunun sebeplerinden biri olarak görülen mezhep ihtilâflarını azaltıp müslümanlar arasında dayanışmayı sağlamak amacıyla teşebbüse geçmeye sevketmiş, XX. yüzyılda özellikle I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından müslüman toplumların karşılaştığı siyasal ve ekonomik problemler bu çabaları kurumsal niteliğe dönüştürme ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. Bireysel etkinlikler çerçevesinde Ehl-i sünnet’ten Muhammed Abduh, Reşîd Rızâ, Mustafa es-Sibâî, Mûsâ Cârullah; Şiî dünyasından Muhammed b. Muhammed Mehdî el-Hâlisî, Şerefeddin el-Âmilî gibi şahsiyetler öne çıkmıştır. 1937’de Mısır’da Cemâatü’l-uhuvveti’l-İslâmiyye ve 1947’de yine Mısır’da Dârü’l-insâf adlı kurumlar başarılı olamayarak faaliyetlerini sona erdirmiştir (bunlarla ilgili geniş bilgi ve değerlendirmeler için bk. Gıfârî, II, 171-173, 191-218). Muhammed Takī el-Kummî adlı İranlı bir âlim 1945’lerde Kahire’ye gidip Ezher Üniversitesi hocalarıyla görüşmüş, bazı Sünnî âlimlerle Yemen’den Zeydî âlimlerin desteğini alarak Cemâatü’t-takrîb beyne’l-mezâhibi’l-İslâmiyye (Takrîbü’l-mezâhib) adlı kurumu tesis etmiştir. Bu kurum amacını İslâmî grupların ortak noktalarını vurgulama, İslâmiyet’in genel esaslarını çeşitli dillerde yayımlayıp toplumların ihtiyacını karşılama, müslümanlar arasındaki sevgi ve dayanışma bağlarını güçlendirme şeklinde ifade etmiştir. Söz konusu kurum başlıca üç faaliyet gerçekleştirmiştir. a) Risâletü’l-İslâm adlı derginin neşri. Üç aylık periyotlarla 1949’da yayın hayatına başlayan dergide Sünnî, İsnâaşerî ve Zeydî âlimlerinin genellikle takrib nitelikli yazılarına yer verilmiş, söz konusu derginin yayın hayatı 1972 yılına kadar devam etmiştir. b) Bazı kaynakların neşri. Kurum, mezhep mensuplarının birbirleri hakkında doğru bilgiye sahip olması amacıyla bazı eserleri neşretmeye karar vermiş, ancak uygulamada daha çok Şîa eserlerinin neşri gerçekleşmiştir (bu eserlerin isimleri için bk. a.g.e. , II, 176). c) Ca‘ferî fıkhı ile amel etmenin geçerliliğine dair fetva. Kurumun önemli simalarından olan Ezher Üniversitesi rektörü Mahmûd Şeltût, 1959 yılında Ehl-i sünnet mensuplarının diğer fıkhî mezhepler gibi Ca‘ferî mezhebinin ictihadlarıyla da amel edebileceğini belirten bir fetva yayımlamıştır (bk. bibl.). Başlangıçta İslâm dünyasında ilgi gören bu kurum zamanla zayıflamış, özellikle Sünnî üyeler, Şiîler’in samimiyeti konusunda ciddi şüpheleri olduğunu ifade ederek kurumla temaslarını kesmiş, nihayet kurum 1972’den sonra fonksiyonunu yitirmiştir (geniş bilgi için bk. Üzüm, sy. 2 [1998], s. 171-185).
Takrîbü’l-mezâhibin faaliyetlerinden sonra İran’da Humeynî liderliğinde gerçekleştirilen devrimin ardından Şiîlik devletleştirilmiş ve yönetim, İslâm ülkelerinde olumlu yankılar elde etmek ve Batı dünyasının tepkilerine karşı destek bulmak amacıyla takrib çalışmalarına yeniden başlamıştır. Humeynî’den sonra en büyük dinî merci olarak rehberiyyet makamına gelen Hameney, 1990 yılında el-Mecmau’l-âlemî li’t-takrîb beyne’l-mezâhibi’l-İslâmiyye adıyla bir kuruluş tesis etmiştir. Bu kuruluş halen Tahran’da faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir. Söz konusu kuruluşun temel ilkeleri Allah’ın birliğine, Hz. Muhammed’in nübüvvetine ve âhirete inanan, namaz, oruç, hac ve zekâtın farziyetini benimseyen herkesin müslüman olduğunu, bütün müslümanların tek bir ümmet teşkil ettiğini kabul etmek, dine ait fer‘î konulardaki ihtilâfları tabii görmek ve bunu düşmanlık sebebi saymamak, mezhep mensuplarının birbirini daha iyi tanımasına katkı sağlamak ve gerektiğinde İslâm düşmanlarına karşı ortak mücadele yürütmek şeklinde belirlenmiştir (M. Hasan Teberreiyan, s. 53-56). Kurumun bazı faaliyetleri şöylece sıralanabilir: a) 12-17 Rebîülevvel günlerini vahdet haftası olarak kutlamak, bu münasebetle çeşitli etkinliklerde bulunup takrib (vahdet) bilincini güçlendirmek; b) İslâm dünyasının çeşitli merkezlerinde uluslararası düzeyde vahdet ve takrib toplantıları yapmak (bu çerçevede İran’dan başka Katar, Pakistan, Endonezya ve Türkiye dahil olmak üzere bazı ülkelerde toplantılar düzenlenmiştir); c) Bir araştırma merkezi kurup İslâm mezhepleriyle ilgili mukayeseli çalışmalar yapmak. Bu amaçla İran’da tesis edilen ilmî bir merkez tefsir, hadis, fıkıh ve vahdet konularında eserler neşretmiştir (geniş bilgi için bk. M. Mehdî Necef, s. 10-72). Mecmau’t-takrîb’in Farsça’dan başka Arapça, İngilizce, Urduca ve Türkçe dahil birçok dilde web sitesi (www.taghrib.org), S̱eḳāfetü’l-İslâm adıyla aylık bir dergisi ve ilmî toplantılarda sunulan tebliğlerin basımından meydana gelen yayınları bulunmaktadır.
Takrib nitelikli çalışmalar çerçevesinde konuyla ilgilenen âlimler önemli değerlendirmeler ortaya koymuş olup başlıcaları şöylece özetlenebilir: a) Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de müslümanları ayrılıktan sakınmaya ve birlik içinde bulunmaya davet eden âyetler (meselâ bk. Âl-i İmrân 3/103; el-Enfâl 8/46) takribin ve bu uğurda çalışmanın önemini vurgulamaktadır. b) Mezhepler beşerî teşekküller niteliği taşıdığından hiçbir zaman din yerine konamaz. Nitekim Hz. Peygamber’in ve ashabının mezhebi olmamıştır. c) Tarihî bir gerçek olarak ortaya çıkan mezheplerin tabii karşılanması ve mezhep taassubundan kaçınılması gerekmektedir. d) İslâmiyet’in inanç esasları ve temel ibadetleri Kur’an’da ve sahih hadislerde ortaya konmuştur. Müslümanlar arasında meydana gelen ihtilâflarda âyetlerde belirtildiği gibi (en-Nisâ 4/59) Allah’ın ve resulünün hakemliğine başvurulmalıdır. Kur’an’ın hemen başında insanları kurtuluşa ulaştıracak hususlar açıkça belirtilmiştir. Buna göre gayba iman eden, namaz kılan, Allah’ın lutfettiği imkânlardan başkalarını faydalandıran, Hz. Muhammed’e ve önceki peygamberlere indirilen vahiylere inanan, âhiret gününü benimseyen kimseler hidayet üzeredir ve kurtuluşa erecektir (el-Bakara 2/3-5). e) Mezheplerin ortak kabulleri farklı noktalarıyla kıyaslanamayacak kadar çoktur. f) Mezhepler birbirleri hakkında eksik, yanlış veya tarafgir bilgiler ortaya koymamalı, bir mezhebe ait temel görüşler dışında o mezhebe mensup birinin özel anlayışı mezhebe mal edilmemelidir. g) Mezhep mensupları birbirlerini karalayıcı tutum ve davranışlardan uzak durmalı, özellikle tekfirden şiddetle kaçınmalıdır. h) Ehl-i sünnet mensupları mutedil Şîa ile Gāliyye’ye mensup Şîa’yı bir tutmamalı, İmâmiyye Şîası ile aralarındaki ortak yönleri dikkate almalı, Şîa da takıyye kuşkusuna yol açacak tutumlardan sakınmalı, özellikle Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de övülen sahâbeye karşı tutumlarını gözden geçirmelidir. i) Uzlaşma kültürünün giderek yayıldığı, insanlığın ortak problemlerine karşı farklı din mensuplarıyla olumlu ilişkilerin geliştirildiği günümüz dünyasında İslâm mezhepleri mensupları ana kimliğin İslâm olduğunu göz ardı etmemeli, birbirlerine karşı anlayış ve dayanışma içinde bulunmalıdır (Desûkī, s. 39-60; Kırbaşoğlu, s. 150-157; Ünal, XXV [2007], s. 31-42).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Hamid Enayat, Modern Islamic Political Thought , London 1982, tür.yer.
Nâsır b. Abdullah Ali el-Gıfârî, Mesʾeletü’t-taḳrîb , Riyad 1413/1992, II, 148-151, 171-173, 176, 191-218.
M. Cevâd Muğniyye, “el-Uṣûlü’s̱-s̱elâs̱e ve’l-uḫuvve fi’d-dîn”, Mesʾeletü’t-taḳrîb beyne’l-meẕâhibi’l-İslâmiyye (nşr. Abdullah el-Alâilî), Beyrut 1415/1994, s. 125-128.
M. Abdullah M. Muhâmî, “Meʿâlimü’t-taḳrîb”, a.e. , s. 161-207.
M. Sâlih el-Hâirî el-Mâzenderânî, “Minhâc ʿamelî li’t-taḳrîb”, a.e. , s. 209-237.
Muhammed ed-Desûkī, “Menhecü’t-teḳārüb beyne’l-meẕâhibi’l-fıḳhiyye min ecli’l-vaḥdeti’l-İslâmiyye”, ʿAlâ Ḍurûbi’t-taḳrîb beyne’l-meẕâhibi’l-İslâmiyye , Beyrut 1415/1994, s. 5-60.
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Züheyr eş-Şâvîş, “es-Sünne ve mevâzînü ve meʿâyîrü’l-Kütübi’s-sitte ve’l-uṣûli’l-erbaʿa ve mecâlü’t-taḳrîb”, Nidâʾü’l-vaḥde (nşr. M. Saîd Muizzüddin), Kum 1418, s. 367-409.
Abdülcebbâr Şirâre, “er-Rivâyâtü’l-müştereke fî erkâni’l-İslâm ve devrü’l-iltizâm bihâ fi’l-vaḥdeti’l-İslâmiyye”, a.e. , s. 411-432.
M. Mehdî Necef, Maʿa’l-mecmaʿi’l-ʿâlemî beyne’l-meẕâhibi’l-İslâmiyye , Kum 1423, s. 10-72.
M. Hasan Teberreiyan, “Takrîbü’l-mezâhib Stratejisi”, Uluslararası Fikirde Uzlaşı Eylemde Birlik Sempozyumu , İstanbul 2007, s. 52-59.
Hayri Kırbaşoğlu, “Mezhepler Arası Yakınlaşmadan İslâm Dünyasının Birliğine”, a.e. , s. 150-157.
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Mahmûd Şeltût, “Fetvâ târîḫiyye”, Risâletü’t-taḳrîb , XI, Kahire 1378/1959, s. 227.
İlyas Üzüm, “Sünnî-Şîî Yakınlaşması: Dârü’t-takrîb Tecrübesi”, İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi , sy. 2, İstanbul 1998, s. 171-185.
A. Bülent Ünal, “İtikadî ve Siyasî İslâm Mezheplerinin Yakınlaştırılmasına Dair Bazı Mülahazalar”, DÜİFD , XXV (2007), s. 31-42.
W. Ende, “Taḳrīb”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 139-140.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 467-469 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.