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2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Taksim Türk edebiyatında tensîke bağlı sanatlar içinde yer almış, bir ifadede özellikle isim ve sıfatların insan tabiatına hoş gelecek…
Sözlükte kasm ve taksîm “bölmek, bir şeyi parçalarına ayırmak” demektir. Sekkâkî’nin bedî‘ ilminin mânaya güzellik katan söz sanatlarından saydığı taksim çeşitli müellifler tarafından taksîm-i müfred, sıhhat-i taksîm gibi adlarla da anılmıştır. Gelişim süreci boyunca üç temel anlayış ve yorumun görüldüğü taksimin ilk şekli, şairin veya söz sahibinin konu ettiği şeyin veya anlamın bütün kısımlarını eksiksiz, tekrarsız ve tedâhülsüz zikretmesidir. Kudâme b. Ca‘fer, Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, İbn Sinân el-Hafâcî, İbn Münkız, Abbas b. Ali es-San‘ânî, Ziyâeddin İbnü’l-Esîr, Zerkeşî, İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye ve Süyûtî gibi âlimlerin çoğu bu görüştedir. Tanımdaki “tedâhülsüz” kaydını Kudâme b. Ca‘fer, “tekrarsız” kaydını İbn Sinân el-Hafâcî koymuştur. Arap belâgatının kadim ve köklü sanatlarından olan taksimin güzelliğinin farkediliş süreci Hz. Ömer’e kadar uzanır. Câhiz’in naklettiğine göre Ömer, övdüğü kimseleri yalnız onlarda bulunan niteliklerle ve abartıya kaçmadan övmesi sebebiyle Câhiliye şairlerinin en büyüğü diye kabul ettiği Züheyr b. Ebû Sülmâ’nın ”وإن الحق مقطعة ثلاث يمين أو نفار أو جلاء“ (Şüphesiz ki hakkın sübûtü üç yolladır: Ya açık seçik sahibinin belli olması veya hâkimin delilini güçlü bulup lehine hüküm vermesi yahut yemin teklifidir) şeklindeki beytini işitince ifadedeki taksimin güzelliğine hayran kalmış, beytin ikinci kısmını zaman zaman tekrar ederek, “Kim öğretmiş ona hakları, onların arasında ayrıntıya girmeyi, hakların kısımlarını doğru bir şekilde ortaya koymayı? Züheyr’in zamanına yetişseydim bu irfanından dolayı onu kadı tayin ederdim” demiştir (el-Beyân, I, 240). Yine Câhiz’in nakline göre Hz. Ömer, Abde b. Tabîb’in ”والمرء ساع لأمر ليس يدركه / والعيش شح وإشفاق وتأميل“ (Kişi eremeyeceği ümit ve hayaller peşinde koşar durur. Zaten insan hayatı ihtiras, korku ve ümitten ibarettir) dizesindeki taksimi beğenerek beytin ikinci mısraını tekrar ederdi (Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân, III, 46). Kur’an’da taksim sanatına örnek teşkil eden birçok âyet yer almaktadır. “Ayakta dururken, otururken ve yanları üzere yatarken Allah’ı zikredenler …” (Âl-i İmrân 3/191) meâlindeki âyetten maksat namaz ise (Kurtubî, IV, 198-199) onu eda edenin çeşitli durumları gücüne göre sıralanmıştır. Çünkü ayakta durmaya gücü yetene kıyam farzdır. Bunu yapamayana oturarak, ona da gücü yetmeyene yattığı yerde namaz kılması ruhsatına işaret edilmiştir. “İnsana bir zarar ve sıkıntı geldiği zaman yanı üzere yatarak, oturarak veya ayakta iken bize dua eder” âyetinde ise (Yûnus 10/12) bir derde uğrayıp dua edenin çeşitli konumları duaya olan ihtiyacının derecesine göre sıralanmıştır. Çünkü duaya en çok muhtaç olan yatalak hasta, ardından oturabilen, sonra da ayakta durabilendir. Hz. Peygamber’in, “Kişi ‘malım malım’ deyip durur. Ey insanoğlu! Yiyip tükettiğin, giyip eskittiğin ve tereddüt etmeden hayra verdiğin maldan başka elinde ne kalır?” hadisinde de (Müslim, “Zühd”, 3) işaret edilenlerin dışında herhangi bir şey söz konusu değildir.
Taksimin ikinci şekli Sekkâkî ile ona tâbi olanlarca belirlenmiştir. Buna göre taksim bir şeyin durumlarını her bir duruma lâyık niteliği ekleyerek zikretmektir (Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm, s. 201). Bakara sûresinin baş tarafında iman açısından insanların inanan (2/2-5), inanmayan (2/6-7) ve inanıyor görünen (2/8-20) şeklinde üçe ayrılması, başka bir âyette ise müminlerin “günah işlemek suretiyle kendine zulmeden, ortada duran ve iyilikte yarışan” (Fâtır 35/32) diye bölümlenmesi bu tarzın örneklerindendir. Mütenebbî, kavminin savaş tecrübesine sahip kişilerinin durumlarını ilgili nitelikleriyle şöyle sayar: “Çok sebatkârdırlar düşmanla karşılaştıklarında, çok çeviktirler savaşa çağrıldıklarında, sayıları çoktur hamle yaptıklarında, sayıları azdır sayıldıklarında” (Berkūkī, II, 92).
Taksimle ilgili üçüncü görüş Kazvînî ile onu izleyen Telḫîṣü’l-Miftâḥ şârihlerine aittir. Bunun Sekkâkî’nin tanımından farkı her bir durumla ilgili niteliklerin belirtilmesidir. Cerîr el-Mütelemmis’in şu mısralarında olduğu gibi:
ولا يقيم على ضيم يراد به إلا الأذلان عير الحي والوتد هذا على الخسف مربوط برمته وذا يشج فلا يرثي له أحد
(Hiçbir kimse kendisine zulmedilecek yerlerde eğleşmez. Ancak iki zelil, oymak eşeğiyle çadır kazığı hariç. Şu, zillet içinde eski bir ip parçasına bağlanır; bu, taş veya demirle başı yarılıp ezilir de acıyıp ağlayanı bulunmaz). Burada eşekle ilgili nitelik “şu” ile (هذا ), kazıkla ilgili nitelik daha yakına işaret eden “bu” ile (ذا ) belirtilmiştir. Aşağıdaki âyetlerde Semûd ve Âd’a dair kayıtlar “fe-emmâ Semûdü …”, “ve-emmâ Âdün …” ifadeleriyle belirtilerek zikredilmiştir (el-Hâkka 69/4-6): “Semûd ile Âd kıyameti yalanladı. Bu yüzden Semûd o zorlu sarsıntıyla helâk edildi, Âd ise azgın bir kasırgayla ortadan kaldırıldı.” Hâzim el-Kartâcennî beş farklı taksim kategorisi belirlemiştir: Bir şeyin âzami kısımlarını, toplanan veya birbirini izleyen öğelerini, ilgili nisbetleriyle bölümlerini, meşhur olan iyi veya kötü yanlarını, bir bütünün parçalarını ilgili nisbetleriyle kaydetmek (Minhâcü’l-büleġāʾ, s. 55).
Taksim cem‘ ve tefrik sanatlarıyla birlikte önce cem‘, ardından taksim ya da tersi olarak iki şekilde görülebilir. Cem‘ ve taksimde birçok şey bir hükümde birleştirildikten sonra sayılır. Mütenebbî’nin şu dizelerinde olduğu gibi: “Seyfüddevle Amasya yöresinde ordusuyla konaklayınca Bizanslılar’ın kendileri, haçları, putları ve kiliseleri çok ziyan (şekāvet) gördü; kadınları esir edildi, çocukları öldürüldü, malları yağmalandı, ekinleri yakıldı” (Berkūkī, II, 332). Burada esir alma, öldürme, yağmalama, yakma şekāvet hükmünde birleştirildikten sonra ayrılmıştır. Taksim ve cem‘ ise öncekinin tersidir. Hassân b. Sâbit’in şu dizelerinde olduğu gibi: “Öyle güçlü bir kavim ki savaştığında düşmanlarına zarar, yardım etmek istediğinde dostlarına yarar getirir / Bu onda sonradan değil doğuştan gelen bir seciyedir, zaten huyların en kötüsü sonradan kazanılanlardır.” Burada önce kavmin düşmana zarar, dosta yarar nitelikleri taksimle anılmış, ardından bunlar kavmin seciyesi olma niteliğinde birleştirilmiştir (Abdünnâfi İffet, II, 174). Bazan cem‘ ve taksimin cem‘ kısmında bir öğe mukadder sayılabilir, şu âyetlerde görüldüğü gibi: “Ne Mesîh ne de mukarreb melekler Allah’a kul olmaktan geri dururlar. O’nun kulluğundan imtina edip büyüklenenler (ile imtina etmeyenler)in hepsini yakında huzurunda toplayacaktır. İman edip sâlih amel işleyenlerin ecrini tam olarak verecek, ayrıca lutfundan daha fazlasını da ihsan edecektir. İmtina edip büyüklenenleri ise acıklı bir azaba uğratacaktır (en-Nisâ 4/172-173). Burada sondaki taksim kısmında “iman edip sâlih amel işleyenler” ile “imtina edip büyüklenenler” şeklinde iki kategorinin zikredilmesi, önceki cem‘ kısmında bu iki grubun Allah’ın huzurunda toplanma hükmünde birleştirildiğini gösterir, bunlar da imtina etmeyen müminlerdir. Bazan da cem‘ ve taksimin taksim kısmı mukadder olabilir, şu âyette görüldüğü gibi: “Ey insanlar! Size rabbinizden bir burhan (Hz. Muhammed) geldi ve yine size apaçık bir nur (Kur’an) indirdik. Allah’a inanıp O’na sımsıkı sarılanları O kendi rahmetine ve fazlına dahil edecek ve kendine varan yola koyacaktır” (en-Nisâ 4/174-175). Burada baştaki cem‘ kısmında Hz. Peygamber’e ve Kur’an’a inananlar ve inanmayanlar, “insanlar” ifadesinde birleştirildikten sonra taksim kısmında yalnız iman edenlerin karşılığının zikredilmesi bölümleme gereği inanmayanların karşılığının da takdiren mevcudiyetini gösterir. Edebî metinlerde ifade bazan cem‘ → taksim → cem‘ düzeninde gelebilir, şu âyette olduğu gibi: “O gökten su indirdi de vadiler kendi hacimlerince sel olup aktı. Sel üste çıkan köpüğü yüklenip götürdü. Süs eşyası veya alet yapmak isteyerek ateşte erittiğiniz şeylerde de buna benzer köpük (posa) olur. İşte Allah hak ile bâtıla böyle misal verir. Köpük (ve posa) atılıp gider, insanlara fayda veren şey ise yeryüzünde kalır” (er-Ra‘d 13/17). Burada Cenâb-ı Hak su ile madeni yararlı ve yararsız şeyleri kendilerinde toplama hükmünde birleştirmiştir. İkinci olarak iki yararsızdan (köpük-posa) her birini yok olup gitme noktasında birleştirme, iki yararlıdan her birini kalıcı olmada birleştirme yoluyla taksim ederek açıklamıştır.
Cem‘ → tefrik → taksimde kısımlar bir hükümde birleştirildikten sonra ayrılır ve sonunda bölümlenir, şu âyetlerde görüldüğü gibi: “Kıyametin gerçekleştiği gün Allah’ın izni olmadan kimse konuşamaz. Artık insanların kimi bedbaht, kimi de mutludur. Bedbahtlar cehennem ateşi içinde olacak ve feci bir şekilde nefes alıp vereceklerdir. Rabbinin dilediği hariç gökler ve yer durdukça orada ebedî kalacaklardır. Şüphesiz ki rabbin dilediğini yapandır. Bahtiyarlar ise cennettedir. Onlar orada bitmez tükenmez bir ihsan olarak rabbinin dilediği hariç gökler ve yer durdukça ebedî kalacaktır” (Hûd 11/105-108). Burada Allah’ın izni dışında hiç kimsenin konuşamamasında insanların birleştirilmesinin ardından bunlar mutlular ve mutsuzlar gruplarına ayrılmış, daha sonra her birinin cennet ve cehennemdeki durumu taksim yöntemiyle açıklanmıştır. Bazan cem‘ ve tefrik ifadeleri kendisine delâlet ettiğinden taksimin iki kısmından biri mukadder olur, şu âyette olduğu gibi: “Müminlerden -özür sahibi olanlar dışında- oturanlarla (cihada katılmayanlar) malları ve canlarıyla Allah yolunda cihad edenler bir olmaz. Allah malları ve canlarıyla cihad edenleri derece bakımından oturanlardan üstün kıldı. Gerçi Allah hepsine de en güzeli (cennet) vaad etmiştir, fakat mücahidleri oturanlardan çok büyük bir ecirle üstün kılmıştır” (en-Nisâ 4/95). Burada öncelikle mücahid müminlerle savaşa katılmayan müminler eşit olmamakta cemedilmiş, ardından savaşa katılmayanlar özür sahibi olanlar (ve olmayanlar) diye ikiye bölünüp bu iki kısımdan biri (özür sahibi olmayanlar) mukadder kılınmıştır. Sonra da mücahidlerin derecelerinin çok üstün olduğu belirtilerek taksimdeki eşitsizliğin iki ciheti arasında tefrik yapılmıştır.
Taksim sanatında kısımların eksik sayılması, tekrarlı veya tedâhüllü olması edebî bakımdan kusur kabul edilmiştir. Cerîr b. Atıyye’nin Benî Hanîfe’yi yerdiği, “Hanîfe üçtür: Üçte biri köle, üçte biri de mevâlîdir” anlamındaki beytinde şiir yergi amacı taşıdığından muhtemelen eşraf olan üçüncü kategoriyi medih bildirdiği için saymamıştır. “Bakışları ile bana îmâ etmeye / Gözü dalınca da zaman zaman hafifçe işarette bulunmaya (îmâd) devam etti” beytinde “ima” ile “îmâd” aynı anlamda olduğundan taksim hatalıdır. İbnü’l-Kırriyye’nin, “İnsanlar üçtür: Akıllı, ahmak ve fâcir” taksimi de hatalıdır; akıllı da ahmak da fâcir olabileceğinden bölümler arasında tedâhül bulunmaktadır (Bâkıllânî, s. 191).
Taksim aklî istidlâle dayanan, tutarlı ve düzenli bir iç plana sahip bulunan bütün eserlerde uygulanmış bir yöntemdir. Bu bakımdan kitapların iç planını yansıtan “fihrist/içindekiler” müellifin ciddiyetine ve eserin değerine büyük çapta işaret etmektedir. Nitekim Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin geniş hacimli tefsirinde âyetlerden çıkarılabilecek hükümler veya söz konusu edilebilecek ihtimaller taksim yöntemiyle sıralanır. Müellif “mesele, kavl, mebhas (bahs), hüccet” gibi onu aşkın kelime kullanarak ikiden on ikiye varan şıkları sıralar. Bunun yanında bir şıkkın iki veya daha fazla alt başlığa ayrıldığı da görülür (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XIII, 3-122). Râzî’nin zaman zaman atıflarda bulunduğu (DİA, XXVIII, 159) Mâtürîdî’ye ait Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân’da da aynı usul göze çarpar, ancak Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb ’da olduğu gibi fazla değildir. Teʾvîlât’ta konu bazan iki veche ayrıldığı halde anlatımda daha fazla ihtimallere yer verilmiş, bazan da “birkaç vecih” kaydı yer almışken ibarede sadece iki alternatiften bahsedilmiştir. Taksimdeki bu edebî kusur, eserin müellifin elinden çıkmayıp takrir yoluyla meydana getirilmesi veya müstensihlerin ihmalkâr davranmasından kaynaklanmış olmalıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Câhiz, el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn, I, 240, 241; a.mlf., Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân, III, 46; Kudâme b. Ca‘fer, Cevâhirü’l-elfâẓ (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Kahire 1350/1932, s. 5; a.mlf., Naḳdü’ş-şiʿr (nşr. Kemâl Mustafa), Kahire 1963, s. 226; Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣınâʿateyn (nşr. Ali M. el-Bicâvî – M. Ebü’l-Fazl), Kahire 1371/1952, s. 341; Bâkıllânî, İʿcâzü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. M. Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî), Kahire 1370/1951, s. 191; İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, el-ʿUmde (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Kahire 1374/1955, II, 20; İbn Sinân el-Hafâcî, Sırrü’l-feṣâḥa (nşr. Abdülmüteâl es-Saîdî), Kahire 1372/1953, s. 277; Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî, Delâʾilü’l-iʿcâz (nşr. M. Reşîd Rızâ), Kahire 1372, s. 74; Reşîdüddin Vatvât, Ḥadâʾiḳu’s-siḥr fî deḳāʾiḳi’ş-şiʿr (trc. İbrâhim Emîn eş-Şevâribî), Kahire 1364/1945, s. 179; Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , Beyrut 1411/1990, XIII, 3-122; Ebû Ya‘kūb es-Sekkâkî, Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm, Kahire 1356/1937, s. 201; Ziyâeddin İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Mes̱elü’s-sâʾir (nşr. Ahmed el-Havfî – Bedevî Tabâne), Kahire 1358/1939, II, 340; İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘, Bedîʿu’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Hifnî M. Şeref), Kahire 1377/1957, s. 65; a.mlf., Taḥrîrü’t-Taḥbîr (nşr. Hifnî M. Şeref), Kahire 1383/1963, s. 173; Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , Beyrut 1408/1988, IV, 198-199; Kartâcennî, Minhâcü’l-büleġâʾ ve sirâcü’l-üdebâʾ (nşr. M. Habîb İbnü’l-Hoca), Tunus 1966, s. 55, 154-157; İbnü’n-Nâzım, el-Miṣbâḥ fî ʿilmi’l-meʿânî ve’l-beyân ve’l-bedîʿ, Kahire 1341, s. 96; Şürûḥu’t-Telḫîṣ, Kahire 1937, IV, 336-347; Ebû Muhammed Kāsım es-Sicilmâsî, el-Menzeʿu’l-bedîʿ (nşr. Allâl el-Gāzî), Rabat 1401/1980, s. 355; Tîbî, et-Tibyân fî ʿilmi’l-meʿânî ve’l-bedîʿ ve’l-beyân (nşr. Hâdî Atıyye Matar el-Hilâlî), Beyrut 1407/1987, s. 403-413; İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, el-Fevâʾid, Kahire 1327, s. 90; Zerkeşî, el-Burhân, III, 471; Abdünnâfi İffet, en-Nef‘u’l-muavvel, İstanbul 1290, II, 172-174; Abdurrahman el-Berkūkī, Şerḥu Dîvâni’l-Mütenebbî, Beyrut 1399/1979, II, 92, 332; Bekir Topaloğlu, “Mâtürîdî”, DİA, XXVIII, 159.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 474-476 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Taksim Türk edebiyatında tensîke bağlı sanatlar içinde yer almış, bir ifadede özellikle isim ve sıfatların insan tabiatına hoş gelecek şekilde düzenlenmesiyle ilgili görülmüştür. Osmanlı belâgat literatüründe Mutavvel Tercümesi’nden itibaren Teshîlü’l-arûz ve’l-kavâfî ve’l-bedâyi‘, Arûz-ı Türkî (Sanâyi-i Şi‘riyye ve İlm-i Bedî‘), Belâgat-i Lisân-ı Osmânî ve Mebâni’l-inşâ gibi eserlerde yer alan bu sanat son eserde sanâyi-i ma‘neviyye, diğerlerinde ise sanâyi-i lafzıyye arasında zikredilmiştir.
Manzum veya mensur bir anlatımda sıfatların ardarda sıralanması tensîk-i sıfât ve taksim diye ikiye ayrılmıştır. Tensîk söz yahut yazı sahibinin, bir varlık ya da kavramı en güzel şekilde anlatabilmesi veya okuyucu ve dinleyicinin zihninde gerektiği biçimde canlandırabilmesi için onun yanına en uygun sıfatları sıralayarak ifadesine kuvvet ve güzellik kazandırmasıdır (bk. TENSÎK). Bunun en güzel örneklerinden biri, Fuzûlî’nin Hadîkatü’s-suadâ’da (s. 144) Hz. Hasan’ın ağzından muhatabı yahudiye Hz. Fâtıma’yı, Hz. Ali’yi ve Hz. Muhammed’i tanıtırken onların vasıflarını en güzel şekilde belirten sıfatları ardarda sıraladığı paragraftır. Ganîzâde Mehmed Nâdirî’nin Resûl-i Ekrem vasfındaki na‘tında yer alan, “Hatâ pûşende-i müznib atâ bahşende-i tâib / Emân-ı Meşrik u Mağrib emîn-i Yesrib ü Bathâ // Cenâb-ı Ahmed-i mürsel imâm-ı zümre-i kümmel / Mufassal-sâz-ı her mücmel rumûz-âmûz-ı her dânâ” mısraları tensîkin en güzel örneklerindendir.
Tensîk-i sıfâtın bir ileri merhalesi kabul edilebilecek taksim ise iki veya daha fazla kişi, varlık, kavram yahut eşyanın ardarda zikredilmesinden sonra bunlardan her birine ait özellikleri gösteren sıfatları, kime ait olduğunu belirterek aynı sırayla ifadeye yerleştirmektir; yani taksimde önce söylenecek hususlar sırayla zikredilir, ardından bunlarla ilgili sıfatlar sıralanır. Hangi vasfın hangi şeyle ilgili olduğu ya açık biçimde yazılır ya da bu ilgiyi kurmaya yarayacak zarflara veya işaret sıfatlarına yer verilir. Bu özellik taksimi aynı zamanda leff ü neşrden ayırmaktadır. Çünkü leff ü neşrde bu ilginin belirlenmesi muhatabın anlayış ve kavrayış gücüne bırakılmıştır. Açık belirtme “ol… bu…”, “ol biri… bu biri…”, “biri… biri…”, “biri… diğeri…”, “birincisi… ikincisi…” gibi kelimelerle gerçekleştirilebilir. Fuzûlî’nin, “Sıfât-ı Hazret-i Hüseyn ü Hasan / Cümle-i kâinatadır rûşen // Ol biri nakd-i pâk-i Mustafâ / Bu biri nûr-ı çeşm-i Murtazâ // Ol biri bedr-i âsmân-ı kemâl / Bu biri sırr-ı cûybâr-ı cemâl” beyitleri buna örnektir. Burada önce Hz. Hüseyin, ardından Hz. Hasan zikredilmiş, daha sonra bunların her birine ait vasıflar belirlemelerle sıralanmıştır.
Taksim Türk belâgatında Arap belâgatından biraz farklı şekilde ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca bu sanatın “cem‘ maa’t-taksîm” ve “cem‘ maa’t-tefrîk ve’t-taksîm” sanatları ile bir arada bulunması söz konusudur (bk. CEM‘; TEFRİK). Birincisine, “Gün gibi doğup o şem‘-i rahmet-fânûs / İ‘câz tev’em olduğun gördü nüfûs // Çün arz-ı sanem yıkıldı Tâk-ı Kisrâ / Çün dûde-i küfr söndü nâr-ı mecûs” beyitleri, ikincisine Süleyman Paşa’nın, “Leb-i yâre akîk-i nâb dedim / Mu‘teriz oldular bütün yâran // Dediler seng-pâre-i Yemen o / Bu ise gerd-i çeşme-i hayvan” dörtlüğünün ilk iki mısraı cem‘ ve tefrike, diğer mısralar taksime örnektir. Ta‘lîm-i Edebiyyât’ta Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem tensîk ve taksimin tekellüfsüz bir şekilde kullanılması gereği üzerinde önemle durmuş, sıfatların tabiilikten uzaklaşmadan sıralanması halinde bu sanatın makbul olacağı, sanat göstermek amacıyla ilişkili ilişkisiz biçimde ardarda sıralanmasının makbul sayılmayacağını söylemiştir. Cevdet Paşa’nın Belâgat-ı Osmâniyye’de sanâyi-i lafzıyye ve ma‘neviyye konuları arasında tensîk ve taksimi zikretmemesi dikkat çekicidir. Reşid Paşa ve Muallim Nâci de yalnız tensîke yer vermiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Fuzûlî, Hadikatü’s-süeda (haz. Şeyma Güngör), Ankara 1987, s. 144; Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem, Ta‘lîm-i Edebiyyât, İstanbul 1299, s. 330-331; Muallim Nâci, Istılâhât-ı Edebiyye, İstanbul 1307, s. 235; a.mlf., Edebiyat Terimleri: Istılâhât-ı Edebiyye (nşr. M. A. Yekta Saraç), İstanbul 1996, s. 164, 183-184; Diyarbekirli Said Paşa, Mîzânü’l-edeb, İstanbul 1305, s. 355; M. Kaya Bilgegil, Edebiyat Bilgi ve Teorileri-Belâgat, İstanbul 1989, s. 286-287; Kâzım Yetiş, Talîm-i Edebiyat’ın Retorik ve Edebiyat Nazariyâtı Sâhasında Getirdiği Yenilikler , Ankara 1996, s. 301-302.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 476-477 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.