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TAKSİM SULARI Skip to content İstanbul’un Galata-Taksim tarafına su getiren tarihî şebeke.
İstanbul’un tarihî yarımadasının suyunu temin eden ve Roma devrinde yapılmış olan bütün isâlelerin sur dışında kalan bölümleri, VII. yüzyıldan itibaren Balkanlar’dan gelerek şehri kuşatan çeşitli kavimler tarafından tamamen tahrip edilmişti. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed, fetihten hemen sonra şehrin suyunun birkaç küçük isâle ile sarnıçlardan sağlandığını görünce eski isâlelerin tamir edilip genişletilmesini ve yeni isâlelerin yapılmasını emretti. Fâtih zamanında dört yeni isâle yapıldı ve bir Roma isâlesi tamir edildi. 1453-1755 yılları arasında Halkalı köyü ile Cebeciköy arasındaki araziden gelen ve Halkalı suları diye anılan on altı bağımsız isâle hattı yapılarak şehirde 435 yere su akıtıldı. Ayrıca Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman tarafından Belgrad ormanlarından su getiren Kırkçeşme tesisleri 1563 yılında yapılınca şehir bol suya kavuştu ve 580 yere su verildi.
Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’den sonraki devirlerde Haliç’in kuzeyindeki bölgenin su ihtiyacı küçük menbalardan beslenen çeşmelerden ve bazı isâlelerden karşılanıyordu. Galata Mevlevîhânesi’nin suyunu temin eden ve Levent Çiftliği’ndeki iki menbadan beslenen isâle hattı, Kasımpaşa’nın suyunu sağlayan isâle hattı ve Kâğıthane menba suyunu getiren isâle hattı bu bölgedeki isâlelerin en önemlilerindendi. Boğaz kıyılarında inşa edilen yeni köşkler ve yerleşim yerleriyle Kasımpaşa, Galata, Beyoğlu, Fındıklı, Beşiktaş ve Ortaköy’ün kalabalıklaşması sonunda Haliç’in kuzeyindeki bölgede su kıtlığı baş gösterdi. Bölgenin suyunu temin etmek amacıyla III. Ahmed zamanında başlatılan isâle hattı Patrona İsyanı yüzünden yarım kaldı. Tesisin yapımına I. Mahmud döneminde devam edilerek Taksim isâle hattı 1732 yılında tamamlandı. Yapılan bu ilk isâle hattı Taksim tesislerinin birinci merhalesini teşkil eder. Bu merhalede Büyükdere’nin kuzeybatısında Bahçeköy’deki derelerden alınan sular içi sırlı künklerle şehre getirildi. İsâle hattı Bahçeköy Kemeri’nden sonra bir katlı ve yalnız dere üzerinde iki katlı, toplam yirmi bir gözlü, 400 m. uzunluğunda, 11 m. yüksekliğindeki I. Mahmud Kemeri’nden geçer; ardından Acıelma, Derbent, Maslak, Ayazağa, Zincirlikuyu, Mecidiyeköy, Şişli yoluyla Harbiye Mektebi önündeki makseme ve oradan Taksim’deki su deposuna ve makseme ulaşır. Bu isâle hattının uzunluğu yaklaşık 25 kilometredir.
1732’de yapılan isâle hattına daha fazla su verebilmek için yine I. Mahmud tarafından 1750 yılında Topuzlu Bent yaptırıldı. Bu bendin ekseni doğrusal olup payandalı kâgir ağırlık barajı tipindedir. İkinci merhalede isâle hattı genişletildi ve tesise bazı ilâveler yapıldı. 1786’da Kaptanı-deryâ Gazi Hasan Paşa, Topuzlu Bendi 14 zirâdan 18 zirâa yükselterek bendin vereceği suyu 23,5 lüleye (1222 m3 /gün) çıkardı. Bu sebeple Taksim sularından kendisine 22 masura (143 m3 /gün) su tahsis edildi. Bu su Kasımpaşa’daki Bahriye tesisleriyle kendi hayratına verildi. 1787’de Sadrazam Yûsuf Paşa, Bahçeköy civarında Dutluk mevkiindeki vâlide sultan katmasını ıslah ettirerek katmanın suyunu çoğalttı ve kendisine 8 masura (52 m3 /gün) su ayrıldı. Üçüncü merhalede III. Selim’in annesi Mihrişah Sultan tarafından yine Bahçeköy’de Vâlide Bendi inşa ettirilerek bendin suyu Taksim tesislerine katıldı. Vâlide Bendi’nin yapılması ile 23 lüle (1196 m3 /gün) su kazanıldı. Bunun 16 lülesi Topuzlu Bent kanalına verildi, 2 lülesi de mecra hakkı olarak yine aynı yere katılıp geri kalan 5 lüle vâlide sultanın arzusuna bırakıldı. Vâlide sultan, bendin çıkışından itibaren Büyük Bent’in haznesine dökülen derelere uzanan bir galeri inşa ettirerek 5 lüle suyu Kırkçeşme tesislerine kattırdı ve oradan Eyüp’teki vâlide sultan hayratına su bağlattı. Vâlide Bendi planda kırk hatlı, payandalı kâgir kemer-ağırlık barajı tipinde yapıldı. Dördüncü merhalede II. Mahmud, Arabacı Mandırası deresinin bir kolu üzerinde kendi adıyla anılan bendi inşa ettirdi ve 1839 yılında bendin suyu Taksim sularına katıldı. Sultan Mahmud Bendi kâgir kemer-ağırlık barajı tipinde olup günümüzün baraj tekniğine göre yapıldı.
Taksim tesislerinin isâle hattında başlangıçta içi sırlı künkler kullanılmakteyken I. Abdülhamid veya III. Selim devrinde künkler iptal edilip genişliği 60-90 cm., yüksekliği 120-140 cm. olan bir galeri inşa edilerek isâle hattından daha fazla suyun geçmesi sağlandı. İsâle galerisi yarma ve delmelerden geçirilip her yerde üstü kapalı biçimde yapıldı ve bu şekilde kirlenmeler önlendi. İsâle hattında küçük kemerlerin inşa edilmediği yerlerde büyük çaplı kurşun borular ters sifon olarak kullanıldı. Ters sifonlara giriş ve çıkışta, dağıtım kollarının ayrıldığı yerlerde, bir oda büyüklüğünde kubbeler yapıldı. Debi ölçme sandıklarındaki lülelerle sular ölçülerek tıkanıklıkları kontrol etme imkânı sağlandı. İsâle hattı üstündeki kemerlerin en büyüğü I. Mahmud Kemeri, diğerleri Bahçeköy, Hasan Ağa ve Zincirlikuyu kemerleridir. İsâle hattı II. Mahmud Bendi’nden başlar ve II. Mahmud katmasını aldıktan sonra Vâlide Bendi’nden gelen kol ve onun üzerindeki vâlide sultan katmasının suyunu getiren galeriyle birleşir. Ardından bu galeriye Kameriça katması ile Avcıbayırı katması bağlanır ve Topuzlu Bent’in suyunu aldıktan sonra Bahçeköy Kemeri’nin başında Balaban deresi katmasını alarak I. Mahmud Kemeri üzerinden geçer. Yaklaşık 2750 m. sonra Maltalı Baca katması galeriye bitişir. Hacıosmanbayırı’ndaki bacadan ayrılan kol Hacıosman Maksemi’ne, oradan Yeniköy koluna debileri ölçülüp su verilir. Maslak Maksemi’nden 700 m. önce ayrılan koldan Emirgân-Boyacıköy’e su akıtılır. Maslak Maksemi’nden aynı yöne ayrılan diğer kol ise battaldır. Maslak Maksemi’nden sonra Rumelihisarı’na bir kol ayrılır. Burada bir ters sifon vardır. Zincirlikuyu’dan önce bir kol Bebek-Arnavutköy’e ayrılır. Zincirlikuyu’da isâle hattı Hasan Ağa ve Zincirlikuyu kemerlerinden geçer. Mecidiyeköy’deki Derin Baca denen maslaktan bir kol Küçük Baca denen maslağa ve oradan ikinci bir maslağa birleşerek bir kol Yıldız’a, diğer kol Ortaköy-Kuruçeşme’ye ayrılır. Ana galeri, Mecidiyeköy-Şişli ve Kurtuluş’a ayrılan kolun bulunduğu makseme ve ardından Beşiktaş’a ayrılan kolun maksemine, oradan Harbiye Mektebi altındaki makseme ulaşır. Buradan Taksim’deki büyük haznede ve ona bitişik maksemde son bulur. Taksim Maksemi’nden Firuzağa, Cihangir, Tophane ve Fındıklı’ya bir kol, Beyoğlu-Galata’ya ikinci bir kol, Kasımpaşa’ya üçüncü bir kol ayrılır. Sular idaresindeki 1306 (1888-89) tarihli Tahrir Defteri’nde Taksim tesislerinden çeşitli yerlere ayrılan su miktarları ve dağıtım yerleri belirtilmiştir.
Taksim tesislerinin bugün Hacıosmanbayırı’ndaki filtreden sonraki yolları tamamen haraptır. Taksim tesislerinin ana hat üzerindeki önemli yapıları şunlardır: 1. Harbiye Maksemi. Bugün mevcut olmayan bu maksemin etrafı kâgir duvarlarla çevrili ve üstü basık bir kubbe ile örtülü idi. Planda maksemin içten içe boyutları 3, 05 × 4,50 m. ve yüksekliği 2,30 metredir. Zemini mermer kaplıdır. Üzerinde III. Selim’in tuğrası ve 1212 (1797-98) tarihini veren dört satırlık kitâbe mevcuttur. 2. Taksim Haznesi. Taksim Meydanı’nda bulunan bu yıkık haznenin dış boyutları 17 × 90 metredir. İçerisi on iki çift gözden oluşur. Gözlerin iç boyutları 6,21 × 6,21 metredir. Bu duruma göre haznenin faydalı hacmi 2730 m3 ’tür. 3. Taksim Maksemi. İstiklâl caddesinin Taksim Meydanı’na açıldığı yerde Fransız Konsolosluğu’nun karşısındaki köşededir. Plana göre sekiz köşeli prizma şeklinde yapılmış olup çok süslü bir kubbesi vardır. Sekizgen planın köşeden köşeye diyagonal mesafesi 7 metredir. Yan tarafındaki çeşmenin üstünde çok güzel bir istifle yazılmış âyet-i kerîme vardır. Maksemin üzerindeki kitâbe altı mısralı olup 1145 (1732-33) tarihini verir. Ancak debi ölçme sandığının iki yanında Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa ve Sadrazam Yûsuf Paşa’ya ait iki kitâbenin tarihleri 1200’dür (1785). Ölçme sandığına gelen su 18 cm. çıkıntısı olan bir çörtenden dökülmekte, sağda ve solda değişik çapta 20 lüleden su dağıtılmakta, sağdaki 10 lüleden Fındıklı-Tophane’ye toplam debisi 10 lüle (520 m3 /gün), soldaki 10 lüleden toplam debisi yine 10 lüle Beyoğlu-Galata’ya su verilmektedir. Tam soldaki 4 lüleden toplam debisi 5 lüle (260 m3 /gün) olan su Kasımpaşa cihetine ayrılmaktadır (1 lüle ø 26 mm. çapındaki borudan ekseni 96 mm. su yükü altında akan 52 m3 /gün debi). Çörtenin üstünde yer alan iki satırlık kitâbe 1145 (1732-33) tarihini verir.
Taksim tesislerinden su alan önemli çeşmelerin bazıları şunlardır. Topçubaşı İsmâil Ağa Çeşmesi (1731), Kabataş’ta Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa Meydan Çeşmesi (1732), Taksim Kazancı Yokuşu’nda Hâfız Ahmed Paşa Çeşmesi (1732), Tophane’de I. Mahmud Meydan Çeşmesi (1732), Azapkapı’da Sâliha Sultan (Azapkapı) Meydan Çeşmesi (1732), Kabataş’ta set üstünde Silâhdar Yahyâ Efendi Çeşmesi (1788), Emirgân’da Çınaraltı’ndaki meydan çeşmesi (1789), Boyacıköy Karakolu içerisinde II. Mahmud Meydan Çeşmesi (1837), Maçka’da Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan Meydan Çeşmesi (1839). Taksim sularının en büyük deposu olan 2730 m3 hacmindeki Taksim su haznesinden başka Kılıçalipaşa haznesi gibi hazneler ve büyük çeşmelerin depoları da suların ekonomik bir şekilde kullanılmasını sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca Taksim tesislerinde çok sayıda maslak, su terazisi gibi tesislerle şadırvanlar ve sebiller yapılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Nâzım, İstanbul Vilâyeti Şehremânetine Evkaftan Devrolunan Sular , İstanbul 1341 s. 32-37.
Saadi Nazım Nirven, İstanbul Suları , İstanbul 1946, s. 183-191.
Naci Yüngül, Taksim Suyu Tesisleri , İstanbul 1957.
Kâzım Çeçen, İstanbul’da Osmanlı Devrindeki Su Tesisleri , İstanbul 1984, s. 113-142.
a.mlf., İstanbul’un Vakıf Sularından Taksim ve Hamidiye Suları , İstanbul 1992.
a.mlf., İstanbul’un Osmanlı Dönemi Suyolları (haz. Celal Kolay), İstanbul 1999.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2010 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 39. cildinde, 478-480 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.