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TA‘RÎB Skip to content Yabancı kelime ve terimlerin Arapçalaştırılması, bir yabancı dildeki eserlerin Arapça’ya çevrilmesi ve Araplaştırma anlamlarında bir terim.
Sözlükte “Arapçalaştırmak, Araplaştırmak” mânasındaki ta‘rîb terim olarak Arapça’ya giren yabancı kelimelerin bu dilin kalıplarına ve fonetik kurallarına uydurulması, yabancı bir eserin Arapça’ya tercüme edilmesi, aslen Arap olmayan bir kimse veya toplumun Araplaştırılması, uzun süre yabancı egemenliğinde kaldıktan sonra bağımsızlıklarına kavuşan Arap ülkelerinde resmî dilin Arapçalaştırılması, modern dönemde ortaya çıkan bilim ve teknoloji terimlerine Arapça karşılıklar bulunması gibi anlamlar ifade eder. İ‘râb kelimesi de aynı mânada kullanılmıştır; muarreb veya mu‘reb “Arapçalaşmış” demektir. Araplar, komşu oldukları veya aynı coğrafyada yaşadıkları milletlerin dillerine kelimeler verdikleri gibi onlardan kelimeler almışlardır. İslâm öncesi dönemde Arapça’nın en çok alıntı yaptığı diller Farsça’nın yanı sıra Ârâmîce-Süryânîce, İbrânîce ve Habeşçe gibi Sâmî dillerle birlikte Rumca diye adlandırılan Yunanca ve Latince’dir. Daha sonra İslâm’ın yayılmasıyla birlikte başka dillerden de kelimeler alınmıştır. Yabancı kelimeler çok erken dönemlerden itibaren Arap dilcilerinin dikkatini çekmiş, eserlerinde bunlara bölümler ayırarak Kur’an dili olan Arapça’nın saflığının korunması yönünde gayret göstermişlerdir. Konuyla ilgili ilk eser Abdullah b. Abbas’a nisbet edilen el-Luġāt fi’l-Ḳurʾân olup eserde Arap lehçeleri farklı diller şeklinde değerlendirildiğinden bunlara ait kelimeler yabancı kelimelerle birlikte zikredilmiştir. Bir kabileden ayrılıp başka bir kabileye katılan kişiye verilen dahîl sıfatı bir yabancı dilden değişime uğramadan Arapça’ya geçen kelimeler için de kullanılmıştır. Arapça’nın fonetik ve morfolojik yapısına uygun hale getirilen yabancı kelimelere de muarreb denilmiştir. Annesi ve babası ya da bunlardan biri Arap olmadığı halde Arap toplumu içinde yetişen kimseye müvelled adı verildiği gibi bunlar tarafından türetilmiş veya kendi dillerinden Arapça’ya girmiş kelimelere de bu ad verilmiştir. Ancak dahîl, muarreb ve müvelled eş anlamlı olarak da kullanılmıştır (İbn Düreyd, I, 25). Muarreb konusunda yazılan ilk müstakil eser Mevhûb b. Ahmed el-Cevâlîkī’nin el-Muʿarreb mine’l-kelâmi’l-aʿcemî ’sidir. Bu eserin eksiklerini tamamlamak amacıyla yaklaşık 3000 yabancı kelimenin incelendiği Abdullah b. Ahmed el-Bişbîşî’ye ait et-Teẕyîl ve’t-tekmîl li-me’stuʿmile mine’l-lafẓi’d-daḫîl adlı eser de klasik kaynakların dışına çıkılmaması ve bunların da yeterince kullanılamaması yüzünden çok eksik kalmıştır (bk. el-MUARREB ). Bu eserin telhisi Câmiʿu’t-taʿrîb bi’ṭ-ṭarîḳi’l-ḳarîb adıyla Abdullah el-Alâî tarafından yapılmıştır.
Arap dilcileri yabancı kelimeleri genelde hoş karşılamamakla birlikte ta‘rîb konusunu dil bilimi açısından incelemişlerdir. Önce Sîbeveyhi, ardından ona uyarak İbn Sîde ve Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî muarreb kelimeleri üçe ayırmıştır. 1. Araplar’ın kurallara göre Arapçalaştırarak dillerine kattıkları, kalıpları yönünden Arapça kelimelerle tam benzerlik gösteren kelimeler. 2. Değişikliğe tâbi tutmakla birlikte Arapça kalıplara sokmadıkları kelimeler. 3. Hiçbir değişiklik yapmadan kullandıkları kelimeler. İlk grupta yer alanlar adı geçen dilciler tarafından Arapça’dan sayılmış, diğerleri sayılmamıştır. Cevâlîkī, muarreb kelimeleri sarf yönünü göz önüne alıp “ed-dîbâc” ve “Mûsâ” örneklerinde olduğu gibi harf-i ta‘rif alan ve almayan diye ikiye ayırmıştır (İbn Sîde, XIV, 39; Mevhûb b. Ahmed el-Cevâlîkī, s. 56; Süyûtî, el-Müzhir , I, 270-271).
Dil âlimleri, muarreb kelimeleri belirlemede öncelikle Arapça’nın fonetik ve morfolojik yapısına uyumu göz önüne almışlardır. Arapça bir kelimede cîm-sâd, cîm-kāf, sîn-zâl, ṭâ-cîm gibi ikili harfler bir araya gelemeyeceğinden ciṣṣ, mencenîḳ, sâẕec, ṭâcin vb. kelimelerin yabancı olduğu anlaşılır. Yine hemze-nûn-kāf, sâd-lâm-cîm, sîn-dâl-ḫâ gibi üçlemeler Arapça’da kök oluşturmaz (Meḳāyîsü’l-luġa , I, 148, 152; II, 303; İbn Düreyd, III, 316; Radıyyüddin es-Sâgānî, II, vr. 121a ; Abdullah b. Muhammed el-Alâî, s. 22). Şekil yönünden ise Arapça’da bulunamayacağı kaydedilen, aralarında “fa‘lûl, fa‘vûl, fav‘ûl” kalıplarının da bulunduğu yirmi dört kalıp ölçü olarak belirlenir (Abdullah b. Muhammed el-Alâî, neşredenin girişi, s. 49-51). Ancak bu kriterlerde dilcilerin görüş birliğine vardıkları söylenemez. Zira Halîl b. Ahmed’e göre Arapça bir kelimede “lâm”dan sonra şîn gelmediği halde Ezherî’ye göre bu mümkündür (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “lşş” md.). Yabancı kelimelerin Arapça ses ve biçim kurallarına uyumu, bazı seslerin eklenmesi ve Arapça’da yer almayan bir kısım seslerin mahreçlerine yakın olanlarla değiştirilmesiyle gerçekleştirilir. İbn Cinnî’nin kanaatine göre Araplar yabancı isimleri birden fazla şekle dönüştürüp kullanabilmişlerdir (Abdullah b. Muhammed el-Alâî, s. 20). Dolayısıyla Farsça asıllı olup Arapça’da on dokuz farklı biçimde telaffuz edilen “girânpôst” örneğinde olduğu gibi diğer muarreb kelimelerin de birçok söylenişi ortaya çıkmıştır (Eddî Şîr, s. 40). Bu durum Kur’an’da da görülür. İbrâhâm, İbraham, Âbrâhim, İbrahum, Âbrâhûm ve İbrâhîm gibi altı farklı şekilde Arapça’ya geçen bu isim Kur’an’da yalnız son şekliyle kullanılmışken Cebrâîl ile Cibrîl ve cehennem ile cahîm âyet veya hadislerde yer almıştır.
Muarreb kelimelerle ilgili tartışma konularının başında bu kelimelerin Kur’an’da varlığı meselesi gelmektedir. Kur’an’da yabancı kelimelerin bulunmadığı görüşü, “Eğer onu yabancı dilden bir Kur’an yapsaydık, ‘Âyetlerinin tafsilâtlı şekilde açıklanması gerekmez miydi? Arap olana yabancı dilden Kur’an olur mu?’ diyeceklerdi” meâlindeki âyetle (Fussılet 41/44), Kur’an’ın Arapça indirildiğini ifade eden diğer beyanların (Yûsuf 12/2; eş-Şûrâ 42/7) yanlış yorumuna ve Arapça’nın kutsallaştırılmasına dayanmaktadır. Bu görüşün savunucularından Şâfiî Arapça’nın en zengin dil olduğunu, onu Peygamber’den başkasının tam mânasıyla idrak edemeyeceğini, dolayısıyla Kur’an’da yabancı kelime bulunduğunu ileri sürenlerin Arapça’nın bu yönünü bilmediklerini söyler. Ebû Ubeyde Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ’nın Kur’an’da yabancı kelimenin varlığı görüşüne tepkisi daha serttir. Kur’an’ın açık bir Arapça ile indirildiğini, onda Arapça’nın dışında kelimelerin yer aldığını söylemenin aşırılık olduğunu belirtir. Taberî, tefsirinin birçok yerinde bir taraftan Kur’an’daki yabancı kökenli kelimelerle ilgili rivayetleri aktarırken diğer taraftan Arapça ve Farsça’da kullanılan kelimelerin sadece bu dillere ait görülmesinin cehalet sayıldığını, bunların lafız ve mâna olarak her iki dilde de görüldüğünü ileri sürer ve iki milletten birinin diğerine üstün olamayacağını bu fikrine gerekçe gösterir (Câmiʿu’l-beyân , VII, 262). Aslında âyetlerde Kur’an’ın Arapça olduğunun ifade edilmesi bazı kelimelerinin yabancı dillerden gelmesine engel değildir. Kur’an’da bu ifadeyle dilin milliyetine değil işlevsel niteliğine vurgu yapılmakta ve aslı hangi dilden olursa olsun Araplar’ca kullanılan kelimeler Arapça sayılmaktadır. Ayrıca “Kur’ân-ı Arabî” terkibi, Resûl-i Ekrem ile bazı sahâbîler tarafından öğrenilmesi tavsiye edilen “fasih Arapça” (bâdiye Arapça’sı) anlamındaki Arabiyye ile de ilgili olabilir ya da Hz. İsmâil’in diyarı Arabe’ye nisbet olabilir. Nitekim Hz. Peygamber “kasvere, hüzü’, ucâb” kelimelerini öz Arap olduğu halde anlamadığını, dolayısıyla bunların Arapça sayılamayacağını belirten kimseye bir Arap kabilesine mensup yaşlı bir zatın söz konusu üç kelimeyi bir deyişte kullandığını söylemiş ve bunu kelimelerin Arapça veya Arapçalaşmış olmasının ölçüsü diye görmüştür.
Kur’an’da yabancı kelimelerin bulunduğunu kabul edenler arasında Abdullah b. Abbas, Mücâhid b. Cebr, Saîd b. Cübeyr, İkrime el-Berberî ve Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh gibi isimler yer almaktadır. “Gece kalkmak” anlamındaki “nâşie” (el-Müzzemmil 73/6) ve “aslan” mânasındaki “kasvere”nin (el-Müddessir 74/51) Habeşçe oluşu gibi Kur’an’da yer alan yabancı kelimelere dair birçok rivayet İbn Abbas’tan nakledilmiştir. Sîbeveyhi el-Kitâb ’ında, Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm el-Ġarîbü’l-muṣannef , İbn Kuteybe Edebü’l-kâtib , Zeccâc İʿrâbü’l-Ḳurʾân , İbn Düreyd el-Cemhere , İbn Cinnî el-Ḫaṣâʾiṣ , Seâlibî Fıḳhü’l-luġa ve İbn Sîde el-Muḫaṣṣaṣ adlı eserlerinde ve diğer birçok müellif sözlüklerinde Kur’an’daki yabancı kökenli kelimelere yer vermiştir. Bu tür kelimeleri ilk defa müstakil bir eserde toplayan müellif Süyûtî’dir. el-Müheẕẕeb fîmâ vaḳaʿa fi’l-Ḳurʾân mine’l-muʿarreb adlı eserinde 118 kelimeyi inceleyen müellife göre muarreb kelimeler başka dillerden alınmış olmakla birlikte bazı değişikliklerle Arapça’ya dönüştürülmüş ve bu dilin birer unsuru haline gelmiştir. Dolayısıyla bunların Arapça veya yabancı olduğunu savunanların bakış açılarına göre haklı sayıldığını ifade etmiştir.
Modern dönemde bilim, teknoloji ve sanat alanlarındaki gelişmelere, özellikle Batı’da üretilen kelime ve terimlere karşılık bulma ihtiyacına bağlı olarak Arap dünyasında ta‘rîb çalışmalarını yürütmek ve desteklemek amacıyla birçok kuruluş teşkil edilmiştir. Bunların ilki 1919’da Dımaşk’ta oluşturulan el-Mecmau’l-ilmiyyü’l-Arabî’dir (Mecmau’l-lugati’l-Arabiyye). Bu kurumun temel görevi bilim ve teknoloji alanlarında terimlere Arapça karşılık bulmaktır. Kahire’de 1932’de el-Mecmau’l-melekî li’l-lugati’l-Arabiyye adıyla açılan kuruluşun başlıca görevi Arapça’nın yeniden canlandırılmasını sağlayacak yolları araştırmaktı. Kurum ilk yıllarında imlâ ve gramere yönelik çalışmalar yapmış, Cemal Abdünnâsır döneminde çalışmalarını bilimsel ve teknolojik terimlere Arapça karşılıklar bulma işine yoğunlaştırmıştır. Ta‘rîb çalışmalarını yürüten diğer kuruluşlar, 1947’de Bağdat’ta oluşturulan el-Mecmau’l-ilmiyyü’l-Irâkī ile 1961’de Ürdün’de Lecnetü’t-ta‘rîb ve’t-terceme adıyla kurulup 1976’da ismi Mecmau’l-lugati’l-Arabiyyeti’l-Ürdünî olarak değiştirilen kurumdur. Bu kurumların çalışmalarını uyumlu hale getirmek amacıyla 1962’de Rabat’ta günümüzde Arap Birliği Eğitim Kültür ve Bilim Teşkilâtı’na (ALECSO) bağlı olan Mektebü tensîkı’t-ta‘rîb tesis edilmiştir. Uluslararası birçok sempozyum düzenleyen kurum el-Lisânü’l-ʿArabî adıyla bir dergi yayımlamaktadır. 1989’da Dımaşk’ta el-Merkezü’l-Arabî li’t-ta‘rîb ve’t-terceme ve’t-te’lîf ve’n-neşr kurulmuştur. Bu merkezin hedefi yabancı dillerde yayımlanmış önemli çalışmaların Arapça’ya, ayrıca bilim, sanat ve edebiyat alanındaki bazı Arapça eserlerin yaygın dillere tercümesine yöneliktir (EI2 Suppl. [İng.] , s. 794).
Arap milliyetçileri, siyasal ve kültürel sömürgecilikten kurtulmanın en önemli yollarından biri olarak ta‘rîbe büyük önem vermiş, dolayısıyla bu hareket çağdaş Arap siyasetinde önemli bir role sahip olmuştur. Arap milliyetçiliği söyleminin henüz ortaya çıkmadığı XIX. yüzyılın başlarında Mısır Valisi Mehmed Ali Paşa, Arapça kullanımının temellerini atmış, 1835’te Mısır’da eğitimin modernleştirilmesi çabalarına yönelik Medresetü’l-elsün’ü açmıştır. Bu okul sadece mütercim yetiştirmekle kalmamış, aynı zamanda Batı dillerinde yazılmış birçok metnin Arapça’ya çevrilerek yayımlanmasını sağlamış, ta‘rîb ideolojisi ve metodolojisinin öncülüğünü yapmıştır. Medresetü’l-elsün’de yeni teknik terimlere Arapça karşılıklar bulunmaya çalışılmıştır. XIX. yüzyılın sonları ile XX. yüzyılın başlarında Arap milliyetçiliğinde dil birçok aydının katkısıyla birleştirici bir etken durumuna gelmiştir. Abdurrahman el-Kevâkibî, Arap siyasal birliği ve kültürel dirilişini İslâmî birlik ve dirilişin müjdecisi olarak değerlendirmiş, Arapça’nın bütün müslümanların ortak dili sayıldığını ileri sürüp daha sonraki seküler Arap milliyetçilerine zemin hazırlamıştır. Mârûnî bilim adamı İbrâhim el-Yâzicî eğitimli kesimin kullandığı fasih Arapça’nın, farklı dinî ve kültürel eğilimlerin yol açtığı ayırımları aşarak birleştirici bir rol oynadığını söylemiştir. Ayrıca Arap milletinin kültürel kimliğinin ve siyasal bağımsızlığının sürdürülebilmesi için Araplar’ın kendi dillerini yabancı kelimelerden korumaları gerektiğini belirtmiştir. Çözüm olarak da yabancı kelime ve isimlerin ya Arap fonolojisi ve morfolojisine uydurulmasını veya açık biçimde yabancı isimler halinde Arapça kelimelerden ayrı tutulmasını önermiştir (a.g.e. , s. 791; Suleiman, s. 98-99, 102).
Arap milliyetçiliğinin gelişmesinde Jön Türkler’in etkisinin bulunduğu söylenir. İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti 1876 Osmanlı anayasasının belirlediği, devletin resmî dilinin Türkçe olduğu hükmünü teyit etmekle kalmamış, bu politikanın hayata geçirilmesi için bazı kararlar almıştır. Bütün devlet memurları ve meclis üyelerinin “Türkçe ile muamelede bulunmaları” tâlimatı verilmiş, ilkokullarda Türkçe zorunlu hale getirilmiş, orta ve yüksek öğrenimde öğretim Türk diliyle yapılmıştır. Bu politikaya The Arab Congress ve el-Cem‘iyyetü’s-sevriyyetü’l-Arabiyye gibi kurumlarla Abdülganî el-Ureysî gibi aydınlar tepki göstermiştir. I. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından daha önce Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı olan Arap bölgelerinde İngiliz ve Fransız manda yönetiminin baskısıyla İngilizce ve Fransızca’dan Arapça’ya yönelik bir tehdit ortaya çıkmıştır. Buna karşılık Abdullah el-Alâylî, bütün milliyetçilerin millî dil dışındaki dillerden uzaklaşıp özgürleşme konusunda toplumu ikna etmeye çalışmalarını istemiştir. Zekî el-Arsûzî gerçek Arap dehasının İslâm’dan önce olgunlaşan Arap dilinde yattığını, hıristiyan ve müslüman bütün çağdaş Araplar’ın Arap dilini ihya etmek suretiyle bu millî kimliği canlandıracaklarını ileri sürmüştür (Suleiman, s. 154-157; EI2 Suppl. [İng.] , s. 791). İki dünya savaşı arasında Cezayir, Fas ve Tunus’ta Fransız yönetimine karşı muhalefet şiddetlenmiştir. Çünkü Fransız sömürgeciliği bu üç ülkede Fransızca’nın resmî dil yapılmasını hedeflemekteydi. Bu sebeple Mağrib bölgesindeki bağımsızlık hareketlerinde İslâm dininin yanı sıra Arapça, birleşmenin ve millet olmanın temel unsuru gibi kabul edilmiştir.
Arapça’yı hâkim dil kılma anlamıyla ta’rîb, bir dereceye kadar sömürge sonrası bütün Arap devletleri tarafından devlet kurma girişiminin tamamlayıcı öğesi şeklinde görülmüştür. Ayrıca ta‘rîb, çağdaş fasih Arapça’nın Arap devletleri arasında olduğu kadar kendi içlerinde ortak dil haline getirilmesi için desteklenmesi anlamına geliyordu. Ta‘rîb programının hedefi, Avrupa emperyalizminin geride bıraktığı İngilizce veya Fransızca konuşan seçkin zümreye veya Arap ülkelerinde konuşulan diğer bazı dillerin yol açtığı etnik parçalanmaya karşı millî kimliğin oluşmasına zemin hazırlamaktı (EI2 Suppl. [İng.] , s. 792). Suriye ve Irak’ta Sâtı‘ el-Husrî’nin yönetiminde eğitimin bütün kademelerinde Arapça müfredatın yürürlüğe konulması, ders kitaplarının Arapça’ya çevrilmesi ve bu dersleri verebilecek öğretmenlerin yetiştirilmesi şeklinde Arapçalaştırma politikaları yürütülmüştür. 1950’ler boyunca etkin olan panarabizm politikaları dil meselesine ayrı önem vermiş ve tek bir Arap milletinin oluşumunun anahtarı olarak dil birliğinin üzerinde durmuştur. Bunun sonucunda Mısır, Suriye ve Irak’ta yabancı dillerin etkisi iyice azalmıştır. Mısır’da fasih Arapça bütün derslerde eğitim dili olarak teşvik edilmiştir. Lübnan’da ise bu ülkenin Arapça ve Fransızca konuşan iki dilli bir karaktere sahip bulunduğunu savunanların yanı sıra bu görüşe şiddetle karşı çıkarak Fransızca’nın Lübnan’ı sömürgeleştiren ülkenin dili olduğu görüşünü ileri süren Kemal Yûsuf el-Hâc gibi Mârûnî yazarları da çıkmıştır (a.g.e. , s. 793; Suleiman, s. 206, 213). Cezayir, Fas ve Tunus aydınları fasih Arapça’yı millî kimliklerinin ve diğer Arap ülkeleriyle dayanışmanın göstergesi kabul etmiştir. En uzun ve yoğun Fransızlaştırma sürecine tâbi tutulan Cezayir en ateşli Arapçalaştırma politikasını izlemiş, 1960’lardan itibaren iş başına gelen hükümetler eğitimin tamamen Arapçalaştırılması hedefini benimsemiştir. Fas ve Tunus ise Fransızca’ya daha ılımlı yaklaşmış, Fransa ve diğer Avrupa ülkeleriyle bağlarının devam etmesi için iki dilliliği benimsemiştir. Sudan anayasası Arapça’yı cumhuriyetin resmî dili olarak tanımış, ancak diğer yerel ve uluslararası dillerin gelişimini de serbest bırakmıştır. Bağımsızlık sonrası Sudan hükümetleri ise Arapçalaştırma yöntemini sürdürmüştür. Ta‘rîbe dair çalışmalar arasında Muhammed Behcet el-Baytâr’ın el-İştiḳāḳ ve’t-taʿrîb (Dımaşk 1961), Muhyiddin Mehmed Münşî’nin Risâle fi’t-taʿrîb (Uṣûlü’t-taḳrîb fi’t-taʿrîb) , Şükrî Faysal’ın ʿAvâʾiḳ fî ṭarîḳı’t-taʿrîb , Mevḳıʿu’n-Nedve min ḥareketi’t-taʿrîb , Taʿrîbü’t-taʿlîmi’l-ʿâlî ve’l-câmiʿî fî rubʿi’l-ḳarni’l-aḫîr , Tâhir el-Cezâirî’nin et-Taḳrîb li-uṣûli’t-taʿrîb (Mısır 1337/1919) adlı eserleri sayılabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Meḳāyîsü’l-luġa , I, 148, 152; II, 303.
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Sohail H. Hashmi, “Taʿrīb”, EI2 Suppl. (İng.) , s. 790-794.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 26-28 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.