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TARİH DÜŞÜRME Skip to content İslâm kültüründe bir olayın tarihini bir mısra, beyit veya ibare içinde ebced hesabına uygun şekilde belirtme sanatı.
Harflerin rakamsal karşılıkları demek olan ebced sistemine benzer hesaplamaların İbrânî, Nabatî ve eski Yunan toplumlarında var olduğu, Arap harflerinin ebced tertibine uygun biçimde sayı değerlerinin bu etkiyle sistemleştirildiği kaydedilmektedir (bk. EBCED ). Ebced sistemi çok eski olmakla birlikte tarih düşürme sanatının ilk defa kimin tarafından icat edildiği kesin olarak belli değildir. Bilindiği kadarıyla tarih düşürme XII. yüzyılda önce Fars edebiyatında ortaya çıkmış, İslâm kültürünün etkisiyle Arap harflerini alan İranlılar’dan Türkler’e, Türkler’den de Araplar’a geçmiştir. Fars kültüründe tarih manzumelerine “mâdde-i târîh” ya da kısaca “târîh”, tarih düşürmeye de “mâdde-i târîh-sâzî, târîh goften, târîh nüvîşten”; Türkler’de “tarih düşürme, tarih yazma, tarih söyleme” denilmiş, Araplar’da ise buna “târîhun şi‘rî, târîhun harfî” adı verilmiştir. Fars edebiyatında tarih düşürme özellikle XIV. yüzyıldan itibaren gelişme göstermiş, bu yüzyılda Hâfız-ı Şîrâzî ve İbn Yemîn-i Tuğrâî tarih manzumeleri kaleme almıştır. Daha sonra bu konuda öne çıkan şairler arasında Münîr-i Buhârî, Burhâneddîn-i Câmî, Nüvîdî-i Şîrâzî, Vahşî-i Yezdî, Muhteşem-i Kâşânî, Vahdet-i Kummî (Hakîm Abdullah), Vâhib-i İsfahânî (Mirza Hasan), Remzî-yi Kâşî, Kelîm-i Kâşânî, Bîdil, Hâtif-i İsfahânî, Emîn-i Nasrâbâdî, Muhammed Tâhir-i Nasrâbâdî, Katre-i İsfahânî ve Ferâhânî anılabilir.
XV. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar Arap dünyasında bilinmeyen tarih düşürmeyi Araplar, Türkler’in İslâm kültürü ve medeniyeti dairesinde yer almasından ve bu alanda güzel örnekler ortaya koymasından sonra onlardan öğrenmiş ve bu sanattan ilk defa Abdülganî en-Nablusî (ö. 1143/1731) söz etmiştir. Tarih düşürme Türk edebiyatında XIV. yüzyıldan itibaren gelişmeye başlamış ve özellikle XVIII. yüzyılda en verimli dönemine ulaşmıştır. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devrine kadar çoğunlukla Arapça ve Farsça yazılan tarih kitâbeleri XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren daha çok Türkçe kaleme alınmıştır. Önceleri tek kelime yahut terkipten oluşan mensur tarihler yaygınken daha sonra manzum tarihlere rağbet artmıştır. Cevdet Paşa, Türk edebiyatında manzum tarihin ilk defa Hızır Bey tarafından 850 (1446) yılında Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in yaptırdığı bir cami için söylenen, “Câmiʿun zîde ʿömrü men ʿamerehû” (Bu camiyi imar edenin ömrü uzun olsun) mısraı ile başladığını söylemiş (Belâgat-ı Osmâniyye , s. 170), ardından gelen edebiyat tarihçileri de bu bilgiyi tekrarlamıştır. Ancak daha XIV. yüzyılda Türkler tarafından tarih manzumeleri yazıldığı bilinmektedir.
Başlangıçta öğrenme ve ezberleme kolaylığı için ortaya çıktığı tahmin edilen tarih düşürme, daha sonra şairliğin gereklerinden biri sayılarak bu alanda sanat gösterme aracı durumuna gelmiş, Bursalı Hâşimî ve Seyyid Osman Sürûrî gibi şairlerin elinde en güzel örneklerini vermiştir. Türk edebiyatında Ahmed Paşa, Hızır Bey, Hayâlî Bey, Tâcî Bey, Molla Lutfi, Necâtî Bey, Taşlıcalı Yahyâ, Edirneli Nazmî, Lâmiî Çelebi, Zâtî, Âşık Çelebi, Rûhî-yi Bağdâdî, Kafzâde Fâizî, Hâletî, Nev‘îzâde Atâî, Zekeriyyâzâde Yahyâ Efendi, Fehîm-i Kadîm, Cevrî, Nâilî-i Kadîm, Evliya Çelebi, Nâbî, Nedîm, Seyyid Vehbî, Nahîfî, Abdürrezzâk Nevres, Sünbülzâde Vehbî, Şeyh Galib, Enderunlu Fâzıl, Enderunlu Vâsıf, İzzet Molla, Pertev Paşa, Fatîn Efendi, Leylâ Hanım, Şeref Hanım, Zîver Paşa, Eşref Paşa, Osman Nevres, Sahaflar Şeyhizâde Esad Efendi, Senîh, Ahmed Lutfi Efendi, Şinâsi, Nâmık Kemal, Muallim Nâci, Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem, Muallim Cûdî, Ali Emîrî Efendi, Üsküdarlı Talat gibi birçok şair tarih manzumeleri kaleme almıştır. Latin harflerinin kabulünden sonraki dönemde Ali Ekrem Bolayır, Tâhirülmevlevî, Halil Nihat Boztepe, Hamâmîzâde Mehmed İhsan, Kemal Edip Kürkçüoğlu, Ali Nihad Tarlan, Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı, Mehmed Çavuşoğlu ve özellikle Arif Nihat Asya tarih manzumeleri yazmıştır. Tarih söyleyen şairler için “müverrih” kelimesinin kullanıldığı İzzet Molla’nın, “Olur olmaz müverrih anlamaz İzzet bu târîhi / Yine Hak eyledi Es‘ad Efendi nutkunu fetvâ” beytinden anlaşılmakta ve Sürûrî’nin müverrih lakabıyla anılması da bunu göstermektedir. Şairler çoğunlukla tarih mısraından önceki mısrada tarih kelimesini ve kendi mahlaslarını birlikte zikrederler. Tarih kelimesinin bu şekilde anılmadığı manzumeler tarih mısraının tesbitinde güçlüklere yol açması sebebiyle makbul sayılmamıştır. Tarih düşürmede genellikle hicrî kamerî yıl kullanılmakla birlikte son devirlerde hicrî şemsî, malî (rûmî) ve milâdî yıllara göre söylenmiş tarihlere de rastlanmaktadır.
Tarih düşürme belâgat kitaplarında bedî‘ sanatları arasında sayılmıştır. Bir tarih manzumesinde ebced hesabı yanında vezin, kafiye ve anlam da önemlidir; bunların hepsinin bir arada bulunması oldukça büyük bir zihnî mesaiyi gerektirir. Buna göre şair önce ebced sistemini kullanarak hadisenin oluş yılını gösterecek şekilde bir mısra yazar, genellikle bunun önüne koyduğu mısrada mahlasını, söylediği tarihin çeşidini veya ta‘miyesini belirtir. Ardından tarihini düşürdüğü olay (doğum, ölüm, tahta çıkış, sünnet, evlenme, mimari yapı, sefer, barış, zafer vb.) ve bu olayla ilgili kişi adları yanında gerekli remiz ve mazmunları anarak şiirini tamamlar. Bütün toplumu ilgilendiren önemli olaylar yanında bazan en önemsiz konularla ilgili örnekler de ortaya konmuştur (“Kuyruğu dikti dedim târîhin / Fârenin hasretinden öldü kedi”: 1213 [1798]; Sürûrî, Hezeliyyât , s. 38). Tarih manzumeleri divan edebiyatının hemen bütün nazım birimleriyle yazılmakla beraber daha ziyade kıta (ilk beyti musarra‘ olmayan manzume) şeklinde düzenlenir ve son mısrada ebcedle söylenen rakam mısraın sonuna yazılır. Bu manzumeler hangi nazım şekliyle yazılmışsa divanlarda da aynı türden şiirlerin bulunduğu bölümlerde (kasâid, mukattaât, musammat vb.) yer alır. Birçok tarih manzumesi kaleme alan şairlerin bu tür şiirleri divanlarında “tevârîh” başlığı altında ayrı bir bölümde toplanmıştır.
Tarihler farklı biçimlerde düzenlenmiştir: Söyleniş Bakımından. 1. Lafzan tarih (lafzî/sûrî tarih). Ebced hesabının kullanılmadığı, yılın rakamla değil sözle zikredildiği tarihtir. Buna “düz tarih” adı da verilir. Yeniçeri Kalemi kâtiplerinden Feyzi Efendi’nin kendi ölümü için söylediği böyle bir tarih daha sonra mezar taşına yazılmıştır: “Sıhhatimde Feyziyâ lafzan dedim târîhimi / Bin yüz elli sâlde (1737) kıldım âlem-i lâhûtı câ” (Râmiz, vr. 115b ). Daha çok ilk dönemlerde görülen bu şekil hüner göstermeye pek uygun olmadığından giderek yerini diğer tarihlere bırakmıştır. 2. Mânen tarih (mânevî tarih). Söylenmek istenen yılın ebced hesabına göre harflerin sayı değerlerinden çıkarılan tarihtir ve zor söylenmesine rağmen en sık kullanılan tarih düşürme biçimidir: III. Ahmed’in 1139’da (1726) yaptırdığı köşke düşürülen, “Duâ edip Nedîmâ söyledi bu mısrâı ol dem / Bu kasr-ı pâk Sultân Ahmed’e yâ Rab saîd olsun” (Divan , s. 87) beytindeki tarih gibi. 3. Lafzan ve mânen tarih. Söylenmek istenen yılı hem sözle hem de harflerinin sayı değerleriyle ifade eden tarihtir. 1030 (1621) yılında İstanbul Boğazı’nın donmasına düşürülen tarih gibi: “Lafzan u mânen ona dedi Neşâtî târîh / Be-meded dondu sovukdan bin otuzda deryâ” (Evliya Çelebi, I, 220).
Hesaplanması Bakımından. 1. Tam tarih (müstevfâ/mutlak tarih). Hesaplandığında söylenmek istenen yılın tam olarak çıktığı tarih olup en güç söylenen ve en makbul sayılan tarih çeşididir: İstanbul’un fethini müjdeleyerek tarihine işaret ettiği kabul gören Kur’an’daki “beldetün tayyibetün” (857/1453) ibaresi gibi. 2. Ta‘miyeli tarih. Tarih mısraındaki harflerin sayıca toplamının söylenmek istenen tarihi karşılamadığı durumlarda ekleme veya çıkarma şeklinde bir hesap yapılması gereğinin bir önceki mısrada söylendiği tarihtir. Bu türde bazı kelime oyunlarıyla bir sayı veya bu sayının karşılığı olan bir harf, kelime yahut tamlamanın tarih mısraından çıkarılması ya da eklenmesi suretiyle yılı gösteren sayı tamamlanır. Tarih mısraındaki eksik veya fazla sayı bir muamma, bir bilmece özelliği taşıdığından bu türe “ta‘miyeli tarih” denmiştir. Bu da görünür ta‘miye ve gizli ta‘miye olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. İlkinde işaret edilen eksik veya fazla sayı kolayca bulunurken ikinci türün çözümü oldukça zordur. Elbistan müftüsü Seyyid Ahmed Efendi’nin oğlu Hayâtî’nin 1229 (1814) yılında ölümüne şair Şeref tarafından düşürülen tarih ilkine örnektir: “Tefe’’ülümde Şeref, çıktı ‘bir’ güzel târîh / Hayâtî buldu hayât-ı ebed cinân içre” (1230-1=1229; Fatîn, s. 78). Üsküdar’da Şehzâde Seyfeddin Efendi Çeşmesi’nin kitâbesi ikinci türe örnektir: “Itâş-ı ‘nâse’ işrâb eyledim târîhin ey Rahmî / Ne a‘lâ çeşme âbâd eyledi Şehzâde Seyfeddin” (1144-3=1141/1728-29). Birinci mısradaki “nâse” (ناسه ) kelimesi hem “insanlara, halka” hem de “nâ-se” şeklinde “üç yok” anlamı taşımaktadır. 3. Dütâ (dübâlâ/muzâaf) tarih. Mısra harflerinin söylenmek istenen yılın iki katını verdiği tarihtir. Dütâ tarihlerin en çok beğenileni, tarih mısraı iki bölüme ayrıldığında her bölümün ayrı ayrı istenen tarihi gösterdiği şekildir. Bu aynı zamanda en zor söylenen, dolayısıyla en başarılı sayılan tarih çeşididir. Sürûrî’nin, “Mânend-i seng-i merkad ikidir ana târîh / Allah Ali Ağa’yı rehyâb-ı cennet etsin” tarihi (1198+1198/1784) böyledir (Divan , s. 291). Burada mısraının ilk yarısı “Allah Ali Ağa’yı” ile ikinci yarısı olan “reh-yâb-ı cennet etsin” sözlerinden her birinin ebced toplamı 1198’dir.
Harflerin Kullanılışı Bakımından. 1. Mevcut bütün harflerle söylenenler. Bu tür tarihlerde noktalı olup olmadığına bakılmaksızın bütün harfler hesaba katılır. 2. Mu‘cem tarih. Manzumede yalnız noktalı harflerin hesap edilmesiyle söylenen tarihtir. Buna “münakkat, menkūt, mücevher, cevher, cevherî, cevherdâr, cevherîn, gevher, güher” adları da verilir. Şairler, düşürdükleri tarihin mu‘cem olduğunu genellikle tarih mısraından önce bu kelimelerden birini kullanarak bildirirler. İzzet Molla tarafından 1222’de (1807) şair Pertev’in ölümüne düşürülen tarih böyledir: “Şuarâ yazdı cevherî târîh / Pertev’i gitti şem’i aklâmın” (Divan , s. 16). Şairler bu tür tarihlerdeki harflerin noktalarını yıldızlara, kıymetli taşlara ve noktayı andıran şeylere benzettiklerinden bunlardan birinin adını (necm, ahter, süreyyâ, pervîn, dür, yakut, zer, jale, eşk, katre, tohum vb.) zikretmek suretiyle tarihin mu‘cem olduğunu belirtirler. Mu‘cem tarihler levha olarak kullanılacaksa hattatlar mısraın noktalarını farklı renkten mürekkeple ve yıldız biçiminde yazarlar.
Mühmel Tarih. Yalnız noktasız harflerin hesap edilmesiyle söylenen tarihtir. Bu tür tarihe “bî-nukat, bî-cevher, sâde tarih” de denilir. Noktasız harflerin ebced sayı değeri çok olmadığından mühmel tarih çok zor söylenir. Sürûrî’nin Tarsuslu Bekir Ağa için yazdığı düğün tarihi böyledir: “Hurûf-ı sâdelerle eyledim tahrîr târîhin / Bekir Ağa kurup sûr-ı tezevvüç ber-murâd oldu” (1192/1778; Divan, s. 141). Mu‘cem ve Mühmel Tarih. Tarih mısraı veya beytindeki noktalı ve noktasız harflerin ayrı ayrı sayı değerleri toplamının aynı yılı göstermesi şeklinde düzenlenen tarihtir. Yeniçeri Ocağı’ndan Ömer Ağa’nın 1200 (1786) yılında ölümüne düşürülen tarih gibi: “Mu‘cem ü mühmel iki târîh yazdım fevtine / Nûr ede Serdâr Ağa’ya merkadi hayy-ı kerîm” (Sürûrî, Divan , s. 247). Türk edebiyatında tarih düşürme bilhassa XVIII. yüzyıldan sonra bir tür hüner gösterme yarışına dönüşmüş, şairler muamma veya lugaz biçiminde, kinaye, taklîb veya tashîf yoluyla, akrostiş veya vefk tarzında anlaşılması çok zor sanatlı tarihler söylemiştir.
Tarih manzumeleri mecmûa-i eş‘âr ve fevâidlerin içinde veya müstakil olarak bir araya getirilmiştir. Bunların en meşhurlarının başında Hüseyin Ayvansârâyi’nin derlediği Mecmûa-i Tevârîh ile (haz. Fahri Ç. Derin – Vahid Çabuk, İstanbul 1985) Vefeyat-ı Selâtîn ve Meşahir-i Rical (haz. Fahri Ç. Derin, İstanbul 1978) gelmektedir. Birincisinde hemen her konuda manzum tarihler ve tarih manzumeleri, ikincisinde I. Abdülhamid’e kadar yirmi yedi Osmanlı padişahı ile İstanbul içinde, civarında ve dışında medfun olan ricâlin mensur vefat tarihleri yer almaktadır. Sürûrî’nin tarihlerini toplayan mecmua da dönemin olayları bakımından önemlidir (İstanbul 1299). Muammer Özergin ile Haluk İpekten’in yayımladığı “Sultan Ahmed III. Devri Hadiselerine Ait Tarih Manzumeleri” adlı makale (bk. bibl.) bu tür bir mecmuanın neşridir. İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı’nda bulunan mecmua da (Muallim Cevdet, nr. 249) katalogdaki bilgilere göre 1196-1226 (1782-1811) yılları arasındaki olaylarla ilgili manzum tarihleri içermektedir. Ayrıca Cevrî İbrâhim Çelebi’nin Aynü’l-füyûz ’u ve Nazm-ı Niyâz ’ı gibi adı yazılış tarihini gösteren eserler de vardır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 80-82 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.