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TÂRÎH-i OSMÂNÎ ENCÜMENİ Skip to content Tarih araştırmaları yapmak amacıyla 1909’da kurulan cemiyet.
II. Meşrutiyet döneminde yeni siyasal anlayışa uygun biçimde halka millî şuur aşılanması, vatan sevgisi kazandırılması maksadıyla oluşturulmuştur. Bu amaçla önce “mükemmel” bir Osmanlı tarihinin kaleme alınması için Târîh-i Osmânî Heyeti kurulmuş, ardından Sadrazam Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa’nın teklifi ve Sultan Mehmed Reşad’ın iradesiyle 14 Teşrînisâni 1325 (27 Kasım 1909) tarihinde Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni teşekkül etmiştir. Encümenin gayesi, teşkilâtı, görevleri ve üyeleri Necip Âsım (Yazıksız) tarafından hazırlanan tüzükte belirtilmiştir. Burada ilmî ölçülere uygun bir Osmanlı tarihinin hâlâ yazılamadığı, vak‘anüvis tarihleriyle diğer özel tarihlerin birer salnâme mahiyetinde bulunduğu, mevcut muhtasar tarihlerin ise sübjektif bir nitelik taşıdığı ifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca halka tarih bilgisi ve şuuru ile vatan sevgisi kazandırma amacı da belirtilmiştir. İmparatorluğu meydana getiren unsurları aynı gaye etrafında ve aynı vatan sevgisiyle bir araya getirebilmek için tarih öğrenmenin gerekliliği üzerinde durulmuş, bundan dolayı ilmî bir cemiyete ihtiyaç duyulduğu kaydedilmiştir. İlk çalışmalarına Vak‘anüvis Abdurrahman Şeref Bey’in Bâbıâli’deki odasında başlayan encümen bir Osmanlı tarihi yazma hazırlıklarına girişti. Baskı masrafları bizzat Sultan Mehmed Reşad tarafından karşılanacak olan tarih için görev taksimi yapılarak ilk ciltte Osmanlılar’ın Anadolu’ya gelişi ve devletin ortaya çıkışının ele alınması, ayrıca Bizanslılar’la Selçuklular hakkında bilgi verilmesi kararlaştırıldı.
Tüzüğüne göre biri başkan on iki uzmandan teşekkül eden Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni üyelerini başlangıçta hükümet seçecek, daha sonra gerektikçe yeni üyeleri encümen alacaktı. Bu üyelerden başka Osmanlı hânedanından bir fahrî üye ile yardımcı ve muhabir üyelerin bulunması öngörüldü. Encümenin haftada bir defa olağan, bir defa da olağan üstü toplanması kararlaştırıldı. Bir encümen kütüphanesi kurularak çeşitli yollarla elde edilen kitap ve belgelerle zenginleştirilmesi sağlanacaktı. Encümenin üç üyeden meydana gelen yönetim kuruluna idarî ve malî işler yanında kitapların basımına nezaret etme işi verilmişti. Encümen başkanı ve üyeleri maaş almayacaktı. Padişahın özel hazinesinden yıllık 10.000 kuruşluk tahsisatı bulunan encümenin diğer gelir kaynakları kitap satışından gelecek meblağ ve yapılacak bağışlardan ibaretti. Yazılması kararlaştırılan Osmanlı tarihinin telifinde görev alanlara her forma için 300 kuruş ikramiye verilmesi eserin, telifi tamamlandıktan sonra hazîne-i hâssadan 10.000 kuruş daha tahsis edilmesi tüzükte yer almıştı.
Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni’nin ilk başkanı Vak‘anüvis Abdurrahman Şeref Bey, üyeler Ahmed Tevhid, Ahmed Refik, Ahmed Midhat Efendi, İskender Yanko Hoçi, Efdaleddin (Tekiner), Ali Seydi Bey, Diran Kelekyan, Zühdü Bey, Mehmed Ârif Bey ve Necip Âsım’dır. Yardımcı üyeler arasında Bağdatlı İsmâil Paşa, Ali Emîrî Efendi, Halil Ethem (Eldem), Süleyman Nazif, Şükrü Bey, Saffet Bey, Fâik Reşad, Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin ve Mehmed Galib yer alıyordu. Daha sonra Ahmed Muhtar Paşa, Ahmed Râsim ve İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal gibi şahsiyetler de üye seçildi. 1925’te ölen Abdurrahman Şeref Bey’in yerine Ahmed Refik başkanlığa getirildi. Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni üyeleri çeşitli vesilelerle rütbe, nişan ve madalyalarla ödüllendirildi. Osmanlı döneminde sadrazamlığa tâbi olan encümen Cumhuriyet devrinde Türk Tarih Encümeni adını aldı. Önce Maarif Vekâleti’ne, daha sonra Telif ve Tercüme Heyeti Hars Müdürlüğü’ne, ardından yüksek tedrisata bağlandı. Ahmed Refik başkanlığındaki yeni üyeler Ali Seydi, meskûkât uzmanı Ali Bey, İhtifalci Mehmed Ziyâ, Niyazi ve Behcet beylerdi. Encümenin 1927’de Maarif Vekâleti bünyesinde yeniden teşkilinden sonra Köprülü Mehmed Fuad başkanlığındaki yeni üyeler Ali Canip (Yöntem), Akçuraoğlu Yusuf, Ahmed Hamid ve Ramazan beyler oldu; eski bazı üyeler ise açıkta kalmıştı.
Encümenin faaliyetleri Osmanlı tarihi telifi, monografi çalışmaları ve mecmua neşri gibi başlıklar altında toplanabilir. Encümen ayrıca yurt içinde ve yurt dışında yoğun bir kaynak toplama çalışmasına girişti; halkın elinde bulunan ferman, berat, vakfiye vb. belgelerin sûretleriyle tarihî yerlerin fotoğrafları istendi. Uzun süren bir hazırlık döneminden sonra yazılacak Osmanlı tarihinin planı Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni Mecmuası’nın 1 Ağustos 1329 (14 Ağustos 1913) tarihli 21. sayısında ilâve şeklinde yayımlandı; okuyuculardan gelecek değerlendirmelerin dikkate alınacağı belirtildi. I. Kosova Savaşı’na kadar (1389) gelmesi tasarlanan ilk cildin bu planı başta Yusuf Akçura ve M. Fuad Köprülü olmak üzere çeşitli kişilerce tepkiyle karşılandı. Yusuf Akçura Türk Yurdu’nda çıkan “Küçük Muhtıra” adlı yazısında Osmanlı tarihinin genel Türk tarihinin bir parçası olarak ele alınmadığını söyleyip henüz hânedan tarihçiliğinden kopulamadığı, sosyal ve ekonomik tarihin söz konusu edilmediği, yalnız siyasî, askerî, idarî olaylara yer verileceğinin kararlaştırıldığı yolunda eleştiriler öne sürdü. Köprülü ise eserin çağdaş yayım kurallarına uyulmadan kaleme alınacağını, Osmanlı tarihçiliğinin henüz vak‘anüvislik geleneğinden kurtulamadığını, encümen üyelerinden bazılarının hiç metot bilmediğini yazdı.
Necip Âsım ve Mehmed Ârif beyler tarafından telifi tamamlanıp 1917’de yayımlanan Osmanlı Târihi’nin ilk cildinde orta zamanlarda Türkler, Bizanslılar, Osmanlılar’ın Anadolu’ya gelişi ve devletin ortaya çıkışı ele alınıyordu. Ayrıca Anadolu Selçukluları ve Beylikler hakkında bilgi veriliyordu. Fakat asıl ağır eleştiriler bu cildin neşrinden sonra başladı. M. Fuad Köprülü ülkede tarih telakkisinin çok ilkel olduğunu, Osmanlı Târihi’nin mukaddimesinin bunu açıkça gösterdiğini, İbn Haldûn’a yetişmek için bile daha uzun süre beklemek gerektiğini belirtti. Birçok eksiklik yanında en önemlisi henüz kütüphane ve arşivlerin istifadeye elverişli hale getirilmediğini söyledi. Öte yandan eserin yetersizliği encümen tarafından da kabul edilmiş, Ahmed Refik Bey bunun sorumluluğunu müelliflere yüklemek zorunda kalmış ve İkdam’da yazdığı bir makalede Osmanlı Târihi’nin ilmî bir mahiyetinin bulunmadığını ifade ederek bu cildin önsözünü yazan Abdurrahman Şeref Bey’i “idâre-i maslahatçılık”la itham etmiştir. Mehmed Ârif Bey’i de Arapça, Farsça bilmeyen, hatta bazı Türkçe kelimeleri bile anlayamayan, buna rağmen itiraz kabul etmez bir kişi diye niteleyen Ahmed Refik Bey, daha da ileri giderek onu vak‘anüvis tarihlerinde bulunmayan 1142 yılı olaylarını yazarken o yılın Dîvân-ı Hümâyun defterlerini “iç etmek”le suçlamıştır. Daha sonraki bir yazısında ise önce iyi bir kütüphane teşkilinin gereğini belirtiyor, uzmanlar aracılığıyla malzeme toplamanın ve Osmanlı arşiv belgelerinin neşredilmesinin önemine değiniyordu. Ayrıca Osmanlı tarihlerinin yayımlanmasını, yabancı dillerde yazılmış Türkler’le ilgili eser ve seyahatnâmelerin tercüme edilmesini teklif ediyordu.
Ahmed Refik Bey’in bu düşünceleri yankı uyandırdı. O sırada oluşturulmaya çalışılan arşiv kanunuyla ilgili bilgiler toplamak üzere Abdurrahman Şeref Bey Viyana ve Berlin’e gönderildi. Ardından Sadâret Hazîne-i Evrakı bünyesinde ilk defa Tasnîf-i Vesâik-ı Târîhiyye Encümeni kuruldu ve başkanlığına Ali Emîrî Efendi getirildi. Encümen, faaliyetlerini Osmanlı tarihine dair monografi çalışmalarına yöneltti. Bu arada Osmanlı Târihi’nin ilk cildi halktan rağbet gördü, ikinci cildin telifi için çalışmalar başladı ve görev taksimi yapıldı. 19 Haziran 1917’de düzenlenen toplantıda Orhan Gazi dönemine ait bu ciltte tesbit edilen bölümler çeşitli kişilere sipariş edildiyse de bundan bir sonuç alınamadı. İmparatorlukta yer alan farklı unsurları birleştirmeye yönelik bir Osmanlı tarihi yazma girişiminin başarıya ulaşamamasının başlıca sebebi belgelerin ve kaynak eserlerin henüz yararlanılabilecek durumda olmamasıydı. Bununla birlikte iktidarda bulunan İttihat ve Terakkî Fırkası’nın Türkçülük politikasına uygun biçimde kaleme alınan birinci cildin daha sonraki çalışmalar için bir adım teşkil ettiği söylenebilir.
Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni ve bunun yerini alan Türk Tarih Encümeni’nin en önemli faaliyeti dergi çıkarmak oldu. 9 Şubat 1910 tarihinde neşrine karar verilen Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni Mecmuası’nın (TOEM) her cüzü seksen sayfa olmak üzere iki ayda bir çıkarılması planlandı. Mecmuada yayımlanacak yazıların niteliği tüzüğünde ayrıntılı biçimde belirtildi. Bunlar, Osmanlı tarihine ait eserlerde yeterli derecede bulunmayan ve başka dillerde yazılıp ulaşılamayan inceleme ve araştırmalar, tarihî belgeler, tarihle ilgilenen diğer cemiyetlerin üyeleriyle yapılan görüşmeler, encümenin aldığı kararlar, çeşitli dillerde yayımlanmış Türk tarihiyle ilgili eserlerle henüz neşredilmemiş tarih eserleri ve risâleler olarak tesbit edildi. Osmanlı öncesi dönemle alâkalı araştırmaların da yer aldığı TOEM’in görünürdeki çıkış sebebi neşri düşünülen Osmanlı tarihine malzeme hazırlamaktı. İlk sayısı 1 Nisan 1326 (14 Nisan 1910) tarihinde çıkan Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni Mecmuası sekiz yıl süreyle düzenli biçimde yayımlandı. Mondros Mütarekesi’nin yol açtığı engeller yüzünden neşri bir süre sekteye uğradı. Bunu gidermek için dokuz ve onuncu yıllar 1921’de bir cüz; on bir, on iki ve on üçüncü yıllar 1923’te yine bir cüz halinde neşredildi. Encümenin isim değişikliği sebebiyle on dördüncü yılından yani 78. sayısından itibaren yeniden numaralanan, eski numaraları da devam ettirilen Türk Tarih Encümeni Mecmuası’nın (TTEM) ikinci yayım devresi üç yıl sürdü. Encümenin dağılması üzerine İcra Vekilleri Heyeti’nin 6 Temmuz 1927 tarihli kararıyla Maarif Vekâleti’ne bağlı olarak İstanbul Dârülfünunu içinde yine Türk Tarih Encümeni adıyla yeniden kurulması üzerine başlayan üçüncü yayım döneminde encümen başkanlığına Edebiyat Fakültesi Reisi M. Fuad Köprülü getirildi. Harf inkılâbının ardından beş sayısı “yeni seri” adı altında çıkan mecmuanın daha önceki on altı yıllık sayılarının Halil Ethem tarafından hazırlanan indeksi Fihrist-i Umûmî adıyla 1928’de yayımlandı. Ayrıca TOEM ve TTEM’deki yazıların tamamının müellif adlarına göre (Tarih Vesikaları, yeni seri, I/18 [Mart 1961], s. 461-483), son olarak da mecmuanın tıpkıbasım neşrinin yapılması münasebetiyle Abdülkadir Özcan tarafından son fasikül olan 101. cüzün başında müellif ve makale isimlerine göre fihristi hazırlandı (İstanbul 1988).
Yayın dönemi boyunca mecmuada elli civarında müellif tarafından kaleme alınan 280 kadar makale neşredildi. Makale yazarlarının büyük çoğunluğunu encümenin üyeleri oluşturur. Bunun yanında mecmuanın ilâvesi şeklinde birçok kaynağın yayımı sağlandı. İlk defa Ahmed Refik tarafından gerçekleştirilen belge yayımı daha sonra bu tür çalışmalara örnek oldu. Ahmed Refik’in Memâlik-i Osmâniyye’de Demirbaş Şarl ve Memâlik-i Osmâniyye’de Kral Rakoczi ve Tevâbii 1109-1154 adlı, arşiv belgelerine dayalı eserleri İsveç İlimler Akademisi ve Macarlar tarafından takdir nişanları ile ödüllendirildi. Birinci eser İsveç diline, ikincisi Macarca’ya, müellifin Onuncu Asr-ı Hicrîde İstanbul Hayatı 961-1000 adlı eseri Almanca’ya çevrildi. Öte yandan kurulup geliştirilmesi için gayret sarfedilen kütüphane işinde dönemin politik ve malî çalkantılarına rağmen oldukça ileri adımlar atıldı; satın alma, bağış ve becayiş yoluyla yazma ve basma 3000 kadar eser toplandı. Cumhuriyet döneminin ilk tarihçilerini yetiştiren, 1931 yılında kapatılan Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni’nin yerini Mustafa Kemal’in emriyle aynı yıl oluşturulan Türk Tarihi Tedkik Cemiyeti aldı. Adı 1935’te Türk Tarih Kurumu’na çevrilen bu müessese gerek on altı seri altındaki neşriyatı ve Belleten ile Belgeler adlı süreli yayınları, gerekse düzenlediği milletlerarası kongrelerle faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir (bk. TÜRK TARİH KURUMU).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, İrade-Maarif, genel, nr. 2233 (1006), hususi, 4 (142a 1327); BA, BEO, umumi, nr. 292405; hususi, 611 (1 Cemâziyelâhir 1329); BA, Meclis-i Vükelâ Mazbatası, nr. 208, zabıt nr. 137; Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye Sâlnâmesi (1333-1334), İstanbul 1334, s. 474; Düstur, İkinci tertip, İstanbul 1330, II/2, s. 19-22; “İfâde-i Merâm”, TOEM, I/1 (1326), s. 1-3; “Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni Hakkında Tâlimat Sûreti”, a.e., I/1 (1326), s. 4-8; Uluğ İğdemir, Yılların İçinden, Ankara 1976, s. 205-207, 257-277; “Osmanlı Tarih Cemiyeti”, Hakāik-i Târîhiyye ve Siyâsiyye, sy. 1-2 (30 Haziran 1325), İstanbul 1327, s. 28-32; Ali Kemal, “Târîh-i Osmânî ve Ahmed Refik Bey”, İkdam, sy. 5955, İstanbul 20 Eylül 1913; [Akçuraoğlu Yusuf], “Küçük Muhtıra”, TY, IV/23 (1913), s. 807-809; Köprülüzâde Mehmed Fuad, “Bizde Tarih ve Müverrihler Hakkında”, Bilgi, sy. 2, İstanbul 1913, s. 185-196; a.mlf., “Bizde Millî Tarih Yazılabilir mi?”, YM, I/22 (1917), s. 427-428; Abdurrahman Şeref, “Viyana Sefîr-i Sâbıkı Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa”, TOEM, VIII/49 (62) (1335-37), s. 63; Necib Âsım, “Ârif Bey”, a.e., VIII/49 (62) (1335-37), s. 122-125; Ahmed Refik, “Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni Meselesi”, İkdam, sy. 8477 (12 Ekim 1920); a.mlf., “Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni’nin Vezâifine Dair”, a.e., sy. 8479 (14 Ekim 1920); a.mlf., “Târîh-i Osmânî Encümeni’nin Tarihçesi Hakkında Rapor”, Maarif Vekâleti Mecmuası, sy. 14, İstanbul 1927, s. 425-430; a.mlf., “Encümen Raporu”, TTEM, XVII/19 (96) (1928), s. 161-165; Afet İnan, “Türk Tarih Kurumu’nun Kuruluşuna Dair”, TTK Belleten, XI/42 (1947), s. 173-179; Mehmet Halit Bayrı, “Meşrutiyet Devrinin İlk İlmî Müessesesi: Türk Târih Encümeni”, Tarih Dünyası, III/30-31, İstanbul 1952, s. 1211-1216; Mahmut H. Şakiroğlu, “Memleketimizde Toplu Tarih Çalışmaları”, TT, VI/36 (1986), s. 41-46; Hasan Akbayrak, “Tarih-i Osmânî Encümeni’nin Tarih Yazma Serüveni”, a.e., VII/42 (1987), s. 361-368; Abdülkadir Özcan, “Tarih-i Osmanî Encümeni: Kuruluşu, Teşkilâtı ve Faaliyetleri”, TOEM (İstanbul 1988), sy. 101 başında giriş, s. 1-9; Mehmet Demiryürek, “Târih-i Osmanî Encümeni’nin Kuruluşu”, Toplumsal Tarih, XV/90, İstanbul 2001, s. 41-49; Halil İnalcık – Bahaeddin Yediyıldız, “Türkiye’de Osmanlı Araştırmaları”, TTK Bildiriler, XIII (2002), I, 85-87; Zeki Arıkan, “Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyete Tarihçilik”, TCTA, VI, 1592-1594.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 83-86 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.