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TÂRÎHU’l-ÜMEM ve’l-MÜLÛK Skip to content Muhammed b. Cerîr et-Taberî’nin (ö. 310/923) umumi tarihe dair eseri.
Târîḫu’r-rusül ve’l-mülûk, Târîḫu’r-rusül ve’l-enbiyâʾ ve’l-mülûk ve’l-ḫulefâʾ, Aḫbârü’r-rusül ve’l-mülûk, Târîḫu’ṭ-Ṭaberî adlarıyla da bilinir. Müellif, tefsirini tamamladığı 290 (903) yılında yazmaya başlayıp 303 (915-16) yılında bitirdiği, kendisine “ebü’l-müerrihîn, şeyhü’l-müerrihîn” unvanlarını kazandıran eserinde yaratılıştan itibaren 22 Zilhicce 302 (8 Temmuz 915) tarihine kadarki olayları anlatır. Taberî, mukaddimede tarihi “belirli bir zamanda ve belirli bir mekândaki insan fiillerini ele alan ilim dalı” şeklinde tarif eder. Ardından haberleri bize ulaşan peygamberlerin, hükümdarların ve halifelerin tarihini, iktidar günlerindeki olayları kısaca yazacağını söyleyerek kitabının konusunu belirler. Müellif, hayatlarına dair bilgi verdiği kişiler hakkında ulaşabildiği haberleri yazmakla yetinmekte, bunlarla ilgili herhangi bir değerlendirme yapmamaktadır. Aynı şekilde naklettiği rivayetlerin doğruluğu üzerinde fikir belirtmeksizin sorumluluğu haberleri nakledenlere, bunların kabul edilip edilmemesiyle ilgili kararı da okuyucuya bırakmaktadır. Böylece Taberî, tefsirinin aksine Târîḫu’l-ümem’de -çok istisnaî durumlar hariç- kendi görüş ve düşüncelerine hemen hiç yer vermemiştir. Ancak naklettiği haberlerin isnad zincirine dikkat etmiş ve bu yönüyle temayüz etmiştir.
Mukaddimeden sonra Hz. Âdem’le eserine başlayan Taberî, Tevrat’taki sıraya göre nebî ve resullerin hayatlarıyla dönemlerindeki olayları anlatır ve haklarındaki Kur’an âyetlerini tefsir eder. Peygamberlerin çağdaşları olan hükümdarlar, İsrâiloğulları, Hz. Îsâ’dan sonraki Romalılar, onların Suriye’deki yönetimleri, bilhassa Fars hükümdarları ve Araplar’la münasebetleri, Yemen ve Irak’taki siyasî ve askerî faaliyetleri üzerinde durur. Kâbe’nin Hz. İbrâhim ve oğlu İsmâil tarafından inşası gibi hakkında çok zengin malzeme bulunan konulara genişçe yer verir (Târîḫ, I, 251-271). Taberî bu bölümü kaleme alırken İbn Abbas’tan, bir kısmı yahudi asıllı Abdullah b. Selâm, Vehb b. Münebbih ve Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr gibi sahâbî ve tâbiîlerden, Tevrat, Talmut ve İncil tercümelerinden, İsrâiliyat’tan, halk arasında yaygın bazı efsanevî haberlerden ve özellikle İbn İshak’tan yararlanmıştır. Fars tarihini yazarken İbnü’s-Sâib el-Kelbî ile oğlu Hişâm b. Muhammed el-Kelbî’nin eserleri yanında Pehlevîce’den Arapça’ya çevrilen kitaplardan ve bilhassa İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ın eserlerinden faydalanmıştır. Roma ve Bizans imparatorlukları ile Selevkoslar hakkında Suriye hıristiyanlarının tercüme ettiği eserleri esas almıştır. Taberî, Câhiliye devri Arap tarihini ve özellikle eyyâmü’l-Arab’la ilgili olayları kaleme alırken Ubeyd b. Şeriyye, Asmaî, Şa‘bî, Hişâm b. Muhammed el-Kelbî, Heysem b. Adî ve İbn İshak’tan, Yemen tarihi için Vehb b. Münebbih ve Muhammed b. Kâ‘b el-Kurazî’nin eserlerinden yararlanmıştır. Bizans’ın Suriye ve Filistin’deki Gassânîler’le, Sâsânîler’in Irak’taki Hîre emîrleri ve Yemen’deki hâkimiyetleri dolayısıyla Himyerîler’le münasebetlerini Arap tarihini yakından ilgilendirdiği için daha geniş biçimde ele almıştır.
Taberî, Resûlullah’ın hayatını anlatmaya onun doğumuyla başlar (a.g.e., II, 155-166); dedesi Abdülmuttalib’den büyük ceddi Adnân’a kadar giden şeceresinde yer alan kişilerin neseplerine ve hayatlarına dair bilgi verir (a.g.e., II, 239 vd.). Hicrete kadar meydana gelen olayları konularına göre sıralayan müellif, 1-302 (622-915) yılları arasını ise kendisinden önce Heysem b. Adî ve Halîfe b. Hayyât’ın yaptığı gibi hicretin her yılına ait olayları ayrı başlıklar altında kaleme almıştır. Her yılın sonunda o yıl vefat eden meşhur kişilerin adını kaydeder; ilim adamlarının, kumandanların, bazı ünlü kişilerin ve bilhassa halifelerin hayatı hakkında genişçe bilgiler verir; valileri, kadıları, zaman zaman bazı üst bürokratları ve o yılın emîr-i haccını zikreder. Taberî, Târîḫu’l-ümem’in siyer kısmında öncelikle İbn İshak’ın eserinden yararlanmış, Urve b. Zübeyr, Şürahbîl b. Sa‘d, Âsım b. Ömer b. Katâde, Zührî ve İbn Sa‘d gibi müelliflerin kitaplarından istifade etmiştir. Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn dönemi gelişmeleri arasında ridde olayları ve fütuhata dair haberlerde Seyf b. Ömer’in rivayetlerine ağırlık vermiş, Vâkıdî, Medâinî ve Hişâm b. Muhammed el-Kelbî’nin eserlerinden iktibaslarda bulunmuştur. Cemel ve Sıffîn olayları ve Emevîler hakkında Ebû Mihnef ile Avâne b. Hakem’e, özellikle İbn İshak’ın yalnızca Hz. Peygamber’in siyerine inhisar etmeyen megāzî kısmına ve yine ona nisbet edilen Târîḫu’l-ḫulefâʾ adlı eserle Vâkıdî, İbn Şebbe ve Hişâm b. Muhammed el-Kelbî’nin rivayetlerine başvurmuştur. Emevîler’in sonu ve Abbâsîler’in kuruluşuyla ilgili konularda İbn Ebû Hayseme, Medâinî, Ömer b. Râşid, Heysem b. Adî ve diğer tarihçilerin kitaplarından faydalanmıştır. Taberî çağdaşı olan İbn Kuteybe, Belâzürî, Ya‘kūbî ve Dîneverî gibi tarihçilerin rivayetlerine eserinde hiç yer vermemiştir. Kitapta bazı resmî belgelere, bunlar arasında muahede ve ahidnâme metinlerine, resmî yazışmalara, siyasî ve ilmî muhtevalı mektuplara, hutbelere, karşılıklı konuşmalara, bazı münazaralara ve şiirlere rastlanmaktadır (Taberî tarihinin kaynakları, senedleri ve özellikle İbn Abbas ekolüyle İbn İshak kaynaklı haberlerin önemi için bk. Cevâd Ali, I [1950], s. 200 vd.).
İbn Miskeveyh, Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî, İzzeddin İbnü’l-Esîr, Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr ve İbn Haldûn gibi pek çok tarihçi eserlerinde Târîḫu’l-ümem’i esas almış ve çoğu kere onu özetlemiştir. Meselâ en güvenilir tarihçilerden sayılan İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil’in Taberî’nin kitabının sonuna kadar gelen bölümünü bu eserdeki senedleri ve zayıf bulduğu rivayetleri çıkarmak, gerekli gördüğü yerlerde açıklama yapmak ve onun yazmadığı olayları başka kaynaklardan eklemek suretiyle kaleme almıştır. İslâm dünyasında içerik ve metot bakımından büyük ilgi gören Târîḫu’l-ümem’e birçok tekmile ve zeyil yazılmış, muhtasarları yapılmıştır. Eserin ilk zeyli bizzat müellif tarafından kaleme alınmış ve bu zeylin günümüze kadar gelen kısmı el-Münteḫab min Ẕeyli’l-müẕeyyel adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Taberî, XI, 491-687). Târîḫu’l-ümem’in zamanımıza intikal eden en önemli iki zeylinden biri aynı zamanda eseri ihtisar eden Arîb b. Sa‘d el-Kurtubî’nin 291-320 (904-932) yılları arasındaki olayları içeren Ṣılatü Târîḫi’ṭ-Ṭaberî adlı eseridir (a.g.e., XI, 9-184). Diğer zeyil ise 487 (1094) yılına kadarki olayları kapsayan Muhammed b. Abdülmelik el-Hemedânî’nin Tekmiletü Târîḫi’ṭ-Ṭaberî’sidir (a.g.e., XI, 187-489; diğer zeyiller için bk. a.g.e., neşredenin girişi, I, 26-27; Sezgin, I/2, s. 164-165). Taberî’nin öğrencilerinden Ebû Muhammed Abdullah b. Ahmed el-Fergānî’nin el-Müzeyyel (Ṣılatü’t-târîḫ) ve Sâbit b. Sinân es-Sâbî’nin Kitâbü’t-Târîḫ adlı zeyilleri günümüze kadar gelmemiştir. Yukarıda işaret edilen müelliflerin dışında İbnü’n-Nedîm, eserin muhtasarını yapan dört kişinin daha adını vermektedir (el-Fihrist, s. 341; diğer muhtasarlar için de bk. Sezgin, I/2, s. 165). Bunlardan Şimşâtî’nin eseri aynı zamanda bir zeyildir (bk. ŞİMŞÂTÎ).
Geniş ve zengin bir tarih malzemesini ihtiva eden Târîḫu’l-ümem, gerek hicretin ilk üç asrındaki tarih ve siyer âlimlerinin zamanımıza ulaşmayan kitapları gerekse daha sonraki tarih çalışmaları için çok değerli bir kaynak niteliğindedir. Ignazio Guidi, Târîḫu’l-ümem’in iki ciltlik kısmî bir neşrini yapmıştır (Leiden 1882-1886). Eserin tamamının ilk bilimsel neşrini Michael Jan de Goeje başkanlığındaki bir şarkiyatçılar heyeti, çeşitli kütüphanelerden toplanan yazmaları esas alarak Latince geniş bir mukaddimeyle birlikte başlangıçtan Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn dönemi sonuna kadarki dönemi I (altı cilt), Emevîler dönemi II (üç cilt) ve Abbâsîler dönemi III (dört cilt) olmak üzere üç seri üzerinden, bazı terimler için lugatçe, indeks ve zeyillerle beraber on beş cilt halinde yayımlamıştır (Leiden 1879-1901). Bu neşrin Leiden ve Beyrut’ta ofset baskıları yanında yine aynı metni esas alan biri on üç, diğeri sekiz ciltlik iki ayrı baskısı daha gerçekleştirilmiştir (Kahire 1928, 1939). Mısırlı Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim, bulduğu bazı yeni yazmalardan faydalanarak Târîḫu’l-ümem’i zeyilleriyle birlikte yeniden neşretmiş (I-XI, Kahire 1960-1970), bunun daha sonra birçok ofset baskısı yapılmıştır. Târîḫu’l-ümem Muhammed b. Tâhir el-Berzencî tarafından da rivayetler değerlendirilip sahih ve zayıf olanlar ayrı ciltlerde olmak üzere yayımlanmıştır (Ṣaḥîḥu ve Żaʿîfü Târîḫi’ṭ-Ṭaberî, I-XIII, Dımaşk-Beyrut 1428/2007).
Eserin şöhreti kısa zamanda yayılmıştır. Bunun en önemli delillerinden biri, müellifin ölümünden yaklaşık kırk yıl sonra 352’de (963) Sâmânî Emîri I. Mansûr b. Nûh adına veziri Ebû Ali Bel‘amî’nin eseri Farsça’ya çevirmiş olmasıdır. Bel‘amî, tercüme sırasında senedleri çıkarıp eseri büyük ölçüde kısalttığı gibi İran tarihiyle ilgili bazı bilgileri kitaba eklemiştir. Bu Farsça metin, Hızır b. Hızır el-Âmidî tarafından 935-937 (1528-1530) yıllarında Arapça’ya tercüme edilmiş, ayrıca Târîḫu’l-ümem’in aslı basılmadan bazı şarkiyatçılar tarafından kullanılmış, M. H. Zotenberg eseri Fransızca’ya çevirmiştir (I-IV, Paris 1867-1874; Arapça tercümenin mütercim hattıyla olan yazması için bk. Sezgin, I/2, s. 165). Bel‘amî’nin Taberî tarihi tercümesini 710’da (1310) Hüsâmeddin Çelebi, 881’de (1477) Hüseyin b. Sultan Ahmed Batı Türkçesi’ne, Vâhidî-yi Belhî 928’de (1522) Doğu Türkçesi’ne tercüme etmiştir. Mevlânâ Mehmed İzmîrî’nin beş ciltlik tercümesi yayımlanmıştır (Kahire 1260, 1275). Öte yandan İstanbul’da Taberî tarihinin Türkçe bir çevirisi Târîh-i Taberî-i Kebîr Tercümesi adıyla üç ve beş cilt halinde neşredilmiş (1260, 1288, 1290, 1292, 1327-1328; bu tercüme Latin harfleriyle de basılmıştır, I-III, Konya 1980-1982, III, İstanbul 1983; Tarih-i Taberî [haz. M. Faruk Gürtunca], I-IV, İstanbul 2003, 2007), ancak birbirinin aynı olan bu tercümelerin kimin tarafından gerçekleştirildiği belirtilmemiştir. Matrakçı Nasuh’un, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devrinde Mecmau’t-tevârîh adıyla yazdığı Osmanlı tarihinin başına Târîḫu’l-ümem’den yaptığı tercümeyi koyduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Fakat Hüseyin G. Yurdaydın’ın Matrakçı Nasuh’a aidiyetini belirlediği ve onun zeyilleriyle yeni bir hüviyet kazandığını söylediği yazma nüshalar Taberî’nin Arapça aslıyla henüz karşılaştırılmadığından Bel‘amî tercümesiyle ilgisi bilinmemektedir (Matrakçı Nasûh, s. 21-48; ayrıca bk. DİA, XXVIII, 143-145). Taberî tarihinin asıl metninin Zakir Kadiri Ugan ve Ahmet Temir tarafından yapılan Türkçe tercümesi Türk Tarih Kurumu Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır. Eserin baştan 22 (643) yılına kadarki hadiselere dair olan kısmı Maarif Vekâleti Şark-İslâm Klasikleri Serisi’nde Milletler ve Hükümdarlar Tarihi adıyla dört seri üzerinden yedi cilt halinde (I [üç cilt], II [iki cilt], III [bir cilt], IV [bir cilt]) neşredilmiş (İstanbul 1954-1958), daha sonraki yıllarda da birkaç defa basılmıştır. Son dönemde Amerika’da birden fazla mütercim tarafından The History of al-Ṭabarī adıyla İngilizce’ye çevrilen Târîḫu’l-ümem Franz Rosenthal’in yazdığı geniş bir girişle beraber yayımlanmıştır (I-XXXVIII, Albany State University of New York 1985-1999). Târîḫu’l-ümem ve’l-mülûk ile müellifini çeşitli yönlerden ele alan birçok çalışma bulunmaktadır (bk. TABERÎ, Muhammed b. Cerîr [Literatür]).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl), neşredenin girişi, I, 5-32; ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; a.e.: The History of al-Ṭabarī (trc. F. Rosenthal), New York 1989, tercüme edenin girişi, I, 5-147; İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist , Kahire 1348, s. 340-341; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ, XVIII, 68-70; Ahmed Muhammed el-Havfî, eṭ-Ṭaberî, Kahire 1963, s. 180-232; Hüseyin G. Yurdaydın, Matrakçı Nasûh, Ankara 1963, s. 21-48; Sezgin, GAS (Ar.), I/2, s. 159-168; Muhammed ez-Zühaylî, el-İmâm eṭ-Ṭaberî, Dımaşk 1990, s. 197-245; Hasan Kurt, Taberî’nin Hayatı ve Târihçiliği (yüksek lisans tezi, 1991), Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; a.mlf., “Taberî’nin Tarih Anlayışı”, İslâmî İlimler Dergisi, III/2, Ankara 2008, s. 89-103; Ramazan Şeşen, Müslümanlarda Tarih-Coğrafya Yazıcılığı, İstanbul 1998, s. 52-57; Cevâd Ali, “Mevâridü Târîḫi’ṭ-Ṭaberî”, MMİIr., I (1950), s. 143-231; II (1951), s. 135-190; III (1954), s. 16-56; VIII (1961), s. 425-436; İmâdüddin Halîl, “Mülâḥaẓât fî meṣâdiri’ṭ-Ṭaberî ʿan ṣadri’d-devleti’l-ʿAbbâsiyye”, Mecelletü’l-baḥs̱i’l-ʿilmî ve’t-türâs̱i’l-İslâmî , II, Mekke 1399/1979, s. 193-218; L. I. Conrad, “Notes on al-Ṭabarī’s History”, JRAS, III/1 (1993), s. 1-31; Muhidin Mulalic, “Eusebius and Ṭabarī: A Comparative Study of the Conception of History”, al-Shajarah, VII/2, Kuala Lumpur 2002, s. 283-313; R. Paret, “al-Ṭabarī”, EI (Fr.), IV, 607-608; Fikret Işıltan, “Taberî”, İA, XI, 595-597; C. E. Bosworth, “al-Ṭabarī”, EI2 (Fr.), X, 14-15; Hüseyin Gazi Yurdaydın, “Matrakçı Nasuh”, DİA, XXVIII, 143-145.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 92-94 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.