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TARSUS Skip to content Akdeniz bölgesinde Mersin’e bağlı ilçe merkezi.
Çukurova’nın güneybatısında Toroslar’ın güneyinde düz bir arazi üzerinde bulunur. Tarsus çayı (Cydnos, Berdan) şehrin yakınından geçer. Şehrin adı Hitit tabletlerinde Tarşa, Asur kaynaklarında Tarzi, Grek kaynaklarında Tharsis, Tarz, Tarsi, Tarsos, Arap ve Osmanlı kaynaklarında Tersîs (ترسيس ) ve Tarsûs (طرسوس ) şeklinde kaydedilir. Kelimenin eski Yunanca’da “ayak tabanı” anlamı taşıdığı, Tarhon veya Baal Tarz gibi ilâhların bu addan geldiği yolunda efsaneler vardır. Tarsus yöresi Eskiçağ’lardan itibaren bir yerleşme alanıdır. Şehrin yakınlarındaki Gözlükule’de Neolitik döneme ait kalıntılar bulunmuştur. Ancak ne zaman ve nasıl kurulduğu bilinmemektedir. Herakles, Perseus, Triptolemes, Kueliler, Asurlu Sennacherib (m.ö. 704-681) gibi kuruculardan bahsedilir. Strabon, Argoslular veya Asurbanipal (Sardanapal), Evliya Çelebi, Nûh’un torunu Tarsus ve Şemseddin Sâmi, Fenikeliler tarafından tesis edildiğini yazar. Bölgenin bilinen en eski sakinleri Hititler’le akraba olan Luviler’dir (m.ö. 2000). Daha sonra Kizzuwatna, Kue, Asur (m.ö. 833), Pers, İskender, Selevki, Mısır, Roma ve Sâsânî (260) hâkimiyetinde kalan Tarsus, Bizans döneminde havâri Saint Pavlus’un buralı olmasından dolayı dinî bir merkez özelliği kazandı. I. Iustinianos’un imar ettirdiği Tarsus, Halife Ömer devrinde 16 (637) yılında İslâm topraklarına katıldı. Belâzürî, Tarsus’un Ebû Ubeyde b. Cerrâh veya onun kumandanlarından Meysere b. Mesrûk tarafından fethedildiğini kaydeder (Fütûh, s. 235). Ardından Bizans’ın geri aldığı şehir, İslâm fetihleri karşısında Suriye’yi tahliye etmek zorunda kalan Bizans İmparatoru Herakleios’un müslüman Araplar’ın Anadolu’ya yaptığı akınları önlemek ve arada tampon bir bölge oluşturmak amacıyla Antakya, Misis ve Tarsus arasındaki kaleleri yıktırıp halkını iç kısımlara çekmesi neticesinde boş kaldı. Suriye Valisi Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân, 25 (646) yılında düzenlediği Anadolu seferinde Antakya-Tarsus arasındaki şehirlere Suriye ve el-Cezîre’den askerî birlikler yerleştirdi. Müslümanlarla Bizanslılar arasında birkaç defa el değiştirdi. Emevîler döneminde Abbas b. Velîd b. Abdülmelik buraya yeniden hâkim oldu (93/712).
Suriye ve el-Cezîre fetihlerinden sonra İslâm devletinin sınırlarının Toroslar’a kadar dayanması ve Toroslar’ın İslâm devletiyle Bizans arasında tabii bir engel oluşturmasının ardından sınırdaki şehirlerin iskân edilmesi ve müstahkem kalelerin inşasıyla ortaya çıkan Sugūr bölgesi, Tarsus’tan başlayıp Adana-Misis-Maraş-Malatya hattını takip ederek doğuya doğru Fırat’a kadar uzanmaktaydı. Sugūr bölgesinin batı ucunu teşkil etmesi bakımından Tarsus, İslâm-Bizans mücadelesinde askerî ve stratejik bir öneme sahipti ve Bizans’a yönelik seferlerde askerî bir üs olarak kullanılmaktaydı. 171 (787) yazında Abbâsî Halifesi Hârûnürreşîd’in emriyle Bizans seferine çıkan Herseme b. A‘yen aynı zamanda Tarsus’un tahkimiyle de görevlendirildi. Herseme bu görevi Ebû Süleym Ferec el-Hâdim et-Türkî’ye verdi. Şehrin imarı tamamlanınca buraya çeşitli bölgelerden askerî birlikler getirilip yerleştirildi. İlk grup Horasanlı 3000 kişiden oluşmaktaydı. Me’mûn 215 (830) yılında çıktığı Bizans seferinde Bağdat’tan Tarsus’a geldi ve buradan Bizans topraklarına girdi. Bazı kaleleri fethettikten sonra Tarsus’a dönerek birkaç gün kaldı ve kışı geçirmek için Dımaşk’a hareket etti. Ertesi yıl Bizans İmparatoru Theophilos, Toroslar’ı aşıp Misis ve Tarsus üzerine yürüdü ve İslâm ordularını mağlûp etti. 216 (831) ve 217 (832) yıllarında Bizans’a karşı iki sefer daha düzenleyen Me’mûn, 833’te büyük bir orduyla çıktığı dördüncü seferinde Tarsus’u üs olarak kullandı. Ancak Bedendûn (Pozantı) suyu yakınlarındaki ordugâhta vefat etti ve Tarsus’ta defnedildi. Tarsus müstahkem surları, nüfusu ve çevresindeki verimli arazisiyle askerî ve ekonomik açıdan Avâsım ve Sugūr bölgesinin belli başlı şehirlerinden biri haline geldi. Çeşitli yerlerden çok sayıda gönüllü Bizans’a karşı cihad için buraya gelmekteydi. Tarsus’un kapılarından biri Bâbülcihâd adıyla anılmaktaydı. Müslümanlarla Bizans arasında gerçekleşen esir değişimi ve fidyeleşme birçok defa Tarsus’un batısındaki Lamas nehri kenarında yapılmaktaydı.
Halife Mu‘temid-Alellah devrinde (870-892) Türk kumandanlarından Yâzmân’ın idaresinde kalan Tarsus bir süre bölgeye hâkim olan Tolunoğulları, İhşîdîler ve Hamdânîler’in egemenliği altına girdi. Bizans’a karşı mücadeleleriyle tanınan Halep Hamdânî Hükümdarı Seyfüddevle zamanında Bizans İmparatoru II. Nikephoros Phokas’ın, kardeşi Leon ve Domestikos Ioannes Çimiskes ile birlikte düzenlediği Çukurova seferinin ardından Tarsus Bizans’ın eline geçti (354/965). Şehrin kapıları yaldızlanarak diğer zafer ganimetleriyle beraber İstanbul’a gönderildi. Camiler yıktırıldı. Hıristiyanlığı kabul etmeyen veya cizye ödemeyenler şehri terketmeye zorlandı. Anadolu Selçukluları’nın kurucusu I. Süleyman Şah 475’te (1082) Tarsus’u fethettiyse de şehir 490’da (1097) Haçlılar tarafından alındı. Daha sonra Tarsus Haçlılar, Bizans ve bölgede hüküm süren Ermeniler arasında el değiştirdi. Memlük Sultanı I. Baybars 664’ten (1266) itibaren bölgeye yönelik akınlar başlattı. Şehir, 761 (1360) yılında Memlükler’in Halep valisi Seyfeddin Begtemür el-Hârizmî tarafından fethedildi. Çukurova’nın fethinde önemli rol oynayan Üçoklar’ın Yüregir, Kınık, Bayındır, Salur, İgdir; Bozoklar’ın Dodurga, Kargın (Karkın) boylarına mensup aşiretler bölgeye yerleşti. Bu aşiretlerin birleşmesiyle Tarsus (Varsak/Farsak) Türkmen birliği oluştu. Tarsus Türkmenleri Kusun/Kosun, Ulaş, Kuştemür, Esenli, Elvanlı, Gökçeli, Orhan Beyli, Ozan ve Gurbet adlı dokuz boydan meydana gelmekteydi. Bunlar konar göçer olup tarım ve hayvancılıkla uğraşıyorlardı.
XV. yüzyılda Karamanoğulları ve Memlükler’e bağlı Ramazanoğulları’nın hâkimiyetinde kalan Tarsus 890’da (1485) Karaman Beylerbeyi Karagöz Paşa tarafından Osmanlı idaresine alındı. 891’de (1486) Memlük Emîri Özbek şehri zaptettiyse de ertesi yıl Varsak seferinde Atik Ali Paşa’nın eline geçti. Gelirleri Haremeyn’e vakfedildiğinden 896 (1491) antlaşmasıyla Memlükler’e verildi; Yavuz Sultan Selim’in bu devlete son vermesiyle kesin biçimde Osmanlı idaresine girdi (923/1517). Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman döneminde bölgede çıkan Beğce/Yekçe Bey (933/1526) ve Veli Halîfe (934/1527) isyanlarını Ramazanlı Pîrî Bey bastırdı. Tarsus 1603’te Celâlî, 1833-1840 yılları arasında Mısır Valisi Mehmed Ali Paşa, 17 Aralık 1918’de Fransız işgaline ve Ermeni çetelerinin zulmüne uğradı. Fransızlar, Ankara Antlaşması’yla 27 Aralık 1921’de şehri boşalttılar.
Başlangıçta bir kale-şehir olan Tarsus daha sonra kaleden dışarıya doğru gelişmiştir. İlk temelini Asurlular’ın attığı kaleyi Herakleios tahrip ettirmiş, 778-779’da Mehdî-Billâh ve 788’de Hârûnürreşîd onartmıştır. İstahrî, İbn Havkal, İdrîsî ve Yâkūt kalenin çift surlu, Brocquiére 1432’de altı kapılı ve hendekli olduğunu yazar. Evliya Çelebi yuvarlak şekilli kalenin çevresinin 5000 adım, çift surlu, hendekli, içinde üç mahalle ve üç kapısı (batıda Bâbülbahr/İskele = Kleopatra, doğuda Adana ve kuzeyde Bağ/Dağ) bulunduğunu, kuzeyinde çevresi 500 adımlık iç kalenin yer aldığını söyler. Kale son olarak 1833’te Mısırlı İbrâhim Paşa tarafından tahrip edilmiştir. Şehirde yapılaşma dinî mekânları merkez almış, doğuda Câmi-i Atîk, batıda Câmiunnûr istikametine doğru gelişme göstermiştir. XVI. yüzyılda şehirde Abdi Halîfe, Bâb-ı Adana, Bâbü’l-bahr, Bayramlı, Boyacı Ömer, Câmiunnûr, Çereci, Çomak, Debbâğhâne, Kazzâzoğlu, Hasan Fakih, Karagündük, Kilise Camii, Kilise Mescid, Mahkeme Mescidi, Mah Paşa, Mestan, Mustafaoğlu, Sûfîler, Tahtalı, Tâife-i Gurbetân, Ruhalu, Yayla Hacı, Zâviye-i Mencek, Zâviye-i Şeyh Muhiddin, Şeyh Muhiddin Mescidi ve Ermeniyân isimli mahalleler vardı. Bâbülbahr, Câmiunnûr, Tahtalı ve Bâb-ı Adana surların içindeydi. 1880’de şehrin doğusunda Câmi-i Atîk, Tekke, Tabakhâne, Musallâ, Şamlı, Sakızlı, Çataklı, Şâhin, İskeliç, Zorbaz, Çapla; batısında Câmiunnûr, Müftî, Sofular, Hıristiyan, Eskiömerli, Yeniömerli, Yenimahalle, Kızıl Murad, Küçük Minare, İncehark adlı mahalleler bulunuyordu. 1902 salnâmesinde burada yirmi dört mahalle kayıtlıdır.
Şehrin nüfus yapısı hakkındaki ilk bilgiler Osmanlı tahrir kayıtlarında yer alır. Osmanlı idaresine girmesinden iki yıl sonra yapılan ilk tahrirde (925/1519) şehirde 395 hâne, altmış iki mücerret (bekâr) müslüman, on üç hâne hıristiyandan oluşan nüfusu vardı. Toplam 408 hânede tahminî nüfus 2000 dolayındaydı. 930 (1523-24) tarihli kayıtlarda bu nüfus biraz daha artmış, müslüman hâne sayısı 547’ye yükselmış, hıristiyanlar on hâneye inmiştir. Bundan üç yıl sonra nüfusta küçük bir azalma olmuş, fakat 943’te (1536) yine eski durumunu yakalamıştır (670 hâne, 156 mücerret müslüman, yirmi dört hâne, üç mücerret hıristiyan). Toplam 3500’e ulaşan tahminî nüfus 1543 ve 1572’de ufak oynamalarla aynı kalmıştır. Tarsus’un XVII ve XVIII. yüzyıllarda bu nüfusu koruduğu anlaşılmaktadır. XVII. yüzyıl ortalarında Evliya Çelebi kale içindeki ev sayısını 300 diye verir ve burada üç mahalle bulunduğunu yazar. XIX. yüzyıla ait nüfus verileri şehirde belirli bir artışa işaret eder. 1831’de 4169 hâne, 1864’te 1391 müslüman hânesi, 271 gayri müslim hânesi tesbit edilmiştir. V. Cuinet 1890’da Tarsus’ta 18.000 kişinin yaşadığını kaydeder. Cumhuriyet’in başlarında (1927 sayımı) 22.058 kişinin yaşadığı Tarsus’un nüfusu ilk defa 1975’te 100.000’i aşmış (102.186), 2000’de 216.382’ye ulaşmış, 2010’da 240.000’e yaklaşmıştır (238.276).
Eskiçağ’lardan Bizans dönemine kadar bir limana sahip olması (denizden gelinebilen nehir limanı) ve ana yol üzerinde bulunması sebebiyle Tarsus bir ticaret ve kültür merkeziydi. Muhtemelen IX-X. yüzyıllarda denizle şehir arasında su yolu oluşturan lagünlerin (Rhegma gölü) toprakla dolmasıyla kara kenti haline gelmiş, XIV. yüzyıldan itibaren ana yoldan uzaklaşmış, Osmanlı devrinde ikinci derecede kervan yolu üzerinde kalmıştır. Fakat Anadolu-Suriye ana yolu sancak sınırları içerisindeki Külek (Gülek) Boğazı’ndan geçtiği için güvenlik bakımından ve idarî açıdan önemini sürdürmüştür. 1886’da açılan Mersin-Adana demiryolu ve son dönemlerde yapılan otoyollar şehre canlılık kazandırmıştır. Osmanlı döneminde dokumacılık, dericilik, boyacılık, alet imalâtı, gıda maddeleri vb. sektörlerin faaliyet gösterdiği, birçok çarşı, han ve kervansarayın bulunduğu şehirde günümüzde gıda, inşaat, metal, tekstil, cam, makine sanayii gelişmiştir. Tarsus’ta ayrıca tarım ürünleri, tarım aletleri, makine yedek parçaları, takım tezgâhları, tuğla ve seramik imalâthaneleri ve otomotiv sanayii vardır. Türkiye’de ilk hidroelektrik santral 1902’de Tarsus’ta kurulmuştur. Tarsus’un başka Anadolu şehirlerinde rastlanmayan bir özelliği de 1896 yılında rasat yapmaya başlayan bir meteoroloji istasyonunun bulunmasıdır (Erinç – Bener, VI/12 [1961], s. 100-116).
Tarsus kadim bir merkez olarak önemli tarihî eserlere sahiptir. Bunlardan en önde geleni Câmiunnûr’dur (ulucami). İlk temeli 171’de (787-88) atılmış, 218’de (833) Halife Me’mûn buraya defnedilmiştir. Şît peygamber ve Lokman Hekim’in mezarlarının da burada bulunduğuna inanılır. Hıristiyan işgalcilerin tahrip ettiği cami 761’de (1360) onarılarak yeniden ibadete açılmıştır. 987’de (1579) Ramazanlı III. İbrâhim’in esaslı bir bakım yaptırdığı camiye çeşitli gelirler vakfedilmiştir. 1360’ta Seyfeddin Begtemür’ün kiliseden (Ayasofya) camiye çevirttiği Câmi-i Atîk (Eskicami/Begtemür = Kilise Camii) şehrin önemli eserlerindendir. Kiliseyi camiye 818’de (1415) Ramazanlı Ahmed’in çevirttiği de söylenmektedir. Türkistanlı Abdullah el-Mencükî’nin kurduğu zâviye de meşhurdur. Vakfiyesi 11 Receb 781’de (23 Ekim 1379) tanzim edilen zâviye (VGMA, Mücedded Anadolu Defteri, nr. 600, sıra nr. 347, s. 272-273) Türkistan’dan gelecek olanlara hizmet maksadıyla kurulmuştur. Memlük Sultanı Kansu Gavri’nin yaptırdığı Hz. Dânyâl Türbesi ve türbeye istinaden 1857’de inşa edilen Makām-ı Şerif Camii, Bilâl-i Habeşî anısına Memlükler’in yaptırdığı türbe, Memlük Sultanı Seyfeddin Çakmak’ın inşa ettirdiği tahmin edilen Çakmakıyye (Debbâğhâne) Medresesi, Ulaşzâde Rüstem’in 1520’li yıllarda şehirde kurduğu medrese ve Hemamik köyündeki cami, Ramazanlı Kubâd Paşa’nın 1550’li yıllarda yaptırdığı medrese, Vezîriâzam Pîrî Mehmed Paşa’nın Külek’teki cami, zâviye ve kervansaraydan oluşan külliyesi, Ashâb-ı Kehf mağarası ve Sultan Abdülaziz’in 1873’te inşa ettirdiği cami, Kırkkaşık, Kleopatra Kapısı, Roma Hamamı, Donuktaş, Gözlükule, Saint Pavlus Kuyusu yörenin önemli tarihî eserleridir.
Kizzuwatna ve Que’nin başkenti, Pers, Roma ve Bizans dönemlerinde eyalet, müslüman Araplar zamanında Sugūr ve Avâsım bölgesinin Suriye ucunun merkezi olan Tarsus, Memlük idarî teşkilâtında XIV. yüzyılda Şam, XV. yüzyılda Halep’e bağlı niyâbelerdendi. Osmanlılar 923’te (1517) Tarsus’u sancak haline getirerek Arap vilâyetine bağlamış, 928’de (1522) Şam, 932’de (1526) Çukurâbâd, ardından Halep’e dahil edilmiştir. Belgelerde Zilhicce 956’da (Aralık 1549) Karaman’a, Rebîülâhir 966’da (Ocak 1559) Dulkadır’a (Maraş) bağlı gösterilen Tarsus 7 Rebîülevvel 979’da (30 Temmuz 1571) Sîs (Kozan), Alâiye ve İçel sancaklarıyla birlikte Kıbrıs’a bağlanmış, 1632’de Adana’ya, 1653’te buranın lağvedilmesiyle tekrar Kıbrıs’a nakledilmiştir. Evliya Çelebi’nin (1671) Adana’ya, Koçi Bey’in Kıbrıs’a bağlı gösterdiği Tarsus 1735’te Adana vilâyetine alınmıştır.
XVI. yüzyılda yaklaşık 5100 km2 alanı kaplayan Tarsus sancağı güneydoğuda Seyhan nehri, kuzeyde Toroslar, batıda Alataçayı, güneyde Akdeniz kıyı şeridiyle sınırlıydı ve XVI. yüzyılda merkez, Kusun, Ulaş ve Kuştemür kazalarından oluşuyordu. Bu yüzyılda ortalama 80.000 kişilik bir nüfus potansiyeline sahipti. XVII. yüzyılda Gökçeli ve Elvanlı, XIX. yüzyıl başlarında Namrun, Yelkesi, Külek, 1852’de Mersin’e bağlanmıştır. 1864’te Gökçeli, Elvanlı, Kalınlı birleştirilerek Tarsus’a bağlı Mersin kazası kurulmuş, 1305’te (1887-88) müstakil sancak yapılan Mersin’e dahil edilmiştir. 1880-1902 salnâmelerinde kazaya Namrun, Külek, Ulaş, Tekeli, Kusun ve Kuştemür bağlı gösterilmiştir. XIX. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğinde sancağın kırsal kesiminde 12.440 hâne vardı. 1890’da sancağın nüfusu 50.000 dolayındaydı. Tarsus, Cumhuriyet döneminde kaza statüsünde Mersin merkezli İçel vilâyetine dahil edilmiştir (1933).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, A.RSK, nr. 121, 1452, 1572; BA, MD, nr. 10, s. 262, hk. 407; nr. 12, s. 413, hk. 811; BA, TD, nr. 69, 229, 450, 969, 998, 1067; BA, KK, nr. 3914; TK, TD, nr. 134, vr. 5b -9a ; TSMA, nr. D. 9772, vr. 4a ; nr. D. 10057, vr. 5b -6a ; Adana Vilâyeti Salnâmesi (1297), s. 83-84; a.e. (1308), s. 96; a.e. (1312), s. 89-90, 95; a.e. (1320), s. 187; Ksenophon, Anabasis: Onbinlerin Dönüşü (trc. Tanju Gökçöl), İstanbul 1974, s. 20; Strabon, Coğrafya, Kitap XIV (trc. Adnan Pekman), İstanbul 1981, s. 55; Belâzürî, Fütûh (Fayda), s. 190, 235 vd.; Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl), bk. İndeks; İstahrî, Mesâlik (de Goeje), s. 64, 69; İbn Havkal, Ṣûretü’l-arż , s. 183-184; Sem‘ânî, el-Ensâb, VIII, 231-233; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân, IV, 28-29; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil, II, 494-496; IV, 578; VIII, 560-562; Ebü’l-Ferec, Târih, I, 222, 258, 262-264; Bertrandon de la Broquière, Le Voyage d’outremer (ed. Ch. Schefer), Paris 1892, s. 98-99; Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme, IX, 329-331; S. Stevenson, Our Ride Through Asia Minor, London 1881, s. 135; Cuinet, II, 46; Afif Erzen, Tarsus Kılavuzu, İstanbul 1943, s. 3-8; W. M. Ramsay, Anadolu’nun Tarihî Coğrafyası (trc. Mihri Pektaş), İstanbul 1960, s. 427; L. Rother, Die städte der Çukurova: Adana-Mersin-Tarsus, Tübingen 1971; Yusuf Akyurt, Resimli Türk Abideleri, Mersin, Tarsus, Adana Şehirleri, TTK Ktp., nr. Y/608, XIII, 2-5; Murat Yüksel, Çukurova’da Türk-İslâm Eserleri ve Kitabeler, İstanbul 1990, s. 203-204; Ali Sinan Bilgili, Osmanlı Döneminde Tarsus Sancağı ve Tarsus Türkmenleri, Ankara 2001; Ekrem Kâmil, “Hicrî Onuncu-Miladî Onaltıncı Asırda Yurdumuzu Dolaşan Arap Seyyahlarından Gazzi-Mekki Seyahatnâmesi”, Tarih Semineri Dergisi, I/2, İstanbul 1937, s. 3-90; Fazıla Akbal, “1831 Tarihinde Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda İdarî Taksimat ve Nüfus”, TTK Belleten, XV/60 (1951), s. 623; Sırrı Erinç – Muzaffer Bener, “Türkiye’de Uzun Süreli İki Yağış Rasadı: İstanbul ve Tarsus”, İÜ Coğrafya Enstitüsü Dergisi, VI/12, İstanbul 1961, s. 100-116; J. D. Bing, “Tarsus: A Forgotten Colony of Lindos”, JNES, XXX (1971), s. 99-109; C. E. Bosworth, “The City of Tarsus and the Arab-Byzantine Frontiers in Early and Middle Abbasid Times”, Oriens, XXXIII (1992), s. 268-286; a.mlf., “Ṭarsūs”, EI2 (İng.), X, 306-307; Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm, IV, 3008-3009; Besim Darkot, “Tarsus”, İA, XII/1, s. 18-24.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 111-114 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.