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TAŞKÖPRÜ Skip to content Üsküp’te XIV. yüzyıla ait köprü.
Makedonya’nın Üsküp şehrini ikiye ayıran Vardar nehri üzerinde inşa edilen köprü (Kameni Most) Makedonya Meydanı ile Eskiçarşı arasında bulunmaktadır. Kaynaklarda Fâtih Sultan Mehmed Köprüsü yahut Vardar Köprüsü adıyla da zikredilen ve uzun yıllar Üsküp’ün iki yakası arasında ulaşım görevini üstlenen köprü, 1971’de yeni Goce Delcev Köprüsü’nün inşasından sonra sadece yayaların geçişine tahsis edilmiştir. Muntazam kesme taştan yapılan bu eserin inşa tarihi tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Köprünün mimari özellikleri bir Osmanlı dönemi eseri olduğunu göstermesine rağmen bazı yerli araştırmacılar onun Bizans devrine (I. Iustinianos’a [527-565]) ait olduğunu iddia etmektedir (Iljov, X-XI [1983], s. 155-163). Bazı Sırp araştırmacıları da köprünün Osmanlı öncesi Sırp döneminde inşa edildiğini ve Üsküp’ü başşehir yapan Sırp Kralı Duşan tarafından onarıldığını, dolayısıyla Duşan Köprüsü diye anıldığını ileri sürmektedir (Katanić – Gojković, s. 117). Üsküp halkı arasındaki bir söylentiye göre ise köprü Krale Marko devrinde yaptırılmıştır (Vasiljević, s. 125). Ancak bu iddialar hiçbir delille desteklenmemektedir. 23 Kasım 1972 – 12 Mart 1973 tarihleri arasında Üsküp Kenti Kültür Eserlerini Koruma Kurulu tarafından Gordana Spasovska ve ekibine yaptırılan arkeolojik araştırmalarda da köprünün Osmanlı öncesi döneme aidiyetini veya burada daha eski bir köprünün bulunduğunu kanıtlayan bir delile rastlanmamıştır (Kumbaradži-Bogoević, XXIV/3 [1980], s. 166; Osmanliski Spomenici vo Skopje , s. 202).
1566 tarihli bir arşiv belgesinde köprünün on sekiz gözlü olduğu belirtilir. Evliya Çelebi köprünün on dört gözü bulunduğunu, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed tarafından yaptırıldığını, dört gözü harap olunca III. Murad devrinde tamir edildiğini ve bu tamire ait 987 (1579) tarihli kitâbenin varlığını belirtmektedir (Seyahatnâme, V, 557-558). Hammer ve Ekrem Hakkı Ayverdi köprünün Fâtih devrine aidiyeti fikrini benimsemekle beraber Şemseddin Sâmi ve Sâlih Âsım köprünün inşasını II. Murad’a atfetmektedir. Makedonyalı araştırmacılar tarafından neşredilen köprüyle ilgili vakfiyelerin bir kısmında köprünün gerek inşası gerekse onarımlarındaki masraflar ayrıntılı biçimde verilmektedir. Üsküp kazası, Şişevo, Glumovo, Kondovo, Sedlarevo vb. köylerin köprü inşası esnasında dokuz yıl vergiden muaf tutulduğu, inşaatında Serez ve Selânikli ustaların çalıştırıldığı kaydedilmektedir (Kumbaradži-Bogoević, Osmanliski Spomenici vo Skopje , s. 205-206; Sokoloski, VIII/2 [1977], s. 81-87).
Üsküp’ün simgesi durumundaki Taşköprü’nün uzunluğu vaktiyle 210 m., genişliği dıştan dışa yaklaşık 6,50 m. idi. Yanına yaptırılan rıhtımla bazı gözleri kapanan köprüde on kemerli göz mevcuttur. Kemerleri yuvarlak olmakla birlikte farklı genişlikteki köprü iki uçtan ortaya doğru hafifçe yükselmektedir. Köprü ayaklarında her iki yönde benzer sel yaranlar ve topuklar vardır. Köprünün ortasında bir ayak üzerinde mansap yönünde yer alan kitâbe köşkü ayağın kalın tutulmasıyla biraz genişçe ele alınmıştır. Eskiden mukarnaslı niş üzerinde bulunan kitâbe Üsküp’ün Avusturyalılar tarafından işgali sırasında (1100/1689) sökülüp atıldığından yeri boştur. Kitâbe şöyledir: “Ta‘mîrini görenler bu cisr-i bî-nazîrin / Tahsîn edip dediler çok evvelkiden a‘lâ / Ta‘mîr olunmak ile yapıldı gönlü halkın / Oldu hilâlî târîh ‘termîm-i cisr-i bâlâ’” 987 (1579). Zaman içinde harap olan köprü çeşitli tarihlerde pek çok tamir görmüş, bazı kısımlara yapılan farklı müdahalelerle kısmen özgünlüğünü yitirmiştir. 1566 ve 1579 yıllarında esaslı şekilde onarılmıştır. 1817, 1818, 1869, 1888, 1896-1897 ve 1905 yıllarında da tamir edildiği bilinmekle beraber bunların ayrıntıları belli değildir. 1888’de yapılan onarımlarda köprüdeki dört kemer tuğla ile tamamlanmıştır. 1909 yılındaki tamiratta köprünün korkuluğu kaldırılmış, her iki taraftan demir konsollarla desteklenen 1,90 m. genişliğinde yaya kaldırımı yapılmıştır. Bu tamirde köprüye konulan kitâbenin de âkıbeti meçhuldür: “Sultan Murâd-ı sânî eyledi bu cisri evvel / Tevsîi etti ferman Sultan Reşâd-ı a‘del / İ‘mâr olundu köprü hakkan ki pek mükemmel / Unvânına denilse şâyân-ı cisri ekmel” (Kumbaradži-Bogoević, XXIV/3 [1980], s. 168). Sâlih Âsım ve E. Hakkı Ayverdi’ye göre tarihi belirtilmeyen bu kitâbenin yazarı Rifâî şeyhi Sâdeddin Efendi’dir. Ancak onun 1327 (1909) tarihini gösteren asıl kıtası şudur: “Görüp tevsî-i cisri / Söyledim cevher gibi târîh / Mehemmed Hân-ı hâmistir / Veren bu cisre âbâdı” (Sâlih Âsım, s. 15; Ayverdi, Avrupa’da Osmanlı Mimârî Eserleri III , s. 302). Son olarak 1963 depreminde hasar gören köprü daha sonra tamir edilmiştir. Köprünün sofa köşkündeki 987 (1579) tarihli onarım kitâbesi 1930’lu yıllardaki onarımda, köprü mihrabındaki 1327 (1909) tarihli onarım kitâbesi 1970’li yıllardaki onarımda ortadan kaldırılmıştır (Katanić – Gojković, s. 117-121; Çulpan, s. 126-127; Cvetkova, s. 255-256). 2000 yılında başlayan son restorasyonda köprünün yedinci ayağı üzerinde yer alan mihrâbiyesi 4 Temmuz 2003’te bazı işçilerin dikkatsizliği yüzünden yıkılmıştır. 1970’li yıllardaki tamirde kitâbelik köşkü yıkıldığında fazla bir tepkiyle karşılaşılmamış, ancak 4 Temmuz 2002’de köprünün mihrabı Vardar nehrine düşürülerek parçalandığında müslüman halk tarafından büyük tepki gösterilmiştir. Üsküp Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Büyükelçiliği tarafından Makedonya devlet makamları ve UNESCO nezdinde temaslarda bulunulması üzerine köprünün restorasyonu durdurulmuş, Eylül 2002’deki yeni iktidar döneminde tekrar devam edilmiş ve Üsküp’te 1963’te meydana gelen şiddetli depremin kırkıncı yılında 26 Temmuz 2004’te köprünün açılışı yapılmıştır.
2000 yılında başlayan söz konusu restorasyon ve 2004’te devam eden çalışmalar esnasında köprü korkuluklarında ve zeminindeki taşlar sökülerek orijinallerinden daha geniş ve yüksek biçimde yenilendiği, eski taşların köprünün yanına atıldığı, Türk taş köprüleri mimarisinde görülen bir özellik olarak köprünün yedinci ayağı içinde yer alan iki bekçi odası girişinin kapatıldığı, köprü ayaklarında ve kemer yüzeylerinde bulunan sekiz adet gül bezek, çarkıfelek vb. Osmanlı süsleme sanatını sembolize eden motiflerin detaylı çizimlerinin bulunmadığı, köprü üzerinde birer dinlenme ve seyir yeri olan, seferde köprüden geçen birliklerin denetlenmesi için yapılan sofa ile kitâbelik kısmının ve yıkılan mihrâbiyenin yerine konulmadığı tesbit edilmiştir. Köprünün bu son restorasyonunu incelemek üzere Temmuz 2004’te Türkiye’den gönderilen bir uzman ekibin raporunda köprüye ait mihrap köşkünün toplam yetmiş altı taştan meydana geldiği belirlenmiştir. Bunlardan yetmiş iki taşın kullanılabilir durumda olduğu, geriye kalan dört taşın da aslına uygun biçimde yenileneceği belirtilmiş, köprü mihrâbiyesinin çok işçilik gerektirmesinden dolayı restorasyonun sonunda yerine konulacağı bildirilmiştir. Mihrap köşkünün de orijinaline uygun şekilde mevcut taşlarla yapılacağı, mihrap nişinde kırılmış mukarnaslı taşların yerleştirileceği, varlığından söz edilen kitâbenin bulunacağı veya arşiv fotoğraflarına bakılarak yenisinin yazdırılacağı ifade edilmiştir. Çeşitli baskılar neticesinde 2007’de mihrâbiye yaptırılmıştır. Ancak mihrâbiyenin karşısına Osmanlı karşıtı bir isyancının, sözde kahramanları olan Karpoş’un anısına bir plaket konulmuştur. Makedonyalı yetkililerin, restorasyon ve konservasyon projesi adı altında farklı bir dönemi ve üslûbu yansıtacak biçimde yeniden inşa etmeye çalıştıkları Üsküp Taşköprüsü’nün mimarisinde ve tarihlendirilmesindeki hataların yeni bilgiler ışığında düzeltilmesi gerekmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Hammer (Atâ Bey) , III, 77.
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a.mlf., Üsküp’te Osmanlı Mimarî Eserleri (trc. Suat Engüllü), İstanbul 2008, s. 386-402.
a.mlf., “Kameniot Most vo Skopje”, Glasnik na Institutot za nacionalna Istorija , XXIV/3, Skopje 1980, s. 165-183.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 154-156 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.