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TASVÎR-i EFKÂR Skip to content Şinâsi (ö. 1871) tarafından yayımlanan ilk Türkçe gazetelerden.
Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘ (1 Kasım 1831), Cerîde-i Havâdis (31 Temmuz 1840) ve Tercümân-ı Ahvâl’den (22 Ekim 1860) sonra Osmanlı ülkesinde yayımlanan dördüncü Türkçe gazetedir. Tercümân-ı Ahvâl’in ilk döneminde Âgâh Efendi ile birlikte çalışan Şinâsi’nin gazete çıkarmak için yaptığı başvuru henüz bir matbuat nizamnâmesi bulunmadığından önce Meclis-i Maârif’te, ardından Meclis-i Vâlâ’da görüşülmüş, sadâretin arzı üzerine padişahın iradesiyle çıkış izni on yedi gün gibi kısa bir sürede verilmiştir (14 Mayıs 1861). Bununla birlikte ilk sayısının neşri için bir yıldan fazla bir sürenin geçmesi gerekmiştir.
Gazetenin 27 Haziran 1862 Cuma günü çıkan ilk sayısının Şinâsi tarafından kaleme alınan kısa mukaddimesinde devletlerin devamının yönettikleri toplulukların devamına, güçlü olmaları ise ülke ahalisinin iyiliği ve faydası yolunda gereken tedbirlerin alınmasına bağlı olduğu, toplum halinde yaşayan insanların neyi istedikleri ancak fikirlerinin tercümanı olan gazetelerden öğrenilebileceği, bu sebeple her medenî ülke için lüzumlu olan gazete çıkarılması hususunda daha önce de çaba gösterildiği gibi bu defa Tasvîr-i Efkâr isimli yeni bir gazete çıkarıldığı ifade edilmektedir. Tasvîr-i Efkâr’ın yayımı için Courrier d’orient’ın sahibi Giampietri’nin (Jean Pietri), Mısırlı Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa’nın ve şehzadeliği döneminde Abdülaziz’in, hatta Şehzade Murad’ın maddî desteklerinden bahsedilmektedir. Ebüzziya Mehmed Tevfik’e göre gazetenin ilk sayısı Sadrazam Keçecizâde Fuad Paşa tarafından Abdülaziz’e sunulunca padişah gazeteyi çok beğenmiş, mükâfat olarak Şinâsi’ye 500 altın göndermiştir.
Bahçekapı’da Tercümân-ı Ahvâl’in ilk yayımlandığı binada kurulan matbaada basılan Tasvîr-i Efkâr birçok bakımdan kendisinden önceki gazetelerden daha kalitelidir. Sülüs hattıyla gazetenin ismi ve altındaki, “Havadis ve maarife dair Osmanlı gazetesidir” ibaresiyle nesih hattıyla bölüm başlıkları ve ara başlıklar bir hattata yazdırılmış, harflerin dökümü Ohannes Mühendisyan adlı bir Ermeni ustası tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gazete küçük boy dört sayfaydı ve haftada iki defa yayımlanıyordu. Tasvîr-i Efkâr’ın çıkışı Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ile Cerîde-i İlmiyye’de takdirle karşılanmış, Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘ ve Cerîde-i Havâdis’te ise bundan hiç bahsedilmemiştir. Tasvîr-i Efkâr’da resmî makamların duyurularına, muhtelif şehirlerden gönderilen haberlere yer veriliyordu. 7 Haziran 1868 tarihli nüshasındaki bir ilânda vilâyetlerde ve diğer merkezlerde gazetenin muhabirliğini üstlenecek kimselere birer sayının ücretsiz gönderileceğinin duyurulması haber hizmetinin bir ölçüde gönüllü kişilerce üstlenildiğini düşündürmektedir. Muhtevanın zenginleştirilmesi için hem ülke içinde hem dışarıda yayımlanmakta olan gazetelerden alıntılar yapılıyordu. Başlangıçta yalnız abonelere dağıtılan bir gazete iken zamanla İstanbul’un çeşitli bölgelerinde ve muhtemelen bazı taşra merkezlerinde gazete satan yerler ortaya çıkmış ve bu işi özellikle kıraathaneler üstlenmiştir.
Kamuoyunun öneminin kavrandığı bir dönemde Tercümân-ı Ahvâl’in açtığı yolda ondan daha ileride olan Tasvîr-i Efkâr’ın haberlerin yanında fikir gazeteciliğini de üzerine aldığı ve Yeni Osmanlılar Cemiyeti’nin sözcüsü durumuna geldiği görülmektedir. Kullanılan dil olabildiğince sadedir. Şinâsi yayın izni almak için verdiği kısa arzuhalinde “… mümkün olduğu miktar Türkçe gazete çıkarmak emelinde olduğu …” ifadesine yer vermişti. Türk basın tarihinde “Mebhûsetün anhâ” tartışması adıyla şöhret bulan ve Tasvîr-i Efkâr ile Rûznâme-i Cerîde-i Havâdis arasında geçen tartışmanın önemi de konusundan çok Şinâsi’nin dil meselesindeki geniş vukufu ile ülkede tenkit fikrinin uyanmasında ve bu yolda olgun bir örnek verilmiş bulunmasındadır. Onun bu yöntemi ilk zamanlar Nâmık Kemal dahil genç muharrirler tarafından benimsenmiştir.
Ramazan ayı dikkate alınarak bakıldığında Şinâsi döneminde bu ayın gazeteye hemen hiç yansımadığı görülmektedir. 1279 (1863) Ramazanı, Tasvîr-i Efkâr’da hırka-i şerif ziyareti sebebiyle dârülfünundaki dersin 16 Ramazan’a ertelenmesi dolayısıyla anılmakta, bayramla ilgili tek bir satır bile yer almamaktadır. Aynı durum 1864, 1865, 1866 ramazanları için de geçerlidir. Bu tutum ancak 1867 ramazanıyla değişmiş, Nâmık Kemal’in “Ramazan Ta‘rîf-i Ahvâline Dair Mektup” başlıklı üç sayılık bir seri makalesi yayımlanmıştır (nr. 452, 453, 454).
Şinâsi yönetiminde Tasvîr-i Efkâr Nâmık Kemal, Ahmed Vefik Paşa, Sâmipaşazâde Suphi gibi arkadaşlarıyla bir mahfil ve yer yer bir okul niteliğindeydi. Burada gazetecilik yanında ülkenin kültürel hayatına katkı yönünde önce tefrika halinde yayımlanan yazıların daha sonra kitap olarak neşredildiği görülmektedir. Bunların arasında Ahmed Vefik Paşa’nın Ebülgazi Bahadır Han’dan tercüme ettiği Uşal Şecere-i Türkî’si (nr. 131-173) ve Hikmet-i Târîh’i (nr. 70-82), Subhi Paşa’nın dönemi için önemli bazı tarihî eserleri, Kâtib Çelebi’nin Düstûrü’l-amel li-ıslâhi’l-halel (nr. 122-127) ve Mîzânü’l-hak fî ihtiyâri’l-ehak (nr. 175-210) adlı kitapları, Behcet Molla’nın Bufon’dan yaptığı Târîh-i Tabîî tercümesi ilk sırada gelir. Diğer önemli tefrikalardan Abdülkerim Efendi’nin “Rumûzü’l-hikem fî ahlâki’l-ümem” (nr. 13’ten 556’ya kadar aralıklarla), Carionis Giovanis’in “Avrupa Tarihi” (nr. 55’ten 401’e kadar aralıklarla), Ahmed Vefik Paşa’nın “Târîh-i Tıbbî” (nr. 217-325), Şefik Mehmed Efendi’nin Edirne Vak‘ası’nı anlatan “Şefiknâme”si (nr. 329-362), İbrâhim Müteferrika’nın “Usûlü’l-hikem fî nizâmi’l-ümem” (nr. 422-437 arasında eksik), “Hukūk-ı Milel” (nr. 473-520), Mevlevî Fasîh Ahmed Dede’nin “Münâzara-i Gül ü Mül” (nr. 631-649) adlı makaleleri ve 1852’de Kahire’yi ziyaret eden Fransa Doğu Ordusu baştercümanı Bilin’in Hz. Muhammed’den bahseden mektubunun tercümesi (nr. 683-698 aralıklarla) sayılabilir.
Tasvîr-i Efkâr’ı çıkarmaya başlamasından bir yıl sonra Şinâsi, “Tab‘ etmekte olduğu gazetede daima mesâlih-i devlet hakkında mu‘terizâne şeyler yazmakta olup bu ise me’mûrîn-i devlet sıfatına yakışmayacağı …” gerekçesiyle Meclis-i Maârif’teki görevinden re’sen sâdır olan bir irade ile uzaklaştırılmıştır (4 Temmuz 1863). Görevden alınmasında yayımlanan yazılarının değil Maarif Nezâreti’nce yayımlanmasına izin verilmeyen yazıların etkili olduğu ileri sürülmüştür (Ebüzziyâ, “Muhallefât-ı Şinâsî”, Mecmûa-i Ebüzziyâ, nr. 107, 8 Şâban 1329, s. 900; İA, IX, 550). Bununla birlikte Avrupa’ya gittiği 30 Ocak 1865’e kadar Tasvîr-i Efkâr’ın başında kalmaya devam eder. Gazetenin başlangıçta 1500 adet basıldığı, Said Paşa ile Şinâsi arasındaki tartışma esnasında baskı sayısının bir misli arttığı, Nâmık Kemal döneminde ise 10.000’e kadar çıktığı Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik tarafından ifade edilmektedir. Diğer bazı çalışmalarda gazetenin tirajının dönemi için çok önemli bir yekün ifade eden 20.000’e, hatta 24.000’e kadar ulaştığı nakledilmiştir. Nâmık Kemal’in Fransızca’dan çevirdiği “Zenci” başlıklı küçük bir yazı 27 Ekim 1862 tarihli Tasvîr-i Efkâr’da yayımlanır (nr. 35); böylece başlayan ilişki Şinâsi’nin hocalığı ve ağabeyliği şeklinde devam eder ve Şinâsi’den sonra gazetenin başına Nâmık Kemal geçer.
Nâmık Kemal, bir süre yalnız haber ve resmî ilân gazetesi şeklinde çıkan Tasvîr-i Efkâr’ı kolera meselesinden başlayarak yeni konularla gittikçe zenginleştirdi. Şehir konuları, maarif ve maliyenin ıslahı gibi hususları ele aldı; eğitim öğretim ve özellikle kadınların okutulması üzerinde durdu. İstanbul’un yangınlardan korunması, dil meselesi ve Tıp Mektebi’nde öğretimin Türkçe olması, ramazan hayatı ve bazı tarihî konular bunlara eklenebilir. Nâmık Kemal’in siyasî yönü de burada ortaya çıkar. 355. sayıda Belçika Kralı Léopold’ün ölümü dolayısıyla kaleme aldığı yazıda hürriyet, hükümet ve millet arasındaki ilişkilere dikkat çekti. “Avrupa” başlığı altında dış siyasî gelişmeleri özetledi. Memleketeyn meselesiyle ilgili makaleleri onun asıl siyasî yazılarını oluşturur. Tepebaşı gazinolarında söylenen Türklük aleyhtarı Rumca şarkılara karşı şiddetli yazılar kaleme aldı. Nihayet bu dönemde gazete, çoğunluğu Yeni Osmanlılar Cemiyeti içerisinde yer alan gençlerin buluşma yeri olur. Gelişmeler, Sadrazam Âlî Paşa’nın basını kontrol altına almak için Mart 1867’de Kararnâme-i Âlî’yi yürürlüğe koymasıyla yeni bir devreye girdi. Nâmık Kemal Mayıs 1867’de Avrupa’ya kaçtı, dolayısıyla Tasvîr-i Efkâr’daki görevi sona erdi. Gazete 1868’de çıkan 830 numaralı son sayısına kadar Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem ve Kayazâde Reşad’ın yönetiminde kaldı.
Tasvîr-i Efkâr’ın ihtiva ettiği çeşitli yazılar Necdet Hayta’nın Tarih Araştırmalarına Kaynak Olarak Tasvîr-i Efkâr Gazetesi (1278/1862-1286/1869) (Ankara 2002); Şinâsi ve Nâmık Kemal’in Tasvîr-i Efkâr’daki yazıları, Müntehabât-ı Tasvîr-i Efkâr I: Siyâsiyyât (İstanbul 1303); Müntehabât-ı Tasvîr-i Efkâr II: Mübâhasât-ı Edebiyye, Mes’ele-i Mebhûsetün anhâ (İstanbul 1304); Müntehabât-ı Tasvîr-i Efkâr III: Edebiyat (İstanbul 1311); Namidar Güray’ın Nâmık Kemâl’in Tasvîr-i Efkâr ve Diyojen Gazetelerindeki Makaleleri (Konya 1990) gibi çalışmalarda yer almıştır.
Tasvîr-i Efkâr’ın kapanışından yaklaşık kırk yıl sonra İstanbul’da Ebüzziyâ Mehmed Tevfik tarafından Şinâsi’nin vârislerinden imtiyaz hakkı satın alınarak 31 Mayıs 1909’dan itibaren Yeni Tasvîr-i Efkâr ismiyle ikinci bir gazete daha çıkarıldı. Otuzbir Mart Vak‘ası’nı takip eden günlerde içinde bulunulan şartlar yüzünden sık sık kapatılan gazete her defasında isim değiştirerek (Tasvîr-i Efkâr, Hak, İntihâb-ı Efkâr, Tefsîr-i Efkâr) yayımına devam etti. Döneminde ülkenin en ciddi gazetelerinden biri sayılan Yeni Tasvîr-i Efkâr, Ebüzziyâ’nın Ocak 1913’te ölümünden sonra çocukları Talha ve Velid Ebüzziya’nın elinde uzun yıllar çıkmaya devam etti. Özellikle I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında uygulanan ağır sansür şartlarında sıkıntılı bir dönem geçirdi, on yedi defa kapatıldı; elde bulunan yedek imtiyazlarla ve Yeni Tasvîr-i Efkâr, Tasvîr-i Efkâr, Tasfîr-i Efkâr, Tesvîr-i Efkâr, İntihâb-i Efkâr, Hak gibi adlarla yayımlandı. Mütareke’nin ilânı üzerine Trakya ve Anadolu’da başlayan direniş hareketlerinin sözcüsü durumuna gelen Yeni Tasvîr-i Efkâr Damad Ferid Paşa hükümetleriyle de mücadele etti. İstanbul’un İngilizler tarafından işgalinin ardından yayımına ara verilen gazete, Velid Bey’in 1921’de Malta’dan dönmesinden sonra Tevhîd-i Efkâr adıyla tekrar çıktı. Bir taraftan Millî Mücadele hareketinin yayın organı şeklinde çalışırken diğer taraftan Velid Bey’in matbaasında kurduğu “M. M. Grubu” depolarda toplanan silâhların Anadolu’ya kaçırılmasında rol oynadı. Ardından bazı konularda Anadolu hükümetiyle anlaşmazlığa düşen Velid Bey birkaç defa mahkeme edildi ve gazetesi, Şeyh Said İsyanı dolayısıyla çıkarılan Takrîr-i Sükûn Kanunu’na dayanılarak 4 Mart 1925’te kapatıldı. Gazete son defa Talha Bey’in oğlu Ziyad Ebüzziya tarafından 2 Mayıs 1940’ta yayımlandıysa da yine hükümet tarafından sık sık kapatıldı. Velid Bey’in ölümünden (12 Ocak 1945) sonra Ziyad Ebüzziya gazeteyi Cihat Baban’la birlikte Tasvir adıyla çıkardı (1945-1949). Gazete bu dönemde de on yedi defa kapatıldı, otuz beş defa mahkemeye verildi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, İrade, Meclis-i Vâlâ, nr. 19983; Tasvîr-i Efkâr (Koleksiyon), Millî Ktp., nr. 1957, SB 90, AÖ 8510; TBMM Ktp., nr. 12/1-3/98-99/7; İSAM Ktp., nr. 969; Ahmed Râsim, İlk Büyük Muharrirlerden Şinâsi, İstanbul 1927; Hilmi Ziya Ülken, “Tanzimattan Sonra Fikir Hareketleri”, Tanzimat I, İstanbul 1940, s. 757-775; a.mlf., Türkiye’de Çağdaş Düşünce Tarihi, İstanbul 1966, I, 78-82; Pertev Naili Boratav, “Nâmık Kemal’in Gazeteciliği”, Namık Kemal Hakkında , İstanbul 1942, s. 163-188; Server R. İskit, Türkiye’de Matbuat İdareleri ve Politikaları, İstanbul 1943, s. 14, 24, 55-60; Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi, İstanbul 1956, I, 116-117, 183-188, 224-227, 328-330; Hasan Refik Ertuğ, “Türk Basını Nasıl Doğdu ve Gelişti”, Yeni Türkiye, İstanbul 1959, s. 171-205; a.mlf., Basın ve Yayın Hareketleri Tarihi, İstanbul 1970, I, 178-184; Fuat Süreyya Oral, Türk Basın Tarihi, İstanbul 1968, I, 82-85; Enver Behnan Şapolyo, Türk Gazeteciliği Tarihi: Her Yöniyle Basın , Ankara 1971, s. 120-126; A. D. Jeltyakov, Türkiye’nin Sosyo-Politik ve Kültürel Hayatında Basın: 1729-1908, İstanbul, ts. (Hürriyet Ofset Matbaacılık ve Gazetecilik), s. 53-58; M. Nuri İnuğur, Basın ve Yayın Tarihi, İstanbul 1982, s. 184-200; R. H. Davison, “How the Ottoman Government Adjusted to a New Institution: The Newspaper Press”, Turkic Culture: Continuity and Change (ed. Sabri M. Akural), Bloomington 1987, s. 17-26; İlber Ortaylı, “Tanzimat Devri Basını Üzerine Notlar”, Cahit Talas’a Armağan, Ankara 1990, s. 397-404; Nesimi Yazıcı, “Tanzimat Dönemi Basını Konusunda Bir Değerlendirme”, Tanzimat’ın 150. Yıldönümü Uluslararası Sempozyumu, Ankara 1994, s. 55-84; Orhan Koloğlu, Osmanlı’dan Günümüze Türkiye’de Basın, İstanbul 1992, s. 31-37; a.mlf., “Osmanlı Basını: İçeriği ve Rejimi”, TCTA, I, 68-93; a.mlf., “Tasvîr-i Efkâr”, DBİst.A, VIII, 219-220; Ziyad Ebüzziya, Şinâsî (haz. Hüseyin Çelik), İstanbul 1997, s. 192-274; Âlim Gür, Ebüzziya Tevfik: Hayatı, Dil, Edebiyat, Basın, Yayın ve Matbaacılığa Katkıları, Ankara 1998, s. 245-261, 303-306; Nilgün Gürkan Pazarcı, “İmparatorluktan Ulus Devlete Modernliğin İnşasında Gazeteciler”, Osmanlı Basın Yaşamı Sempozyumu: 6-7 Aralık 1999, Ankara, ts., s. 47-67; Nurettin Güz, “Şinasi ve Namık Kemal’in Osmanlı Fikir ve Basın Hayatına Katkıları”, a.e., s. 83-95; Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘, sy. 614, İstanbul 21 Zilhicce 1277; Tercümân-ı Ahvâl, sy. 199, İstanbul 2 Muharrem 1279; “Zuhûr-ı Tasvîr-i Efkâr”, Mecmûa-i Fünûn, sy. 1, İstanbul 1279, s. 46; Tülin Sümer, “İlk Büyük Gazetecimiz Şinasi ve Tasvîr-i Efkâr’ın Çıkışı”, BTTD, V/26 (1969), s. 56-57; Kenan Akyüz, “Tasvîr-i Efkâr”, TA, XXX, 478-479; Ömer Faruk Akün, “Şinasi”, İA, XI, 550-551; a.mlf., “Nâmık Kemâl”, a.e., IX, 57-60; “Tasvîr-i Efkâr”, TDEA, VIII, 279-280.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 138-140 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.