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TÂUN Skip to content Kitlesel ölümlere sebep olan veba hastalığı.
Sözlükte “yaralamak, ayıplamak, kusurlu görmek” anlamlarındaki ta‘n kökünden türeyen tâûn bazı dilcilere göre bulaşıp yayılan her hastalığın adıdır. Tâunu vebanın bir türü kabul eden İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye ’ye göre her tâun vebadır, ancak her veba tâun değildir (eṭ-Ṭıbbü’n-nebevî , s. 29-30). 1894 yılında Fransız bilim adamı Alexandre Yersin tarafından bulunarak “yersinia pestis” adı verilen basilin yol açtığı hastalığın hıyarcıklı, septisemik ve akciğer vebası diye çeşitli türleri bilinmektedir. Eski Ahid ’in çeşitli yerlerinde İsrâiloğulları’nın isyankâr davranışlarının Allah’ın gazabını üzerlerine çektiği, bu sebeple veba ile cezalandırıldıkları ifade edilir (Sayılar, 16/44-48; Tesniye, 28/20-21; Mezmurlar, 78/50; 106/29). Bazı müfessirler, Kur’an’da (el-A‘râf 7/130-135) Hz. Mûsâ’ya inanmayan Firavun ve Mısırlılar’ın üzerine gönderildiği bildirilen tûfan, çekirge, haşere, kurbağalar ve kan gibi musibetler için kullanılan “ricz” kelimesini tâun olarak açıklamıştır (Taberî, VI, 41). Hz. Peygamber, tâunun önceki milletlerden bir gruba ve İsrâiloğulları’na ceza olarak (ricz) gönderilen bir hastalık olduğunu belirtmiş, bir yerde veba çıktığını duyanların oraya gitmemelerini, bulundukları beldede ortaya çıktığı takdirde oradan ayrılmamalarını söylemiştir (Buhârî, “Ṭıb”, 30; Müslim, “Selâm”, 92-100; Müsned , I, 173, 176-177, 182; V, 202, 213). Bir rivayete göre Resûl-i Ekrem, Kur’an’da kıssaları anlatılan bazı peygamberlerin ümmetleri gibi toptan helâk yerine kendi ümmetinin Allah yolunda savaşarak yaralanma (ta‘n) ve tâunla ölümünü dilemiş; tâunun Allah’ın bazı kimseleri cezalandırdığı bir çeşit azap , müminler için bir rahmet olduğunu söylemiş, ona yakalanan bir kişinin sabredip ecrini Allah’tan bekleyerek bulunduğu yerde kalması, bunun Allah’ın takdiri olduğuna ve başına Allah’ın yazdıklarının dışında hiçbir şeyin gelmeyeceğine inanması durumunda kendisine şehid sevabı verileceğini belirtmiştir (Buhârî, “Ṭıb”, 31; “Ḳader”, 15; tâundan ölmenin şehitlik sayıldığını belirten diğer rivayetler için bk. Buhârî, “Cihâd”, 30, “Ṭıb”, 30; Müslim, “İmâre”, 166). Bir başka rivayete göre Resûlullah ümmetinin sonunun ta‘n ve tâun olacağını ifade etmiş, Hz. Âişe’nin, “Ta‘nı biliyoruz, tâun nedir?” sorusuna karşılık, “Karnın alt kısmında ve koltuk altında çıkan develerdekine benzer bezedir” demiştir (İbn Abdülber, VI, 212; İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, s. 29; Münâvî, IV, 288). Eski kaynaklarda tâunun belirtileri arasında koltuk altında, kulak arkasında, burun yanında ve vücudun yumuşak dokulu kısımlarında siyah, yeşil ve bozuk renkte, çok acı veren çıbanların çıkması, bunlardan kanlı irin akması ve kusma, kalp çarpıntısı, baygınlık gibi durumlar zikredilir.
İslâm tarihinde birçok tâun olayı kaydedilmiştir. Hz. Peygamber zamanında görülen ilk tâun 6 yılında (627) Medâin ’de meydana gelen Şîrûye tâunudur. Hz. Ömer devrinde birkaç tâundan söz edilir. Belâzürî, onun zamanında Hayber yahudileri arasında veba salgını çıktığını haber vermektedir (Fütûh , s. 32). 17 veya 18 (639) yılındaki Amvâs tâununda içlerinde Ebû Ubeyde b. Cerrâh ve Muâz b. Cebel gibi sahâbenin ileri gelenlerinin de bulunduğu 25-30.000 kişi ölmüştür (İbn Kesîr, VII, 79 vd.). Suriye bölgesi ordu kumandanı Ebû Ubeyde b. Cerrâh tarafından Şam-Hicaz yolu üzerindeki Serğ kasabasında karşılanan Hz. Ömer’e Şam’da veba çıktığı haberi verilince vebanın olduğu yere gitmemiş, kendisine, “Allah’ın kaderinden mi kaçıyorsun?” diyen Ebû Ubeyde’ye Allah’ın kader inden yine O’nun kaderine sığındığını söylemiştir (Buhârî, “Ṭıb”, 30; Müslim, “Selâm”, 98-100). 69 (688) yılında Basra’da meydana gelen tâun salgını, “sel sularının önüne gelen her şeyi alıp götürmesi gibi” insanları âniden öldürmesinden dolayı Cârif tâunu diye anılmıştır. Basra’daki tâunun üç gün devam ettiği ve her gün 70.000 insanın öldüğü rivayet edilmiştir. Burada oturan sahâbî Enes b. Mâlik ’in ailesinden seksene yakın kişi hayatını kaybetmiştir. Feteyât adı verilen tâun 87’de (706) Basra, Vâsıt ve Şam bölgesini etkisi altına almıştır. 131 (749) yılında yine Basra ve çevresinde çıkan tâun üç ay kadar sürmüş ve her gün 1000 kadar insan ölmüştür (Nevevî, I, 105-107). İbn Kesîr muhtelif tâun salgınlarından söz eder. 749 (1348) yılı olaylarını anlatırken geniş bir coğrafyaya yayılan tâun sırasında Dımaşk şehri ve yakınlarında bir günde 300’den fazla insanın öldüğünü, sadece Emeviyye Camii ’nde bir vakitte on beş kişinin cenaze namazının kılındığını kaydeder (el-Bidâye , XIV, 237 vd.). 764’te (1363) Mısır’da görülen tâun salgınında da birçok insan hayatını kaybetmiştir (a.g.e. , XIV, 317). Hastalığın yayılmasında kara ve deniz yoluyla ticaret ve haberleşme gibi hareketlilikler etkili olmuştur.
İlkçağ’dan günümüze kadar veba salgınları üç evrede ele alınır. Bunlardan ilki milâdî 541 yılında başlayan ve Jüstinyen vebası olarak bilinen hastalıktır. VIII. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar aralıklarla süren veba İslâm’ın doğduğu ve yayıldığı toprakları da etkilemiştir. Ardından XIV. yüzyıla gelinceye kadar büyük kayıplara yol açan veba salgını kaydedilmemiştir. 1330’larda Orta Asya steplerinden başlayıp 1347’de İpek yolu boyunca ilerleyen ticaret kervanları aracılığıyla İslâm dünyasına ulaşan ve “kara ölüm” diye nitelenen ikinci evre kısa sürede bütün eski dünyayı etkisi altına almış ve aralıklarla devam ederek XIX. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar ağır kayıplara sebebiyet vermiştir. Bombay vebası diye bilinen üçüncü evre XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Güneydoğu Asya’dan çıkarak bütün dünyaya yayılmış ve XX. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar sürmüştür.
Kara ölüm evresinde hastalık Ön Asya ve Akdeniz havzasına ulaşmış, oradan deniz yoluyla İslâm dünyasının büyük bir kısmını etkisi altına almıştır. Çok ağır geçen ilk salgından sonra bunu izleyen salgınlar yaklaşık her on yılda bir yeniden ortaya çıkmıştır. Kara ölümün ardından gelen salgınlarda veba hastalığı Venedik ya da Ragusa (Dubrovnik) gibi Avrupa’nın Akdeniz’deki limanlarından ticaret yoluyla İslâm dünyasına taşınmış ve liman şehirlerinden iç bölgelere doğru ilerlemiştir. XV. yüzyılda ve XVI. yüzyılın başlarında genellikle hastalığın izlediği yayılma çizgisi Akdeniz havzasında batıdan doğuya olmuştur. İslâm dünyasını etkileyen salgınların XVI. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren yeni alanlara doğru yayılmaya başladığı görülmektedir. Bu dönemde veba sadece Akdeniz havzasıyla sınırlı kalmamış, Balkan yarımadası, Karadeniz havzası, Kafkasya, Orta Asya, Kızıldeniz ve Hint Okyanusu’na uzanan ticaret ve haberleşme ağlarını da içine alarak daha karmaşık bir yayılma seyri izlemiş ve eskisinden daha sık görülür hale gelmiştir. Böylece etkisi giderek artan salgınlar XVI. yüzyılın son çeyreğinden itibaren İslâm dünyasında yaklaşık her yıl meydana gelmiştir. Bütün XVII. yüzyıl boyunca bu sıklıkta görülen salgınların XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllarda seyrekleşmekle birlikte yaklaşık her yeni gelen nesille beraber tekrar ortaya çıkmıştır.
Osmanlılar’ın en güçlü dönemini yaşadığı, Safevî ve Bâbür imparatorluklarının hızla geliştiği XVI. yüzyılda yeni ticaret ve haberleşme ağlarının kurulması, yol güvenliğinin sağlanması ve bölgeler arasındaki hareketliliğin artmasıyla hastalığın eskisinden daha kolay ve daha geniş alanlara yayıldığı görülmektedir. İran, Irak ve Azerbaycan’da Safevîler birçok Avrupa devletiyle ticarî ilişkiler kurmuş, yeni yollar, köprüler, kervansaraylar sayesinde bölgede önemli ticaret merkezleri oluşturulmuş, insanların ve ticaret mallarının dolaşımı artmış, bunun sonucunda Safevî toprakları veba salgınlarından ciddi biçimde etkilenmiştir. Aynı dönemde bütün Hint yarımadasına yayılan ve XIX. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar hüküm süren Bâbürlüler de birçok Avrupa devletiyle ticaretini geliştirmiş, Kızıldeniz ve Basra körfezinden geçen ticaret yolları yanında Doğu Afrika ve Doğu Asya ile olan ticaretin de artması ve ülkenin batısındaki kervan ticareti yolunun önem kazanmasıyla Bâbürlü toprakları veba salgınlarına hedef olmuştur. Balkanlar, Karadeniz, Kafkasya, Orta Asya, Anadolu, Arap yarımadası, İran, Kuzey Afrika ve Doğu Akdeniz arasındaki ticaret yollarının kesişme noktasında yer alan Osmanlı Devleti toprakları veba salgınlarının yayılmasını kolaylaştıran yeni bağlantı ağları teşkil etmiştir. Fetihler sonucunda imparatorluk toprakları ve nüfusu çok artmış, eski ticaret ve haberleşme yollarına yenileri eklenmiştir. Aynı dönemde ortaya çıkan ya da gelişen birçok şehir merkezi ve hızla artan nüfus da salgınlar için uygun şartlar hazırlamıştır.
XVI. yüzyılda İslâm ülkelerini etkileyen salgınlar arasında en önemlileri 1511-1513, 1520-1529, 1533-1549, 1552-1566 yılları arasında görülmüş, 1570’lerde başlayan salgın XVII. yüzyılın başlarında da etkisini sürdürmüştür. Bu salgın özellikle İstanbul, Anadolu, Balkanlar, Mısır ve Kuzey Afrika’da, ayrıca Safevî ve Bâbürlü topraklarında ve Avrupa’da son derece etkili olmuştur. XVII. yüzyılda da birçok salgın görülmüştür. Bunların en önemlileri 1603, 1611-1613, 1620-1624, 1627, 1636-1637, 1647-1649, 1653-1656, 1659-1666, 1671-1680, 1685-1695 yıllarında meydana gelmiş, 1697’de çıkan salgın XVIII. yüzyılın ilk yıllarına kadar sürmüştür. XVIII. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan salgınlar daha hafif geçmiş, ancak 1713, 1719, 1728-1729, 1739-1743, 1759-1765, 1784-1786, 1791-1792 tarihlerinde yine etkili olmuştur. XIX. yüzyıl boyunca giderek etkisini kaybeden salgınların en önemlileri 1812-1819 ve 1835-1838 yıllarında görülmüştür. XIX. yüzyılın ortalarına doğru karantina teşkilâtının kurulması ve yeni sağlık yönetmeliklerinin uygulanmasından kısa bir süre sonra Anadolu, Mısır ve Doğu Akdeniz’de veba salgınları büyük ölçüde azalmıştır. Modern dönem öncesine ait güvenilir istatistik bilgileri bulunmadığından vebanın öldürücülük oranını kesin şekilde tesbit etmek güçtür. Ancak şiddetli geçen salgınlarda nüfusun en az üçte birinin yok olduğu ve sık sık tekrar eden salgınların demografik etkilerinin uzun vadede büyük kayıplara yol açtığı belirlenmiştir. XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren İslâm ülkelerinde görülen veba salgınlarının öldürücülük oranının Avrupa’ya göre daha düşük olduğu kaydedilmektedir.
Tarihî kaynaklarda tâunla ilgili çeşitli terimler kullanılmıştır. Özellikle XIV. yüzyılın ortalarında başlayan kara ölüm sırasında ve sonrasında yazılan tıp metinlerinde hastalığın farklı türleri genellikle doğru biçimde açıklanmış, diğer eserlerde de hastalıktan bahsedilirken doğru tanımlar yapılmıştır. Çeşitli türlerde birçok eser veba salgınlarından söz eder. Bunlar arasında mahkeme kayıtları, hükümler, fetvalar, diplomatik yazışmalar, şiirler, biyografik eserler, seyahatnâmeler, mezar taşları, veba risâleleri zikredilebilir. Tedavi yöntemleri için kaleme alınan çok sayıda risâlede değişik tedavi usullerinden söz edilir.
Eski Yunan ve Roma tıbbının etkisiyle önceleri hastalığın sebebi bozulmuş havaya bağlanır ve yüksek yerlerde ikamet edilmesi, temiz hava getiren rüzgârlara açık evlerde oturulması, yaşanılan mekânda ve dışarıdaki havayı arındırmak için sirke, sandal ağacı ve gül suyu kullanılması tavsiye edilirdi. Sağlığı koruma yöntemleri arasında en yaygın olanı kan aldırmak tı. Bunun yanı sıra hastalığın tedavisinde merhem, şurup, yakı vb. ilâçlar, yiyecek ve içeceğin hazırlanışına dair bilgiler de eserlerde yer almaktadır. Ayrıca çok sayıda farmasötik madde ihtiva eden ve her derde deva olarak kullanılan tiryaklar Avrupa’da olduğu gibi İslâm ülkelerinde de yaygındı. Modern tıp öncesinde hem Avrupa’da hem İslâm ülkelerinde vebaya karşı aynı türden önleyici ya da tedavi edici yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Tıbbın yanında dua , astroloji ve büyü ye de sıkça başvurulmuştur. Veba duaları, büyü reçeteleri, muska lar, tılsım lar vb. mânevî tedavi usullerine vebaya dair eserlerde bolca rastlanmaktadır.
Osmanlılar’da XV. yüzyıldan itibaren yazılmaya başlanan veba risâlelerinde salgın hakkında daha önceki dönemlere ait eserlerden farklı bir bakış açısının yer aldığı görülür. Bu eserlerde salgının çıktığı yerden uzaklaşılması yasaklanmaz; vebanın bulaşıcılığı konusunda, ayrıca veba olan yerden dışarıya çıkmanın dinen câiz olup olmadığı hakkında uzun tartışmalar bulunur. XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren hastalığın bulaşıcılığı görüşü ağırlık kazanmış, dolayısıyla salgının görüldüğü yerden havası temiz olan bir yere gitmenin cevazıyla ilgili fetvalar verilmiştir. Meselâ Taşköprizâde Ahmed Efendi ’nin kaleme aldığı Risâletü’ş-şifâʾ li-(fî)edvâʾi’l-vebâʾ adlı eserde bu husus açıkça dile getirilir. Ebüssuûd Efendi ’nin de bu konuda fetvaları mevcuttur. Tâundan kaçmaya şer‘an izin olup olmadığı sorusuna karşılık Hak Teâlâ’nın kahrından lutfuna sığınmak niyetiyle câiz olacağı yolunda fetva vermiş (Düzdağ, s. 182), küçük bir çocuğu salgın esnasında şehre getirip ölümüne yol açan kimsenin diyet ödemesi gerektiğini belirtmiştir (a.g.e. , s. 154). Öte yandan tâundan kaçıp görevini yapmayan imam ve müezzin gibi vazifeliler için ta‘zîr ve azil cezasına hükmetmiştir (a.g.e. , s. 178). İbn Hâtime ’nin Taḥṣîlü ġarażi’l-ḳāṣıd fî tafṣîli’l-marażi’l-vâfid , İdrîs-i Bitlisî ’nin Risâletü’l-ibâʾ ʿan mevâḳıʿi’l-vebâʾ ve Ali Hibrî Efendi ’nin Fevâid-i Hibriyye ’si veba hakkındaki eserler arasındadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , VII, 146.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 175-177 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.