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TAVAF Skip to content Kâbe’nin etrafında usulüne uygun biçimde dönmek anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “bir şeyin çevresinde dönmek, dolaşmak” anlamındaki tavâf kelimesi fıkıh terimi olarak usulüne uygun şekilde Kâbe’nin etrafında dönmeyi ifade eder. Kâbe sol tarafa alınarak Hacerülesved hizasından başlanıp aynı noktada tamamlanan her dönüşe “şavt” ve yedi şavta tavaf adı verilir. Tavafın yapıldığı alana metâf denilir. Tavaf eden kişi, her şeyin başka bir şeyin etrafında belli bir düzen içinde döndüğü kozmik düzenin bir parçası olmayı kendi iradesiyle kabul ederek bu harekete katılmaktadır. Tavaf kelimesi Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de geçmemekle birlikte bir âyette Kâbe’yi tavafla ilgili fiil (el-Hac 22/29) ve iki âyette Kâbe’yi tavaf edenleri belirtmek için “tâifîn” (el-Bakara 2/125; el-Hac 22/26) kullanılmış, Safâ ve Merve tepeleri arasında yapılan sa‘y de tavaf etmek fiiliyle belirtilmiş (el-Bakara 2/158), aynı kökten türeyen kelimeler sözlük anlamında birçok âyette yer almıştır (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ṭvf” md.). Hadislerde ise tavaf ve türevleri sözlük ve terim anlamlarıyla sıkça geçmektedir (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ṭvf” md.). Kâbe’nin ilk defa Hz. Âdem, hatta ondan önce melekler tarafından tavaf edildiği bazı rivayetlerde yer almaktadır (Ezrakī, I, 45). Yahudilik (Mezâmir, XXVI, 6), Hinduizm ve Budizm’in yanı sıra İran ve Roma geleneklerinde de tavafa benzer ritüellerin bulunduğu nakledilmektedir (EI2 [İng.] , X, 376). Hz. İbrâhim ve İsmâil’den sonra Araplar’ın Kâbe’yi tavaf ettikleri, Câhiliye döneminde çıplak tavaf etme gibi edep dışı uygulamaların ortaya çıktığı ve bunların Hz. Peygamber tarafından kaldırıldığı bilinmektedir (Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 67, 91).
Türleri. Haccın menâsikinden sayılan kudûm, ziyaret ve vedâ tavafı olmak üzere üç tür tavaf vardır. Bunlardan ziyaret (ifâza) tavafı haccın rükünlerindendir. Umre ibadeti bakımından da umre tavafı rükün niteliğindedir. Hanefî, Mâlikî ve Hanbelî fakihlerine göre tavafın türleri yedi olup diğerleri adak, Mescid-i Harâm’ı selâmlama (tahiyyetü’l-mescid) ve tatavvu tavafıdır. Şâfiîler’e göre ise altı tür tavaf bulunmaktadır: Kudûm, rükün, vedâ, tahallül, adak ve tatavvu. Onlara göre rükün tavafı haccın ve umrenin rüknü olan tavafı, nâfile tavaf tahiyyetü’l-mescidi içerir. Tahallül tavafı Şâfiî mezhebine has bir adlandırmadır. Yedili tasnife göre tavaf türleri şunlardır: 1. Kudûm tavafı. Mekke’ye geliş (kudûm) münasebetiyle yapıldığı için “kādim, vürûd”, Kâbe’yi selâmlama amacı taşıdığı için “tahiyye” ve Kâbe ile ilk buluşmaya işaret ettiği için “likā” tavafı olarak da adlandırılır. Mîkāt sınırları dışında oturan kimselerin (âfâkî) ifrad veya kıran haccına niyet etmeleri halinde kudûm tavafı yapmaları Mâlikî mezhebine göre vâcip, diğer üç mezhebe göre sünnettir. Mekke’ye gelir gelmez yapılması müstehap olmakla birlikte Arafat vakfesine kadar yapılabilir. Âfâkî olmayanlar, sadece umre veya temettu‘ haccı yapanlar, Mekke’ye uğramadan doğrudan Arafat’a çıkanlar ve özel halleri olan kadınlar bu tavafı yapmaz. İfrad haccı yapanların Mekke’ye varınca eda ettikleri ilk tavaf kudûm, kıran ve temettu‘ haccına niyet edenlerin ise umre tavafıdır. Kıran haccı yapanlar umreyi tamamladıktan sonra kudûm tavafını eda ederler.
2. Ziyaret tavafı. Arafat dönüşü Mina’da gece kalınan günlerde Kâbe’ye gidilerek yapılan bir ziyaret kabul edildiği için böyle adlandırıldığı gibi Arafat inişinden sonra yapılması dolayısıyla ifâza tavafı, yapılması farz olduğu için farz tavaf ve haccın iki rüknünden biri olduğu için rükün tavafı gibi adlarla da anılmaktadır. Bu tavafın haccın rükünlerinden biri olduğunda icmâ edilmiştir. Ziyaret tavafının sahih olabilmesi için şu şartların bulunması gerekir: a) Arafat vakfesinden sonra yapılması. b) Tavafa niyet edilmesi. Hanefî, Mâlikî ve Şâfiî mezheplerine göre mutlak şekilde tavafa niyet edilmesi yeterli ise de Hanbelî mezhebine göre özellikle ziyaret tavafına niyet vâciptir. c) Belirlenen vakitte yapılması. Hanefî ve Mâlikî mezheplerine göre bu vakit bayramın birinci günü fecr-i sâdıktan, Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezheplerine göre ise arefe gününü bayramın birinci gününe bağlayan gecenin yarısından itibaren başlar. Son vaktinin herhangi bir sınırı olmayıp ömrün sonuna kadar yapılabilir. Ancak Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre kurban bayramının üçüncü günü güneş batıncaya kadar, Mâlikî mezhebinde ise zilhicce ayı içinde yapılması vâciptir; bu süreler geçtikten sonra yapılırsa “dem” (koyun veya keçi kesmek) gerekir. Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezhepleriyle Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed’e göre ise tehir sebebiyle herhangi bir ceza gerekmez. Bütün mezheplere göre efdal olan bayramın birinci günü yapılmasıdır. Kadınların özel halleri sebebiyle bu tavafı geciktirmelerinden dolayı herhangi bir ceza söz konusu değildir. Akabe cemresine taş attıktan sonra cinsel ilişkinin dışındaki bütün yasaklar kalktığı halde bu yasak ancak ziyaret tavafının ifası ile kalkar. Hacda Arafat vakfesinden ve ziyaret tavafından, umrede tavaftan alıkonmayı ifade eden “ihsâr” durumuyla ilgili ayrıntılı hükümler bulunmaktadır (bk. İHSÂR ).
3. Vedâ tavafı. Bu isimle anıldığı gibi ardından hacılar memleketlerine dönecekleri için “sader” tavafı ve Kâbe son defa görüldüğü için “âhirü’l-ahd” tavafı şeklinde de adlandırılmaktadır. Vedâ tavafı hac menâsikinin sonuncusudur. Hanefî ve Hanbelî mezhepleriyle Şâfiîler’de tercih edilen görüşe göre bu tavaf vâciptir. Çünkü Hz. Peygamber hac ibadetini yerine getiren sahâbîlere son iş olarak Kâbe’yi tavaf etmelerini emretmiştir (Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 83). Mâlikîler ise hayızlı kadının bu tavafı yapmadan Harem bölgesinden ayrılmasına izin verilmesini gerekçe gösterip vedâ tavafının müstehap olduğu görüşünü benimsemiştir. Vâcip sayanlara göre bu tavafın şartları şunlardır: a) Âfâkî olmak. Mekkeliler için vâcip değildir. Şâfiî mezhebinde ise dinen sefer sayılacak bir mesafeye gitmek üzere Mekke’den ayrılan Mekkeliler’in de bu tavafı yapması vâciptir. b) Hayızlı kadın henüz Mekke’den ayrılmadan temizlenirse onun da bu tavafı yapması vâciptir, aksi takdirde değildir. c) Hanefî mezhebine göre hac ibadeti için Mekke’de bulunuyor olmak gerekir. Âfâkî bile olsa yalnızca umre yapmak için Mekke’de bulunanlara bu tavaf vâcip değildir. Çünkü vedâ tavafı hac menâsikinden sayılmaktadır. Eda edilen vedâ tavafının sahih olabilmesi için -ziyaret tavafından sonra olmak şartıyla- mutlak şekilde tavafa niyet etmek yeterlidir. Ziyaret tavafının ardından yapılan herhangi bir nâfile tavaf vedâ tavafı niyetiyle yapılmasa bile onun yerini tutar. Hanefî mezhebine göre vedâ tavafının vakti ziyaret tavafının yapılmasından sonra başlar ve Mekke’den ayrılma zamanına kadar devam eder. Vedâ tavafının hemen ardından Mekke’den ayrılmak şart değildir, ancak bu tavafın Mekke’den ayrılma esnasında yapılması müstehaptır. Vedâ tavafından sonra bir müddet daha Mekke’de kalmak gerektiğinde Harem-i şerif’e gidip namaz kılmakta ve tavaf yapmakta bir sakınca yoktur. Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezheplerine göre vedâ tavafının Mekke’deki bütün işler tamamlanıp yola çıkılacağı zaman yapılması gerekir. Vedâ tavafının ardından yolculuk için satın alınan şeyler dışında başka şeylerle, meselâ dost ve hasta ziyaretiyle meşgul olunduğu takdirde vedâ tavafının iadesi lâzımdır. Vedâ tavafının özürsüz terkinden dolayı dem gerekir. Fakat bu durumdaki kimse henüz mîkāt sınırından çıkmamışsa ihramsız olarak, çıkmışsa ihramlı olarak Mekke’ye dönüp bu tavafı eda ederse dem borcundan kurtulur.
4. Umre tavafı. Hanefîler’e göre umrenin tek rüknü, diğer üç mezhebe göre rükünlerinden biridir. İlk vakti umre niyetiyle ihrama girmeyle başlar, son vaktiyle ilgili bir sınırlama yoktur. 5. Tahiyyetü’l-mescid tavafı. Mescid-i Harâm’a girildiğinde mescidi selâmlama niyetiyle yapılan ve tahiyyetü’l-mescid namazı yerine geçen müstehap bir tavaftır. Ancak umre veya kudûm tavafı gibi farz yahut nâfile bir tavaf yapan kimsenin ayrıca selâmlama tavafı yapması gerekmez. Bir engelden dolayı selâmlama tavafını yapamayan kimse tahiyyetü’l-mescid namazı kılmakla yetinir. 6. Tatavvu tavafı. Mekke’de bulunulan süre içinde hac ve umreyle ilgili olarak yapılan tavaflar dışında yapılan nâfile tavaflardır. Uzak yerlerden gelen kimselerin nâfile tavaf yapmaları Mescid-i Harâm’da nâfile namaz kılmalarından efdaldir. Hac mevsimi dışında Mekkeliler için de hüküm aynıdır. Hanefîler’e göre başlanılan nâfile tavafın bitirilmesi vâcip hale gelir. 7. Adak tavafı. Diğer ibadetlerde olduğu gibi tavaf adayan kişinin bunu yerine getirmesi vâciptir. Adak sırasında vakit belirlenmemişse özel bir zamanı yoktur. 8. Tahallül tavafı. Hac için ihrama girdiği halde hacca yetişemeyen kimsenin ihramdan çıkmak için yapacağı tavaftır ve Şâfiî mezhebine hastır. Diğer üç mezhepte bu durumdaki kişi umre yaparak ihramdan çıkar. Şâfiîler’e göre de bu kimse tavaf ve sa‘y yaptıktan sonra tıraş olarak ihramdan çıkar, ancak bu umre sayılmaz; ayrıca kudûm tavafından sonra sa‘y yapıldıysa yeniden sa‘y yapmak gerekmez.
Geçerlilik Şartları. Hanefî mezhebinde tavafın geçerli sayılması için şu şartlar aranır: a) Kâbe’nin etrafında, yani Mescid-i Harâm’ın içinden yapılması. Dışından yapılırsa Kâbe değil Mescid-i Harâm tavaf edilmiş olur. Makām-ı İbrâhim’in arkasından veya Mescid-i Harâm’ın içindeki direklerin arkasından tavaf etmekte ise sakınca yoktur. b) Şavt sayısına uyulması. Tavafta şavt sayısının yedi olduğunda görüş birliği bulunmakla birlikte Hanefî mezhebine göre dördü rükün, üçü vâcip, diğer üç mezhepte ise tamamı rükün sayılmıştır. Şavtların sayısında şüpheye düşen kimse Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezheplerine göre henüz tavaftan çıkmamışsa yaptığını kesin şekilde bildiği sayı üzerinden hareket eder; tavaftan çıktıktan sonra meydana gelen şüpheyi dikkate almaz. Hanefî mezhebine göre farz veya vâcip tavaflarda bu konuda şüpheye düşen kimse tavafını iade eder; nâfile tavaflarda güçlü kanaatine göre davranır. Mâlikî mezhebinde şöyle bir ayırım yapılmıştır: Her gün tavafta kaç şavt yaptığında şüpheye düşen bir kimse (müstenkih) ise tahmin ettiği en yüksek sayı üzerinden, böyle değilse en az sayı üzerinden tavafını tamamlar. c) İbadet niyetiyle yapılması. Tavaf niyeti olmaksızın Kâbe’nin etrafında dolaşmak tavaf sayılmaz. Hanefîler’de tavafın türünü belirtmek şart olmayıp mutlak tavafa niyet yeterlidir. Mâlikîler hac niyetiyle ihrama girmeyi tavaf için de yeterli görmektedir. Şâfiîler hac veya umre menâsikinden olan tavaflar için niyet şartı aramamakta, bunların dışındakiler için niyeti şart koşmaktadır. Hanbelîler’e göre ziyaret veya vedâ tavafı gibi tavafın türüne niyet etmek gerekir ve bu niyet ziyaret tavafı için sıhhat şartıdır. d) Vakti belirli olan türden ise o vakit içinde yapılması.
Vâcipleri. Hanefî mezhebine göre tavafın vâcipleri şunlardır: a) Abdestli olmak. Mâlikî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezheplerine göre ise abdest geçerlilik şartıdır. Bu sebeple Hanefî mezhebine göre abdestsiz yapılan tavaf sahih sayılır, ancak ceza gerekir; diğer üç mezhebe göre ise bâtıl olup abdestli olarak iadesi gerekir. Hanefîler’e göre hacda ziyaret tavafının cünüp halde veya kadınların özel hallerinde yapılması durumunda ceza olarak büyükbaş, abdestsiz yapılması halinde küçükbaş hayvan kesilmesi gerekir. Umre tavafının cünüp halde veya abdestsiz yapılması durumunda küçükbaş kurban kesilmesi icap eder. Bu tavaflar temiz halde tekrar yapıldığında ceza düşer. Mânevî temizliği (hadesten tahâreti) tavafın geçerlilik şartı sayan diğer üç mezhebe göre ise anılan durumlarda tavaf geçersiz olduğundan ceza ile telâfi edilemez, temiz halde yeniden yapılması gerekir. b) Örtülmesi icap eden yerleri örtmek (setr-i avret). Diğer üç mezhebe göre geçerlilik şartıdır. c) Tavafa Hacerülesved’den başlamak. Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezhepleriyle Mâlikî mezhebindeki bir görüşe ve Hanefî mezhebindeki bir rivayete göre şarttır. Ayrıca Kâbe’nin sağından yürümek de cumhura göre şart, Hanefî mezhebine göre vâciptir. d) Gücü yetenlerin yürüyerek tavaf etmesi. Mazeretsiz olarak tahtırevanla veya tekerlekli araçlarla tavaf yapanların ceza kurbanı kesmesi gerekir. Hanbelî mezhebinde de hüküm böyledir. Mâlikîler’e göre yürüme vâcip tavafta vâcip, sünnet tavafta sünnettir. Şâfiî mezhebine göre ise yürüyerek tavaf etmek sünnettir; terkedilmesinden dolayı ceza gerekmez. e) Tavafı Hatîm veya Hicr denilen açıklığın dışından dolaşarak yapmak. Diğer üç mezhebe göre bu geçerlilik şartıdır. f) Bütün tavaflardan sonra iki rek‘at namaz kılmak. Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre sünnettir ve tavaftan sonra kılınan farz namaz bu namazın yerini tutar. Mâlikî mezhebinde ise bu namaz vâcip tavafta vâcip, sünnet tavafta sünnettir. Bu namazın tavafın ardından hiç ara verilmeden kılınması müstehaptır. Arada tavaf namazını kılmadan peş peşe tavaf yapmak ise mekruhtur. Tavaf namazını Makām-ı İbrâhim’in arkasında kılmak müstehaptır. Harem bölgesi dışında kılmak ise mekruhtur. Hanefîler’e göre kerâhet vaktinde tavaf namazını kılmak mekruhtur, Şâfiîler’e göre değildir. Tavaf namazında Kâfirûn ve İhlâs sûrelerinin okunması sünnettir (Tirmizî, “Ḥac”, 43). Tavaf namazı dışında tavafın vâciplerinden biri mazeretsiz terkedilirse ceza gerekir, fakat tavaf sahih olur. Tavaf yeniden yapılırsa ceza düşer. Tavaf namazının terki hac için eksiklik sayılmaz ve bundan dolayı ceza gerekmez.
Sünnetleri. Hanefî mezhebine göre tavafın başlıca sünnetleri şunlardır: a) Necâsetten tahâret. Diğer üç mezhebe göre geçerlilik şartıdır. b) Tavafa başlarken Rüknülyemânî yönünden gelmek. c) Tavafa başlarken ve her şavtın sonunda öperek, dokunarak veya uzaktan işaretle Hacerülesved’i selâmlamak. Mâlikîler bunun ilk şavtta sünnet, diğer şavtlarda müstehap olduğunu söylemiştir. d) Ardından sa‘y yapılan tavafların ilk üç şavtında erkeklerin hızlı adımlarla ve çalımlı şekilde yürümesi (remel). Hicretin 7. yılında ifa edilen umretü’l-kazâ esnasında müşrikler arasında Medine havasının müslümanları hasta ve zayıf düşürdüğü söylentisinin yayılması üzerine Hz. Peygamber müslümanlara tavafın ilk üç şavtında remel yapıp Rüknülyemânî ile Hacerülesved arasında normal yürüyüşle yürümelerini emretmişti (Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 55; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 240). Bu uygulama Resûl-i Ekrem tarafından Vedâ haccında tekrar edilmiş (Müslim, “Ḥac”, 231) ve daha sonra da sürdürülmüştür. Hanbelî mezhebine göre Mekkeliler ve Mekke’de ihrama girenler için remel yapmak sünnet değildir. e) Ardından sa‘y yapılan tavaflarda ihramlı erkeklerin sağ omuzu açık bırakması (bk. IZTIB‘ ). f) Hacerülesved’den önce uğranan son köşe olan Rüknülyemânî’yi selâmlamak. Ebû Hanîfe ve Ebû Yûsuf’a göre mendup, Mâlikîler’e göre sadece ilk şavtta sünnettir. g) Tavafın bütün şavtlarını peş peşe yapmak. Mâlikîler’e göre vâciptir. Farz namaz için kāmet getirilmesi veya abdestin bozulması gibi bir durumda tavaf olduğu yerde bırakılır, kalan kısmı daha sonra tamamlanır. h) Erkeklerin mümkün olduğu kadar Kâbe’ye yakın, kadınların ise erkeklerin arasına karışıp sıkışmayacak bir uzaklıktan tavaf etmesi. i) Kâbe’yi gördüğünde, tavafa başladığında ve tavaf esnasında, Rüknülyemânî ile Hacerülesved arasında, tavaftan sonra kıldığı iki rek‘at namazın ardından, zemzem içtikten sonra ve mültezemde Hz. Peygamber’den nakledilen duaları okumak. Çoğunluk tavafta telbiyenin söylenmeyeceği görüşündedir. Hanefî ve Mâlikî mezheplerine göre tavafta zikir ve dua ile meşgul olmak Kur’ân-ı Kerîm okumaktan efdaldir. Tavafın sünnetlerinin mazeretsiz terki mekruhtur, ancak bir ceza gerektirmez. Ayrıca tavaf yapanın namaz kılan kimse gibi huşû içinde olması, zihnini ve gönlünü meşgul edecek bakışlardan sakınması tavsiye edilirken sesini yükseltip başkalarını rahatsız etmesi de mekruh sayılmıştır. Bir hadiste şöyle buyurulmuştur: “Kâbe’yi tavaf etmek namaz kılmak gibidir, ancak tavaf sırasında konuşmanıza izin verilmiştir, bununla birlikte hiç kimse tavafta hayır dışında bir şey söylemesin” (Tirmizî, “Ḥac”, 112).
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Muhammed b. Ahmed ed-Desûkī, Ḥâşiye ʿale’ş-Şerḥi’l-kebîr , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-fikr), II, 30, 33.
Ahmet Özel, Kutsal Topraklara Yolculuk: Hac ve Umre Kılavuzu , İstanbul 2007, s. 85-98.
Şeref b. Ali eş-Şerîf, “eṭ-Ṭavâf ve ehemmü aḥkâmih”, Mecelletü’l-buḥûs̱i’l-İslâmiyye , sy. 44, Riyad 1415-16/1995, s. 177-256.
Abdullah b. İbrâhim ez-Zâhim, “Envâʿu’ṭ-ṭavâf ve aḥkâmüh”, a.e. , sy. 50 (1417-18/1997), s. 193-322.
a.mlf., “Vâcibâtü’ṭ-ṭavâf”, a.e. , sy. 58 (1420/1999-2000), s. 119-224.
F. Buhl, “Ṭawāf”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 376.
“Ṭavâf”, Mv.F , XXIX, 120-143.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 178-180 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.