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TAVERNIER, Jean-Baptiste Skip to content (1605-1689)
Doğu’ya yaptığı gezileriyle tanınan Fransız seyyahı.
Paris’te doğdu. Babası XVI. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Anvers’ten Paris’e göç eden, harita ticareti yapan, hakkâklıkla uğraşan Protestan bir aileye mensuptu. Çocukluğu, babasının dükkânında dünyanın çeşitli yerleriyle ilgili haritalar ve gravürler arasında geçti. Yolculuklarına önce Avrupa’yı dolaşmakla başladı. Yirmi iki yaşına kadar Fransa, İngiltere, Hollanda, Almanya, İsviçre, Lehistan, Macaristan ve İtalya’yı gezdi; buralarda konuşulan dilleri öğrendi. Önce askerlik mesleğine girmeyi denedi; Bohemya’da Montagne-Blanche savaşına katıldı (8 Kasım 1620), daha sonra Mantoue kuşatmasında bulundu. 1624-1629 yılları arasında Macaristan kral nâibinin hizmetindeyken Türkler’e karşı yapılan savaşlarda yer aldı. Ardından İtalya’ya gitti. Buradan III. Ferdinand’ın taç giyme törenine iştirak etmek amacıyla Regensburg’a geçti. Taç giyme töreni sırasında Kardinal Richelieu’nün danışmanı ve Doğu işleri sorumlusu Peder Joseph kendisine, İstanbul üzerinden kutsal topraklara gidecek de Chappes ve Saint Liebau adlı iki Fransız soylusuna katılmasını önerdi. Tavernier bunu kabul etti ve Doğu’ya altı gezi yaptı. İlk gezisinde yol arkadaşlarıyla birlikte 1631 yılı başlarında kara yoluyla İstanbul’a ulaştı. İran’a gitmeye karar verdiği için onlardan ayrıldı. On bir ay kadar İran’a gidecek kervanı bekledi. Bu süre içinde Nouvelle relation de l’intérieur du serrail du grand seigneur başlıklı eseri için malzeme topladı. Katıldığı kervan Tokat-Erzurum-Tebriz yoluyla 1632’de İsfahan’a vardı. İsfahan’da bir iki ay kaldı ve Bağdat-Halep-İskenderun üzerinden 1633’te Fransa’ya döndü. Bu ilk gezisinde Doğu’nun ticarî önemini kavradı ve 1638’de küçük kardeşi Daniel’i yanına alıp ikinci gezisine çıktı. Marsilya-İskenderun-Payas yoluyla Halep’e ulaştı. Bağdat seferine çıkan IV. Murad’ın ordusunun bir bölümünün ve birçok savaş aracının Fırat üzerinden aşağıya indirilmesine tanık oldu. Katıldığı kervan 1638 Martında Basra’ya vardı. Burada gemiye binerek Bender Rig’de karaya çıktı ve yoluna devam edip İsfahan’a ulaştı. Tavernier’nin bu arada Hindistan’a kadar gittiği, 1641 yılında Goa’da bulunduğu ve 1643’te Paris’e döndüğü bilinmektedir.
Tavernier üçüncü Asya seyahati için 6 Aralık 1643’te Paris’ten yola çıktı; Livorno’da bir Hollanda gemisine bindi ve Şubat 1644’te Halep’e vardı. Bu defa İsfahan’a Diyarbekir, Urfa ve Musul üzerinden gitti. Uzun süre İsfahan’da kaldıktan sonra Hindistan’a ve Goa’dan Seylan’a ulaştı. Buradan Batavya’ya geldi. Bu sırada daha önce Tonkin’e kadar gitmiş olan kardeşi Daniel’le buluştu. Fakat kardeşi alıştığı sefahat yüzünden öldü. Tavernier 1648 ya da 1649 yılında Ümitburnu’nu dolaşıp Fransa’ya döndü. 18 Haziran 1651’de dördüncü yolculuğuna çıkan Tavernier Marsilya-Kıbrıs-İskenderun yolundan Halep’e gitti. Benderabbas’tan gemiye binerek Hindistan’a hareket etti. Seylan’ı, Machilipatam’ı, Gûlkünde’yi dolaştı, kara yoluyla Sûret’e vardı. Tekrar Benderabbas’a döndü ve buradan İsfahan’a geldi; Kazvin’deki şenliklere katıldı. Şubat 1655’te Revan-Erzurum yolunu izleyerek İzmir’e ulaştı. Fransa’ya dönmek için gemi beklerken Efes’i görme fırsatını buldu. Tavernier seyahatnâmesinde savaşlardan ve depremlerden sık sık harabeye dönen, fakat yine de ticarî önemini koruyan İzmir’i ayrıntılı biçimde tanıtmakta, Efes’le ilgili bilgiler vermektedir.
Beşinci yolculuğuna Şubat 1657’de başladı. Bu defa kendisine birkaç Fransız tüccarı ve maceracı eşlik ediyordu. İzmir’den çıkıp Tokat, Erzurum, Kars ve Tebriz’i aşarak 1657 yazında İsfahan’a ulaştı. Burada şah tarafından kabul edildi ve çok değerli bir kaftanla onurlandırıldı. İsfahan’da yine uzun süre kaldı ve ardından Hindistan’a gitmek için yola çıktı; daha sonra tekrar İsfahan’a geldi. Paris’e dönüşünün ardından 1662’de bir mücevhercinin kızıyla evlendi.
27 Kasım 1663 tarihinde altıncı yolculuğuna çıkan Tavernier’nin yanında yeğeni Pierre de bulunuyordu. 25 Nisan’da İzmir’de karaya çıktı. 9 Haziran 1664’e kadar burada kaldı. Bu sırada İzmir’de hayli tahribata yol açan bir depreme tanık oldu. Bu son yolculuğunda yine Hindistan’a kadar gitti. Hindistan dönüşünde dönemin iki Fransız seyyahı Thévenot ve Chardin’le Benderabbas’ta karşılaştı. 1667 sonlarına kadar İsfahan’da kaldı, 1668’de İstanbul’a geldi. Temmuz ayında İzmir’den geçip Fransa’ya döndü. 6 Aralık 1668’de Paris’te bulunuyordu.
Tavernier, Doğu’ya yaptığı gezileri sonunda büyük miktarda servet edinmiş ve bir tüccar olarak meşhur olmuştur. İran ve Hindistan bu ticaretin ana merkezleriydi. Buralarda kurduğu temsilciliklerle ticareti geniş bir alana yaymıştı. Büyük ölçüde elmas ve değerli taşlar üzerine ticaret yapıyordu. Aynı zamanda Fransa’nın Doğu ticaretine katılmasına etkide bulunmuştu. 1669’da XIV. Louis’nin huzuruna kabul edildi. Hindistan’dan getirdiği elmasları krala sattı ve soyluluk unvanları kazandı. Cenevre yakınlarında satın aldığı arazi kendisine Aubonne baronu unvanını sağladı. Ardından Rusya üzerinden İran’a gitmek için hazırlıklara girişti. 1685’te Fransa’da Protestanlar’a özgürlük veren Nantes fermanının yürürlükten kaldırılmasıyla ülkesini terketmek zorunda kaldı. İsveç Krallığı’ndan sağladığı pasaportla Moskova’ya ulaştı. Mercure de Galante’da çıkan bir yazı onun 1689 Temmuzunda Moskova’da öldüğünü bildiriyordu. Moskova’daki Protestan mezarlığında tarihi silinmiş bir mezar taşı üzerinde Jean-Baptiste Tavernier adı yazılı bulunmaktadır. Montesquieu’nün Tavernier’den geniş ölçüde etkilendiği ve İsfahan-İzmir güzergâhını yazarken onu kaynak olarak kullandığı bilinmektedir. Fernand Braudel, Tavernier’yi hayranlık duyulacak bir seyyah diye niteler. 2005’te doğumunun 400. yıl dönümünde İsviçreli Philipe Nicolet “Les Voyages en Orient du Baron d’Aubonne” belgeselini çekti. Heykeltıraş Jacques Basler, Tavernier’nin bugün Leman gölü kıyısında Chexbres’te dikili bulunan doğal büyüklükte bir heykelini yaptı.
Eserleri. Tavernier, altı yolculuğunu tamamladıktan sonra çevresi ve belki de XIV. Louis’nin isteği üzerine gözlemlerini Protestan yazar Samuel Chappuzeau’nun desteğiyle kaleme aldı: Les six voyages de Jean Baptiste Tavernier, Ecuyer, Baron d’Aubonne, Qu’il a fait en Turquie, en Perse, et aux Indes (I-III, Paris 1676-1679). Tavernier’nin bu seyahatnâmesinde gezip gördüğü şehirler hakkında verdiği bilgiler ekonomik ve ticarî yönden büyük değer taşır. Burada Anadolu, Irak ve İran’daki kervanların, kervan yollarının, kervansarayların ayrıntılı bir envanterini yapmıştır. Gezdiği ülkelerde geçerli olan para birimleri, bu paraların karşılıklı değerleri onun ilgilendiği temel konulardır. İran paralarının Türkiye’de özellikle Van yöresinde geçerli sayıldığını bildirmiştir. Seyahatnâmede ayrıca para dolaşımı, ölçüler ve gümrük işlemleriyle ilgili ayrıntılar görülmektedir. Bunların yanında üretim ilişkileri, sanat eserleri, dinler, tarikatlar ve törenler Tavernier’nin eserinde önemli yer tutar. Tavernier gezileri sırasında yakından tanıdığı İran’ı ve Azerbaycan’ı tasvir etmiş, buralarda yaşayan halkların durumunu anlatmış, böylece İran’ın Batı’da tanınmasına büyük katkı sağlamıştır. İzmir, Halep, Bağdat, Erzurum, İsfahan gibi şehirlerden çok canlı olarak söz etmesine karşılık köylerden bahsetmez. Gürcüler, Çerkezler, Kalmuklar, Nogaylar, Ermeniler ve bunların dinleri ve gelenekleri üzerine verdiği bilgilerin büyük bir değer taşıdığına şüphe yoktur.
Seyahatnâme üç büyük cilt halinde basıldıktan sonra çok ilgi çekmiş ve daha ilk baskısı sürerken Amsterdam’da (1678, iki cilt), ardından Paris’te (1692, altı cilt) ve Rouen’de (1712-1713, altı cilt) yayımlanmıştır. Seyahatnâmenin III. cildinin (Paris, 1676-1679) başlığı farklıdır (Recueil de plusieurs relations et traitez singuliers & curieux de J-B. Tavernier). Burada Japonya, Doğu Hindistan ticareti, Tonkin Krallığı üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu cilt 1712’de Paris’te tekrar basılmıştır. 1682’de Giovanni Lvetti seyahatnâmeyi tek cilt halinde İtalyanca’ya çevirmiş (Viaggi nella Turchia, nella Persia et nell’ınde … Gio Battista Tavernier Barone d’Aubonne, Roma 1682), eser 1677’de İngilizce’ye tercüme edilmiş (The Six Voyages of John Baptiste Tavernier, London), bu çeviri birçok defa basılmıştır. 1681 yılında da Almanca çevirisi yayımlanmıştır. Eser Türkçe’ye iki defa çevrilmiştir. İlki çok özetlenmiş bir tercümedir (XVII. Asır Ortalarında Türkiye Üzerinden İran’a Seyahat, trc. Ertuğrul Gültekin, İstanbul 1980). İkinci çeviri, Stefanos Yerasimos’un editörlüğünde bazı ayrıntılara yönelik bilgilerin çıkarılmasıyla hazırlanmış Fransızca versiyonu (Paris 1981) esas alınarak yapılmıştır (Tavernier Seyahatnamesi, trc. Teoman Tunçdoğan, İstanbul 2006). Burada da Anadolu ve İran dışındaki bilgiler alınmamıştır.
Tavernier’nin bir diğer eseri, İstanbul’da bulunduğu 1631 yılında derlediği bilgileri 1675’te kitap haline getirdiği Nouvelle relation de l’ıntérieur du serrail du grand seigneur adını taşır (Paris 1712). Eser yazarın Paris’te basılan Recueil de plusieurs relations… başlıklı kitabının içinde de yer almıştır (s. 351-564). Burada Topkapı Sarayı esas alınmış ve sarayın dışı ve içi tanıtılmıştır. Tavernier bu konudaki bilgileri iki kişiden aldığını yazar. Bunlardan ilki Sicilyalı olup sarayda elli beş yıl hazinedarbaşı sıfatıyla görev yapmış, daha sonra gözden düşerek Bursa’ya sürülmüş ve oradan Hindistan’a kaçmıştır. Paris doğumlu olan diğeri de hazine görevlilerindendir. O da beş yıl hizmetten sonra saraydan çıkarılmıştır. Tavernier eserinde Osmanlı yönetim kadrosu ve bunun kökenleri üzerinde durmuş, saray ve devlet düzenini ele almıştır. Eserinde sarayın birinci avlusundan ve buradaki hastahane kısmından başlayıp ikinci avlu, mutfak, arz odası, iç oğlanları, iç hazine, elçi kabulleri gibi konulara yer vermiştir. Kitap yayımlandığı sıralarda İngilizce’ye çevrilmiş (A New Relation of the Inner-Part of the Grand Seignor’s Seraglio, London 1677), iki defa da Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir (Topkapı Sarayında Yaşam, trc. Perran Üstündağ, İstanbul 1984; Büyük Senyörün Sarayı. Bir Fransız Seyyahın Gözüyle Topkapı Sarayında Yaşam, trc. Halûk Yanardağ, İstanbul 2005).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Montesquieu, Lettres persanes, Paris 1949, tür.yer.; Ch. Joret, Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, Paris 1886; N. Iorga, Les Voyageurs Français dans l’Orient Européen , Paris 1928, s. 65; N. M. Penzer, The Harem, London 1936, tür.yer.; V. V. Barthold, La découverte de l’Asie (trc. B. Nikitine), Paris 1947, s. 135-136; F. Braudel, la Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l’époque de Philippe II, Paris 1966, I-II, bk. İndex; N. Steensgaard, Carraks, Caravans and Companies: The Structural Crises in the European-Asian Trade in the Early 17th Century, Odense 1973; Suraiya Faroqhi, Osmanlı Tarihi Nasıl İncelenir (trc. Zeynep Altok), İstanbul 1999, s. 15-16, 193, 199; S. Yerasimos, “Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste”, DBİst.A, VII, 227-228.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 181-183 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.