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TAZMİN Skip to content Şiirde alıntı yapma; bir kelimeyi başka bir kelimenin anlamını da içerecek biçimde kullanma mânasında dil ve edebiyat terimi.
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2/2 Müellif: İSKENDER PALA Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Tazmin kelimesi eskiden nazım ve nesir için kullanılırken gazeteciliğin yayılmasından sonra tazmin nazma, iktibas nesre ait bir terim …
Sözlükte “bir şeyi içine almak, ihtiva etmek” anlamındaki damn (damân) kökünden türeyen tazmîn (tadmîn) “bir şeyi başka bir şeyin içine koymak, ona dahil etmek” demektir. Bedîî sanatlardan sayılan tazmin “hüsn-i tazmîn, tazmin ve iktibas, tazmin ve icâze” gibi başlıklar altında erken dönemlerden itibaren belâgat kitaplarında yer almıştır. Tazmin konusuna ilk değinenlerden biri olan İbnü’l-Mu‘tez hüsn-i tazmîni söz güzelliklerinden saymıştır. Onun verdiği örneklerden, meşhur şiirlerle âyetlerden kelime ve terkip alıntılamalarında bu terimi kullandığı ve iktibası da tazmin kapsamında gördüğü anlaşılmaktadır (el-Bedîʿ, s. 159-160). İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘ da hüsn-i tazmîni iktibası da içine alacak bir terim olarak görmüş; şiir, âyet, hadis, mesel, vecize ve hikmetli söz gibi alıntıları bu kapsam içinde değerlendirmiştir (Bedîʿu’l-Ḳurʾân, s. 52; Taḥrîrü’t-Taḥbîr, s. 140). Bu bağlamda tazmin hakkında nazmı ve nesri kapsayacak biçimde “söze başkalarının sözlerinden alıntı yapıp katma” şeklinde tarifler yapılmıştır. İbn Reşîḳ, tazmini ilk defa ayrıntılarıyla ele almış, şiire has alıntılar diye gördüğü tazmin için kapsamlı bir tanım yapmış ve çeşitli şekillerini örneklerle açıklamıştır. Ona göre tazmin, şairin diğer şairlerin şiirlerinden mısra veya beyit alıntılayıp kendi şiirinin ortasına ya da son kısmına bir örnek ve temsil olarak katmasıdır (el-ʿUmde, II, 80). Edebiyat tarihinde ilk defa Hatîb el-Kazvînî ile (ö. 739/1338) iktibas ve tazmin terimleri birbirinden ayrılmış ve değişmeyen tanımları yapılmıştır. Kazvînî, Kur’an ve hadisten yapılan referanssız alıntıları sözün veya şiirin bünyesine uyarlayıp yerleştirme sanatına iktibas, şiire özgü alıntıya da tazmin adını vermiş, alıntı yapılan kısım belâgat ve edebiyat otoritelerince tanınmadığı takdirde alıntı olduğuna işaret edilmesini şart koşmuştur (el-Îżâḥ, s. 580-584; et-Telḫîṣ, s. 422-424). Onun söz konusu ettiği işaret alıntı yapılan kısımdan önce “kavl, inşâd, tağniye” (şiir söyleme) gibi sözlerden birinin getirilmesiyle gerçekleşmektedir. Gerek Telḫîṣü’l-Miftâh şârihleri gerekse daha sonra gelen belâgat âlimleri tazmin ve iktibas konusunda aynı çizgiyi korumuştur.
Şairin orijinalin anlam ve temasını, kastettiği anlam ve temaya çevirerek alıntı yapması tazminin güzelliklerinden kabul edilmiştir. İbnü’r-Rûmî’nin şu dizelerinde görüldüğü gibi: “Ey Hâlid’i tanıyıp tanımadığını soran kimse / O arkası ıslak, eli kaya gibidir // Tıpkı yağmurla ıslandığı gecenin sabahında üstleri kuru, altları yaş ve ıslak papatyalar gibi.” Nâbiga ez-Zübyânî’den tazmin edilen ikinci beytin aslı kadın dişlerinin parlaklığını tasvirle ilgili iken İbnü’r-Rûmî onu bir kişinin arkası ve ellerinin tasviri makamında ironi üslûbu içinde kullanmıştır. Beyitlerin ikinci mısralarını meşhur kasidelerden tazmin edip kendi kasidelerine uyarlayan şairler de vardır. Buna “kasîm tazmini” denilmiştir (İbn Reşîḳ, II, 82). İbrâhim b. Abbas es-Sûlî’nin şu dizeleri buna örnektir: “Emîrin kapısında eskidim, ağaç oldum; sanki ben / Durun da bir sevgiliyi ve konak yerini yâdederek ağlayalım diyen gibi idim // Uzun süre çektiğim sıkıntı ve fakru zaruretten şikâyet etmek üzere geldiğimde / Üzüntüden kendini helâk etme, sabır ve tahammül göster diyorlar.” İkinci mısralar İmruülkays’ın muallakasından tazmin edilmiştir. Tazminin mısraların yeri değiştirilerek yapılan ve “ma‘kûs (maklûb) tazmin” diye anılan bir türü daha vardır. Abbas b. Velîd b. Abdülmelik’in Mesleme b. Abdülmelik’e söylediği şu dizelerde olduğu gibi:
لقد أنكرتني إنكار خوف، يضمّ حشاك عن شتمي وذحلي كقول المرء عمرو في القوافي، لقيس حين خالف كلّ عذل ”عذيرك من خليلك من مراد، أريد حياته ويريد قتلي“
(İçin bana karşı küfür, kin ve intikamla doluyken korkundan bana karşı gerçekçi olmadın // Amr’ın şiirinde her kınayana muhalefet eden Kays’a söylediği gibi: Sana dost olana kastın nedir, mazeretini açıkla / Ben onun yaşamasını isterken o beni öldürmek kastında). Son beyit ma’kûs tazmindir. Aslı Amr b. Ma‘dîkerib’e ait olup aralarında düşmanlık bulunan kız kardeşinin oğlu Kays b. Züheyr için söylenmiştir. Burada mısraların yerleri değiştirilmiştir. Hz. Ali’nin İbn Mülcem’i gördüğünde bu beyti okuyarak temsil getirdiği kaydedilir (a.g.e., II, 82-83). Bazı tazminlerde orijinalin sözlerinde değişiklik yapılması ve yeni şiirin bünyesinde farklı anlamda kullanılması da güzel bulunmuştur. Sühaym b. Vesîl er-Riyâhî’nin, ”أنا ابن جلا وطلّاع الثنّايا // متى أضع العمامة تعرفوني“ (Ben sorunlar çözen, sarp yollar aşan tanınmış biriyim / Savaş başlığını giydiğimde anlarsınız ne denli yiğit olduğumu) şeklindeki beyti, kel bir yahudi hakkında üçüncü tekil şahıs sîgaları ve ironi üslûbuyla şöyle tazmin edilmiştir:
أقول لمعشر غلطوا وغضّوا / عن الشيخ الرشيد وأنكروه هو ابن جلا وطلّاع الثنّايا / متى يضع العمامة تعرفوه
(Bilge ihtiyar hakkında yanılgıya düşen, erdemlerini küçümseyip inkâr edenlere derim ki // O dazlak oğlu dazlaktır, hem de dişlek ve sırıtıktır / Ne zaman sarığını çıkarırsa tanırsınız onu kelliğinden).
Bir beyit veya daha fazla alıntı yapmaya yeni şiiri oluşturmada önemli katkı sağladığı için “istiâne”, bir mısra veya daha az alıntı yapmaya da yeni şiirin eksiğini tamamlamada emanet eşya ve yama işlevi gördüğü için “îdâ‘” (emanet verme) ve “refv” (yamama) tazmini denilmiştir. İbnü’l-Mu‘tezz’in şu dizesinde İmruülkays’ın muallakasından sadece ”قِفا نَبْك“ (durun da ağlayalım) sözünü tazmin etmesi gibi: “Ben de orada geceyi geçirdim, yatağım yer olduğu halde, bağırsaklarım (karnım) durun da ağlayalım diye diye” (İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘, Taḥrîrü’t-Taḥbîr, s. 142). Müzdevic tazmini adı verilen tür farklı edebî bir sanat kabul edilmiştir. Tazminin bu şekli şiirde temel kafiye düzeni, secili nesirde ana seci sisteminin yanında mısra ve fıkraların orta kesimlerinde armoniyi ve fonetik güzelliği arttıran, vezin ve kafiye (seci) bakımından eşdeğer olan iki ve daha fazla öğenin getirilmesiyle oluşur. Bu edebî sanatı ilk defa Farsça Ḥadâʾiḳu’s-siḥr fî deḳāʾiḳi’ş-şiʿr adlı eserinde (s. 120) Reşîdüddin Vatvât ele almış, Fahreddin er-Râzî, İbnü’z-Zemlekânî, İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye gibi Arap belâgatçıları ondan etkilenmiştir; şu örneklerde görüldüğü gibi: ”وَجِئْتُكَ مِنْ سَبَإٍ بِنَبَإٍ يَقِينٍ“ (Sana Sebe’den kesin bir haber getirdim [en-Neml 27/22]); ”المؤمنون هينون لينون“ (Müminler mütevazi ve yumuşak huyludur); Sâhib b. Abbâd için yazılan mersiyeden, ”فقدناه لمّا تمّ واعتم بالعلا / كذلك خسوف البدر عند تمامه“ (Yitirdik onu, kemale erdiği, bütün yüce mevkileri ve erdemleri kazandığı zamanda / Nitekim ayın tutulup kaybolması dolunay zamanında olur); yine ”تعوّد وسم الوهب والنهب في العلا / وهذان وقت اللطف والعنف دأبه“ (Yüceliklerde iken ihsan ve yağma alâmeti onun âdeti oldu / Evet, lutuf ve şiddet dönemlerinde bu iki haslet onun alâmeti haline geldi) örneklerdeki Sebe’-nebe’, heynûn-leynûn, temme-i‘temme, vehb-nehb, lutf-unf ikilemeleri gibi.
Lugavî/nahvî tazmin diye anılan tür fiil, isim ve edatlarda gerçekleşebilirse de daha çok fiillerde görülür. Fiil geçişlilik-geçişsizlikte ve belli harf-i cerle geçişli olma hususunda anlamını içerdiği fiil gibi kullanılır ve kendi anlamının yanında o fiilin mânasını da içerir. Bu şekil îcâz üslûbuyla birlikte mecazi bir anlam ifade ettiğinden belâgat ve edebî sanat açısından güzel bulunmuştur. Kahire Arap Dil Kurumu bir fiilin başka bir fiilin mânasını ve i‘rabını kapsaması (tazmin) için üç şart öngörmüştür: İki fiil arasında anlam ilgisinin bulunması, diğer fiilin de düşünülmesine imkân veren ve karışıklığı ortadan kaldıran bir karînenin mevcut olması, tazminin Arap zevkine uygun düşmesi. Bunlardan başka tazminin belâgat açısından bir yarar amacıyla yapılmış olması da istenmiştir. Şu âyetler buna örnektir: ”وَلَا تَعْزِمُوا عُقْدَةَ النِّكَاحِ“ (Nikâh kıymaya kalkışmayın [el-Bakara 2/235]). Burada ”وَلَا تَعْزِمُوا“ (kalkışmayın) fiilinin ”على“ harf-i cerriyle geçişliliği mûtat iken mef‘ûlünü doğrudan alan bir fiil gibi kullanılması, anlam ilgisi sebebiyle mef‘ûlünü doğrudan alan ”ولا تنووا“ (niyetlenmeyin) anlamını içerdiği şeklinde bir te’vile yol açmıştır. Yine ”لَا يَسَّمَّعُونَ إِلَى الْمَلَإِ الْأَعْلَى“ (Onlar artık kulak verip o yüce topluluğu dinleyemezler) âyetindeki (es-Sâffât 37/8) ”يَسَّمَّعُونَ“ fiilinin mef‘ûlünü doğrudan alması söz konusu iken ”إلى“ harf-i cerriyle kullanılması, anlam ilgisi sebebiyle mef‘ûlünü bu harf-i cerle alan لا يصغون (dinleyemez, kulak veremezler) fiilinin anlamını da içerdiği biçimindeki yoruma imkân vermiştir. ”وَإِذَا خَلَوْا إِلَى شَيَاطِينِهِمْ“ âyetinde (el-Bakara 2/14) ”خَلَوْا“ in ”انتهى“ anlamını kapsaması da böyledir. Bazı harf-i cerlerin başka harf-i cer ve edatların mânasını içermesi de bu tür bir tazmindir. ”وَلَأُصَلِّبَنَّكُمْ فِي جُذُوعِ النَّخْلِ“ (Sizi hurma ağaçlarının gövdeleri üzerinde çarmıha gereceğim) âyetinde (Tâhâ 20/71) ”في“ edatı ”على“ harf-i cerri anlamında kullanılmıştır. Bu tür tazminin Arap dilinde varlığı konusunda olumsuz yaklaşım ortaya koyanlar da vardır. Çünkü tazminin cereyan ettiği söylenen lafzın gerçek mânada böyle kullanılmadığını kanıtlayan kesin bir delil bulunmamaktadır. Hüccet ve şahit olarak getirilen birçok kadim sözde fiilin hem lâzım hem müteaddî şeklinde geçmesi onun aslında böyle kullanıldığını göstermektedir.
Aruz ilminde tazmin anlamın bir beyitte tamamlanmayıp sonraki beyitle alâkalı olmasıdır. Bu bir kafiye kusuru sayılmıştır, zira iyi şiirin her beyti müstakil bir mâna taşır. Ancak bunun kusur sayılması arkadan gelen beytin önceki beytin tefsiri, sıfatı, tekidi ve bedeli olmaması halindedir, çünkü bu durumda beytin anlamı kendi içinde tamamlanmış sayılır. İkinci beyitteki alâkalı kısım kafiye lafzıyla ilgili ise kusur, başka bir lafızla ilgili ise daha küçük bir kusurdur (İbn Reşîḳ, I, 171). Şu örnekteki kusur birinci türdendir:
”و سعدًا نسائلهم والرّباب / وسائل هوازن عنّا إذاما لقينا كيف تعلوهم / بواتر يعزين بيضًا وهاما“
(Biz soruyoruz Sa‘d’a, Rebâb’a, sen de sor bizi Hevâzin’e: Savaş meydanında karşılaştığımızda miğferleri ve başları parçalayan keskin kılıçların tepelerine nasıl inip çıktığını). Ziyâeddin İbnü’l-Esîr bu tazmini kusur saymamaktadır (el-Mes̱elü’s-sâʾir, II, 342).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbnü’l-Mu‘tez, el-Bedîʿ (nşr. M. Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî), Beyrut 1410/1990, s. 159-160; Bâkıllânî, İʿcâzü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Seyyid Ahmed Sakr), Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-maârif), s. 413; İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, el-ʿUmde (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Kahire 1353/1934, I, 171; II, 80-88; Reşîdüddin Vatvât, Ḥadâʾiḳu’s-siḥr fî deḳāʾiḳi’ş-şiʿr (trc. İbrâhim Emîn eş-Şevâribî), Kahire 1364/1945, s. 120; Fahreddin er-Râzî, Nihâyetü’l-îcâz fî dirâyeti’l-iʿcâz, Kahire 1317, s. 34; Ziyâeddin İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Mes̱elü’s-sâʾir (nşr. Ahmed el-Havfî – Bedevî Tabâne), Kahire 1358/1939, II, 342; Abdülvâhid b. Abdülkerîm ez-Zemlekânî, et-Tibyân (nşr. Ahmed Matlûb – Hadîce el-Hadîsî), Bağdad 1382/1964, s. 172; İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘, Bedîʿu’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Hifnî M. Şeref), Kahire 1392/1972, s. 52-53; a.mlf., Taḥrîrü’t-Taḥbîr (nşr. Hifnî M. Şeref), Kahire 1383/1963, s. 140-142; Muzaffer b. Fazl el-Alevî, Nażratü’l-iġrîż fî nuṣreti’l-ḳarîż (nşr. Nühâ Ârif Hasan), Dımaşk 1396/1976, s. 190; Hatîb el-Kazvînî, el-Îżâḥ (nşr. M. Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî), Kahire 1400/1980, s. 580-584; a.mlf., et-Telḫîṣ (nşr. Abdurrahman el-Berkūkī), Kahire 1350/1932, s. 422-424; Ebû Muhammed Kāsım es-Sicilmâsî, el-Menzeʿu’l-bedîʿ fî tecnîsi esâlîbi’l-bedîʿ (nşr. Allâl el-Gāzî), Rabat 1401/1980, s. 213; İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, el-Fevâʾid, Kahire 1327, s. 226; Teftâzânî, el-Muṭavvel, İstanbul 1330, s. 471; Zerkeşî, el-Burhân, III, 338; Süyûtî, Muʿterekü’l-aḳrân fî iʿcâzi’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Ali Muhammed el-Bicâvî), Kahire 1369/1949, I, 398; a.mlf., el-İtḳān, Kahire 1368, II, 40, 56, 90; İbn Ma‘sûm, Envârü’r-rebîʿ bi-envâʿi’l-bedîʿ (nşr. Şâkir Hâdî Şükr), Necef 1388/1968, VI, 215; Besyûnî Abdülfettâh Besyûnî, ʿİlmü’l-bedîʿ, Kahire 1408/1987, s. 139-141.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 204-206 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. Bu bölüm en son 03.01.2018 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Tazmin kelimesi eskiden nazım ve nesir için kullanılırken gazeteciliğin yayılmasından sonra tazmin nazma, iktibas nesre ait bir terim haline gelmiştir. Tazmin daha ziyade gazel ve kasidede uygulanır. Bazan tek beytin başına mısra ilâvesiyle birden fazla bent oluşturularak tazmin beytinin her bentte tekrarlandığı musammatlara da rastlanır. Tazminde alıntılanan şiir parçasının kime ait olduğunu söylemek bir kuraldır (Bihamdillâh zamânında be-kavl-i Sabri-i Şâkir / Girîbân-ı felek mehcûr-ı dest-i âh-ı şekvâdır [Nef‘î]; Râsih’in bu beytini tazmîn edip kilk-i Nedîm / Nukl sundu içtiğim sahbâ-yı irfân üstüne / Süzme çeşmin gelmesin müjgân müjgân üstüne / Urma zahm-ı sîneye peykân peykân üstüne [Nedîm]). Çok bilinen bir mısra veya beytin iktibas edilmesi halinde şairin adının söylenmemesi kusur sayılmamaktadır (Rûm’da ona Sürûrî gelemez mi karşı / İşte meydân-ı sühan gitmeyelim Şîrâz’e [Sürûrî]; Halep anda ise bunda bulunur endâze / İşte meydân-ı sühan gitmeyelim Şîrâz’e [Fehîm-i Kadîm]). Bir şair diğer bir şairin mısralarından alıp onu kendi şiiri gibi gösterir yahut mazmununu değiştirerek kendi şiirine katarsa bu sirkat sayılır. Ancak halef selefin şiirini alıp daha güzel biçimde söylerse bu tazmin değil nazîre olur. Çünkü tazminde esas olan şiiri değiştirmeden ve şairini gizlemeden kullanmaktır. Yahya Kemal, Selîmî’nin (II. Selim), Nef‘î’nin, Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem’in ve Abdülhak Hâmid’in mısralarını gazel, kıta ve şarkılarıyla tazmin etmiştir. Modern şiirde bir mısra veya beyti olduğu gibi tazmin etme yoluna gidilmiyorsa da bazı şairlerin eski şiirden ilhamla tazmini andıran alıntılar yaptığı görülür. Meselâ Behçet Necatigil’in, “İçimize kapandıkça gül / Bir gül açılmaz yüzün teg” dizelerinde Fuzûlî’nin ünlü “Su Kasidesi”ndeki, “Suya versin bâğban gülzârı zahmet çekmesin / Bir gül açılmaz yüzün teg verse bin gülzâra su” beytinden tazmin yoluyla yararlanılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, Belâgat-ı Osmâniyye, İstanbul 1299, s. 179; Mustafa Nihat Özön, Edebiyat ve Tenkid Sözlüğü, İstanbul 1954, s. 262; Hüseyin Küçükkalay, Kur’ân Dili Arapça, Konya 1969, s. 347; Tâhirülmevlevî, Edebiyat Lügatı, İstanbul 1973, s. 150-151; M. Kaya Bilgegil, Edebiyat Bilgi ve Teorileri-Belâgat, Ankara 1980, s. 270; İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1999, s. 386; M. A. Yekta Saraç, Klâsik Edebiyat Bilgisi Belâgat, İstanbul 2000, s. 251-252; “Tazmin”, TDEA, VIII, 287-288.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 206 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.