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TEBDİL GEZMEK Skip to content Hükümdarların tanınmamak için kıyafet değiştirerek denetleme amacıyla halk arasında dolaşmalarını ifade eden bir tabir.
1/2 Müellif: NEBİ BOZKURT Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “değiştirmek” anlamındaki tebdîlden gelen tebdil gezmek (tebdîl-i kıyâfet / tebdîlü’l-kıyâfe), saraylarda farklı bir hayat süren hükümdarları…
2/2 Müellif: MEHMET İPŞİRLİ Bölüme Git
Osmanlılar’da. Tebdil gezme kaynaklarda “tebdîl-i kıyâfet, tebdîl-i câme, tebdile çıkma” şeklinde de geçer. Hükümdarların ve idarecilerin kıyafet deği…
Sözlükte “değiştirmek” anlamındaki tebdîlden gelen tebdil gezmek (tebdîl-i kıyâfet / tebdîlü’l-kıyâfe), saraylarda farklı bir hayat süren hükümdarların kimliklerini gizlemek için kılık değiştirip halkın durumunu bizzat görmek veya kendileri hakkında düşüncelerini öğrenmek amacıyla onların arasında dolaşmasıdır. Kaynaklarda bu husus daha çok Arapça’da “kıyafet değiştirmek, başka bir kılığa girmek” mânasına gelen tegayyür ve tenekkür kelimeleriyle anlatılır. Eskiden Araplar savaşlarda pars (nemr) derisi giyerler ve bunu “tenekkür”le ifade ederlerdi. Tebdil gezmedeki gizlilikten dolayı hafâ’ (gizli olmak) kökünden türeyen bazı kalıplar da kullanılmıştır. Batı dillerinde bunun karşılığında “disguise” ve “incognito” gibi kelimeler yer alır.
Tebdilikıyafet giyim kuşam yanında yüz makyajı, saç sakal, bıyık tıraşı gibi bazı değişiklikler yapmayı da içine alır. Tarihte kılık değiştirmeye dair pek çok örneğe rastlamak mümkündür. İslâmî kaynaklarda Hz. Dâvûd’un hükümdar olduktan sonra tebdilikıyafetle halkın arasına karıştığı, kendisinin ve devletin icraatı hakkında onların düşüncelerini öğrendiği nakledilir. Ahd-i Atîk’te Saul’ün kılık değiştirip cinci bir kadına gitmesinden (I. Samuel, 28/8), bazı İsrâil krallarının cenge girmek için kıyafet değiştirmesinden (I. Krallar, 22/30; II. Tarihler, 18/29; 35/22); Ahd-i Cedîd’de sahte resullerin Mesîh’in elçileri sûretine bürünmesinden, şeytanın kılık değiştirip nur meleğinin şekline girmesinden (Korintoslular’a İkinci Mektup, 11/13-14) söz edilir. Ashâb-ı Kehf kıssasında mağarada gizlenen gençlerden Diomedes veya Lamblichus’un olup biteni öğrenmek ve yiyecek temin etmek üzere tebdilikıyafet ederek şehre indiği anlatılır.
Tarihte tebdil gezmenin halkın durumunu anlama, saraydan sıkılıp dışarıya açılma arzusu ve kimliğini gizleyerek düşmanlardan korunma gibi amaçlarla yapıldığı görülür. Kaynaklarda farklı bir kimliğe bürünüp halkın arasına giren, uzun yolculuklara çıkan veya bir yerde ikamet eden kimselere dair rivayetlere çokça rastlanmaktadır. Hz. Ömer gece karanlığında Medine sokaklarında dolaşarak halkın durumunu ve yönetimden memnun olup olmadıklarını anlamaya çalışırdı. Halktan biri gibi giyinen Hz. Ömer’in bu davranışı “devriye gezmek” şeklinde ifade edilmiştir (Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, s. 105; Süyûtî, s. 155). Tebdil gezme daha çok Abbâsîler döneminde görülür. Sesi çok güzel olan ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i güzel okuyan hadis hâfızı Abdurrahman b. Bişr’in kıraatini dinlemek için Nîşâbur Emîri Abdullah b. Tâhir akşamları tebdilikıyafet ederek imamlık yaptığı camiye gitmeyi âdet edinmişti. Hârûnürreşîd ile veziri Ca‘fer b. Yahyâ el-Bermekî sık sık tebdilikıyafetle halk arasında dolaşırdı. Bizans İmparatoru Theophilos’un Hârûnürreşîd’i taklit ederek tebdilikıyafetle şehirde dolaştığı, tebaanın en fakir ve güçsüzleriyle konuştuğu, bunların şikâyetlerini dinleyip suçluları ibret alınacak şekilde cezalandırdığı bilinmektedir (Ostrogorsky, s. 195). Mu‘tazıd-Billâh ile nedimi Abdullah b. Hamdân ve Kādir-Billâh gibi bazı halife ve devlet adamları genellikle tüccar kılığında halkın arasına karışırdı. Abbâsî Halifesi Muktedir-Billâh’ın yakalanmasını emrettiği Fâtımî hilâfetinin kurucusu Ubeydullah el-Mehdî, Suriye’den İfrîkıye’ye kadar olan uzun yolculuğunu tüccar kılığında yapmıştı (İbn Haldûn, III, 363). Bu arada derviş, kadın, dilenci, ruhban kılığına girenler de vardı (Hilâl es-Sâbî, s. 78; Zehebî, s. 9). Kıyafet değiştirmeye savaş hileleri ve casusluk gibi amaçlarla da başvurulmuştur. Kinâne’den Benî Bekir b. Abdümenât’ın Hudeybiye Antlaşması’na aykırı olarak müslümanların müttefiki Huzâa’ya saldırması esnasında tebdilikıyafetle saldırıya katılan Safvân b. Ümeyye gibi Kureyşli gençler vardı. Fâtımî Halifesi Muiz-Lidînillâh tarafından Kuzey Afrika’ya gönderilen Cevher es-Sıkıllî ile savaşı göze alamayan Midrârîler’den İbn Vâsûl ailesi ve yakınlarıyla birlikte gizlice Sicilmâse’den ayrılmış, ardından durumu gözlemek için kıyafet değiştirip şehre girmeye çalışırken yakalanıp Cevher’e teslim edilmiştir. Kösedağ savaşında yenilen II. Keyhusrev gece karanlığında kıyafetini değiştirerek Tokat’a sığınmak zorunda kalmıştır. Hindistan Delhi Sultanlığı hükümdarlarından Radıyye Begüm halk arasına karışırken erkek elbisesi giyiyor ve yüzüne nikap takıyordu. Destan ve halk hikâyelerinde kılık değiştirip kimliğini gizleme motifi çok yaygındır. Tebdilikıyafetle yolculuğa çıkan hükümdarlar bu motifin başlıca kahramanlarındandır. Dede Korkut’ta hakanların düzeni sağlamak için kılık değiştirip toplumun içine girdikleri anlatılır. Binbir gece masallarında Hârûnürreşîd ile veziri Ca‘fer el-Bermekî’nin ve başka hükümdarların tüccar kıyafetiyle Bağdat sokaklarına çıktıkları hikâye edilir (Elf leyle ve leyle, III, 13 vd.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, Evâʾil, Beyrut 1407/1987, s. 105; Hilâl b. Muhassin es-Sâbî, Rüsûmü dâri’l-ḫilâfe (nşr. Mîhâîl Avvâd), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 78; Zehebî, Târîḫu’l-İslâm: sene 671-680, s. 9; İbn Haldûn, el-ʿİber, III, 363; Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ (Şemseddin), V, 119; Süyûtî, Târîḫu’l-ḫulefâʾ , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’s-sekāfe), s. 155; Elf leyle ve leyle, Kahire 1375/1956, I, 114; III, 13 vd.; IV, 122; VI, 165, 166; G. Ostrogorsky, Bizans Devleti Tarihi (trc. Fikret Işıltan), Ankara 1981, s. 195; Concordance to the Good News Bible (ed. D. Robinson), Suffolk 1983, s. 279; Bahriye Üçok, İslâm Devletlerinde Türk Naibeler ve Kadın Hükümdarlar, Ankara 1993, s. 49-50; Mehmet Naci Önal, “Halk Anlatılarında Kahramanın Kimliğinin Gizlenmesi”, Turkish Studies, V/1 (2010), s. 1271-1285.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 213 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.
Osmanlılar’da. Tebdil gezme kaynaklarda “tebdîl-i kıyâfet, tebdîl-i câme, tebdile çıkma” şeklinde de geçer. Hükümdarların ve idarecilerin kıyafet değiştirerek dolaşmaları tarih boyunca pek çok devlette görülür. Osmanlılar’da bu tür uygulamalar hakkında erken tarihli örnekler mevcut değildir. XVI. yüzyıldan itibaren padişahların farklı meslek erbabının kıyafetleriyle halk arasına karıştığına dair bilgilere rastlanır. Kaynakların belirttiğine göre Yavuz Sultan Selim kıyafet değiştirip uzun süren gezilere ve ava çıkardı. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman ve sadrazamı İbrâhim Paşa sipahi elbisesiyle tebdile çıkmışlardı. Tebdil gezme usulü XVII. yüzyılda daha da yaygınlaşmıştır. Bilhassa tahta çıkan genç yaştaki padişahların tebdil gezme arzusunda oldukları kaydedilir. Bu durumun, halkı tanıma yanında kafes arkasında geçen şehzadelik dönemlerinden sonra serbestçe hareket etme isteklerini tatminden ileri geldiği düşünülebilir. II. Osman’ın bostancı, II. Ahmed’in Mevlevî şeyhi kıyafetine büründüğü, IV. Murad’ın değişik kıyafetler giydiği, IV. Mehmed, II. Süleyman, II. Ahmed ve II. Mustafa’nın uzun zaman ikamet etmiş olmalarından dolayı daha ziyade Edirne’de tebdile çıktıkları bilinmektedir. XVIII. yüzyıl hükümdarlarından III. Mustafa tebdil hasekisi, I. Abdülhamid şerif, III. Selim delilbaşı, kalyoncu, zaîm kıyafetleriyle dolaşmıştır. Padişahlar tebdile çıkarken onlara refakat edenler de farklı kılıklara bürünürdü. IV. Murad tebdil gezilerinde vezîriâzamını, bazan musahibini yanına alırdı.
Padişahlar tebdilikıyafetle ava çıktıklarında gördükleri olumsuzluklara müdahale eder, tedbir alınmasını emreder, bazan rastladıkları bu davranışlar yüzünden ölüm dahil ağır cezalar verirlerdi. IV. Murad’ın Maltepe menzilinde tebdil gezerken sefer hazırlıklarını yetersiz bulduğu Cigalazâde Mahmud ve Yûsuf, Sultanzâde Mehmed ile Vezir Mustafa paşaların sürgüne gönderilmesini emretmiş (Naîmâ, II, 760), Bağdat seferi sırasında tesadüf ettiği tütün içen on dört neferi cezalandırmıştır. III. Mustafa da rastladığı bir sefâret tercümanının kimliğini araştırarak onun ricâl konaklarına gidip casusluk yaptığını anlayınca katlini istemiştir. Aynı padişah, sarı mest ve renkli elbise giymeme yasağına uymayan bir hıristiyan ekmekçiyi ve bir yahudiyi görünce ölümle cezalandırmıştır. Padişahları tebdil gezerken tanıdığını belli etmek, onlarla konuşmak, arzuhal sunmak âdet değildi; böyle davrananlar ağır şekilde cezalandırılırdı. III. Mustafa’nın tebdil gezilerine dair örnekler veren Şem‘dânîzâde, “Bir padişahın sırf haşmet olsun diye şehirde tebdil gezerken hiç olmazsa bir bî-edebi katl veya başka bir şekilde te’dib ve sebepli sebepsiz bir diğerini olmayacak bir ihsanda bulunarak ihya etmelidir, böylece herkes edebini takınıp keremini umar olsun” derken tebdil gezmenin bir başka vechesine işaret eder (Müri’t-tevârîh, II/A, s. 35).
İç ve dış bunalımların Osmanlı Devleti’ni ciddi anlamda sarstığı dönemlerde hükümdarlık yapan I. Abdülhamid ve III. Selim’in sıkça tebdile çıkıp halkın nabzını tutmaya çalıştıkları anlaşılmaktadır. İktidarlarının meşruiyet araçlarından biri olarak tebdilin kullanılmasının özellikle reformcu hükümdarlar döneminde daha sık görülmesi şaşırtıcı değildir. I. Abdülhamid’in ulemâ kavuğu üzerine yeşil destar sarıp maiyetine silâhdar ağa, mâbeyin ağaları ve çavuşlardan bazılarını alarak sur içi İstanbul’unu, çarşı pazarları ve kapanları teftiş ettiği, bu gezilerin sabahleyin başlayıp ikindi vaktine kadar sürdüğü, bunun ardından İstanbul halkına, çarşı ve pazarlara dair sert emirler çıkardığı belgelerden anlaşılmaktadır. III. Selim’in tahta cülûsundan itibaren aksaklıkları, yolsuzlukları kontrole özel bir önem verdiği bilinmektedir. Tebdilikıyafetle Kızkulesi’ni teftiş eden III. Selim kule dizdarının görev başında olmadığını görünce bulunup denize atılmasını emretmiş, araya girenlerin ricası üzerine canını bağışlayarak görevinden uzaklaştırmıştır. Bir defasında Baruthâne-i Âmire’ye gittiğinde kendisini tanımayan görevlilerin şikâyetlerini duyunca durumlarının iyileştirilmesini istemiştir. Bu arada sıkça tebdil gezmesinin tehlikelerinden bahseden Şeyhülislâm Mehmed Şerif Efendi’yi azletmiştir.
II. Mahmud’un da halk arasına karıştığına, Tophâne-i Âmire’de top dökümünü seyrettiğine, ateş tâlimi ve topların süratiyle ilgilendiğine dair kayıtlar vardır. Tanzimat dönemiyle birlikte padişahlar artık bu tür uygulamalara başvurmamıştır. Tebdil gezme esas itibariyle padişahlar hakkında kullanılmakla birlikte sadrazam, yeniçeri ağası, subaşı, nâib gibi yetkililer teftiş maksadıyla tebdilikıyafete başvurmuştur. Tebdil gezme sırasında sayıları on ikiyi bulan tebdil hasekileri padişahın maiyetinde bulunur, belli zamanlarda bunlar kıyafet değiştirip İstanbul’da dolaşır ve gizli emirlerle vilâyetlere gönderilirdi. Kayıkla tebdilikıyafet gezen padişahın kayığını çeken kürekçilere “tebdîl-i hümâyun hamlacısı” denilmiş, tebdille Boğaziçi’nde bindiği kayığa da “tebdil piyadesi” adı verilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Topçular Kâtibi Abdülkadir (Kadrî) Efendi Târihi (haz. Ziya Yılmazer), Ankara 2003, I, 9, 325, 375, 378, 396, 529, 533; II, 692, 767, 871, 999-1000, 1173; Kâtib Çelebi, Fezleke, II, 9; Naîmâ, Târih (haz. Mehmet İpşirli), Ankara 2007, II, 614, 760, 828, 852, 869-870, 874, 876, 980; Şem‘dânîzâde, Müri’t-tevârîh (Aktepe), II/A, s. 12, 35; Taylesanizâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi: İstanbul’un Uzun Dört Yılı: 1785-1789 (haz. Feridun M. Emecen), İstanbul 2003, s. 52-53; Câbî Ömer Efendi, Târih (haz. Mehmet Ali Beyhan), Ankara 2003, I, 342, 453, 941-942; Vekāyiname, TTK Ktp., nr. 58, tür.yer.; III. Selim’in Sırkâtibi Ahmed Efendi Tarafından Tutulan Rûznâme (haz. V. Sema Arıkan), Ankara 1993, tür.yer.; Uzunçarşılı, Saray Teşkilâtı, s. 59-61, 475; Danişmend, Kronoloji, III, 391-392; IV, 67, 442-443; Fikret Sarıcaoğlu, Kendi Kaleminden Bir Padişahın Portresi: Sultan I. Abdülhamid (1774-1789), İstanbul 2001, s. 47-51; Necdet Sakaoğlu, “Tebdil Gezmek”, DBİst.A, VII, 230-231.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 213-214 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.