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TEBÜK GAZVESİ Skip to content Hz. Peygamber’in Bizanslılar’a karşı düzenlediği gazve (Receb 9 / Ekim 630).
Tebük, Medine-Suriye ticaret yolu üzerinde Medine’ye 700 km. uzaklıktadır. Tebük Gazvesi esnasında büyük güçlükler ve sıkıntılarla karşılaşıldığından bu zaman için Kur’an’da “sâatü’l-usre” (güçlük zamanı) tabiri geçer (et-Tevbe 9/117). Bu sebeple orduya “ceyşü’l-usre”, gazveye “Gazvetü’l-usre” adı verilmiştir. Gazve sırasında münafıkların çıkardığı fitne ve fesadı anlatan, iç yüzlerini ortaya koyan âyetlerin inmesi dolayısıyla buna “Gazvetü’l-fâdıha” da denilir. İslâm-Bizans ilişkileri, Resûl-i Ekrem’in Herakleios’a İslâm’a davet mektubu göndermesi ve onun elçiye güzel muamelede bulunup elçiyi hediyelerle uğurlamasıyla dostane başlamıştı. Ancak Mûte Savaşı’ndan itibaren (Cemâziyelevvel 8 / Eylül 629) o yıllarda Sâsânîler’e karşı önemli zaferler kazanan Bizans’ın âni bir saldırısından endişe ediliyordu. Vâkıdî müslümanların bu dönemde en çok Rumlar’dan çekindiklerini bildirir (el-Meġāzî , I, 990).
Suriye’den Medine’ye gelen Nabatî tüccarların Herakleios’un Medine’ye saldırmak için hazırlık yaptığını ve Lahm, Cüzâm, Gassân, Âmile gibi hıristiyan Arap kabilelerinin Bizanslılar’a katıldığını, öncü birliklerinin Arap çölü sınırındaki Belkā’ya ulaştığını haber vermesi üzerine Hz. Peygamber Tebük Gazvesi’ne hazırlanmaya başladı (a.g.e. , a.y.; İbn Sa‘d, II, 165). Ayrıca Suriye’deki hıristiyan Araplar’ın Herakleios’a bir mektup yazarak Muhammed’in öldüğünü, müslümanların kıtlık içinde perişan duruma düştüğünü, asker gönderip onları kendi dinine katmanın tam zamanı olduğunu bildirmeleri sebebiyle onun harekete geçtiği rivayet edilir. Bu sırada hava sıcaktı ve önemli bir kıtlık vardı; öte yandan hurmalar olgunlaşmak üzereydi; dolayısıyla savaşa gitmenin büyük fedakârlık gerektirdiği günler yaşanıyordu. Resûlullah, daha önceki gazvelere hazırlanırken nereye gidileceğini son ana kadar gizli tuttuğu halde bu defa çok uzak bir yere sefer yapılacağını, yolculuğun çok zor olacağını ve düşman ordusunun gücünü dikkate alarak kiminle savaşılacağını baştan açıkladı; askerlerin ona göre hazırlık yapmasını söyledi (İbn Hişâm, II, 516). Bütün müslüman kabilelerine haber gönderilip savaşa hazırlanmaları ve Medine’ye gelmeleri istendi. Diğer tarihçilerin aksine İbn Kesîr, Tebük Gazvesi’nin düzenlenmesini cizye âyetine (et-Tevbe 9/29) ve inkârcılarla mücadelenin en yakındakilerden başlatılmasıyla ilgili âyete (et-Tevbe 9/123) bağlamaktadır. Ona göre bu âyetler inince Resûl-i Ekrem, kendisine en yakın bölgede oturdukları ve Ehl-i kitap olmaları dolayısıyla hakka çağrılmaya en lâyık toplum sayıldıkları için Bizans’a karşı bir sefere karar vermiştir (el-Bidâye ve’n-nihâye , IX, 144; Tefsîr , IV, 132, 178).
Sefer tâlimatının verilmesinden itibaren münafıklar savaş hazırlıklarını engellemek amacıyla harekete geçtiler. Çeşitli bahaneler uydurarak bozgunculuk yapıyorlar, havanın sıcaklığını öne sürüp savaşa gitmek isteyenleri caydırmaya uğraşıyorlardı (et-Tevbe 9/81). Bu arada bazı münafıkların, faaliyetlerini Süveylim adındaki bir yahudinin evinden yürüttüğü öğrenilince bu ev Hz. Peygamber’in emriyle yakıldı. Yalan beyanda bulunarak izin isteyen seksen civarında münafığa izin verildi. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de bu münafıkların fitne çıkarıp müslümanlara zarar verecekleri ve Allah’ın onların sefere çıkmasını istemediği bildirilmektedir (et-Tevbe 9/42-47). Bedevî Araplar’dan da bir bahane ile savaşa katılmamak için izin talep edenler olduysa da Resûlullah onlara izin vermedi (Vâkıdî, I, 995; İbn Sa‘d, II, 165). Bunun yanında bazı müslümanlarda sefere karşı bir isteksizlik ve durgunluk görüldüğünden Allah Teâlâ müminleri uyarmıştır: “Ey iman edenler! Size ne oldu ki, ‘Allah yolunda seferber olunuz’ denilince yerinize yığılıp kaldınız; yoksa âhiretten vazgeçip dünya hayatına mı razı oldunuz? Fakat dünya hayatının nimetleri âhiret saadetinin yanında pek az bir şeydir. Eğer seferber olmazsanız Allah sizi acıklı bir azapla cezalandırır ve yerinize başka bir kavim getirir de siz Peygamber’e hiçbir şekilde zarar veremezsiniz. Allah her şeye kādirdir. Eğer siz Peygamber’e yardım etmezseniz Allah ona yardım eder” (et-Tevbe 9/38-40). Bu uyarı üzerine ashap sefer hazırlıklarını hızlandırdı. Asker sayısının çokluğu dolayısıyla binek vb. ihtiyaçların temininde karşılaşılan zorluklar ve kıtlık yüzünden Resûl-i Ekrem ashaptan yardım istedi. Hz. Ebû Bekir malının tamamını, Hz. Ömer yarısını getirdi. Ancak en büyük yardımı Hz. Osman yaptı; 300 deve ile 1000 dinar verdi; onun ordunun üçte birini donattığı da rivayet edilir (Müsned , IV, 75). Münafıkların çok az yardım yapabilen fakir sahâbîlerle alay etmeleri üzerine Allah bu münafıkların maskaraya çevirileceğini ve elem verici bir azaba çarptırılacağını bildirdi (et-Tevbe 9/79). Müslüman kadınlar da ziynet eşyalarını getirdi. Bu yardımlara rağmen özellikle binek ihtiyacı karşılanamıyordu. Sefere katılmayı arzu ettikleri halde binek bulamayan yedi sahâbî Hz. Peygamber’e başvurdu ve onun da binek temin edememesi üzerine ağlayarak geri döndü. Haklarında âyet nâzil olan (et-Tevbe 9/92) ve “bekkâîn” diye anılan bu yedi kişi üç sahâbî tarafından binekleri sağlanınca gazveye katıldı. Böylece kısa sürede 30.000 kişilik bir ordu hazırlandı.
Resûlullah, Hz. Ali’yi yerine vekil bıraktıktan sonra Medine’den ayrıldı. Bazı rivayetlerde ise Ali’yi sadece Ehl-i beyt’inin başında bıraktığı, umumi vekil olarak Muhammed b. Mesleme’yi (Sibâ‘ b. Urfuta ve İbn Ümmü Mektûm’un adı da geçer) görevlendirdiği zikredilir. Hz. Ali’nin Medine’de kalması münafıkların dedikodularına yol açınca Ali hemen yola çıkıp Cürf’te orduya yetişti; fakat Resûl-i Ekrem kendisine, “Sen bana göre Mûsâ’ya nisbetle Hârûn’un durumunda olmak istemez misin; ancak benden sonra peygamber gelmeyecektir” dedi ve onu Medine’ye gönderdi. Hz. Peygamber ilk karargâhını Seniyyetülvedâ’da kurdu. Burada toplanan askerin mevcudu 30.000’i geçiyordu. Binek olarak 10.000 at, 12.000 deve vardı (Belâzürî, I, 368). Adamlarıyla birlikte oraya kadar gelen ve Zübâb tepesi civarında ayrı bir ordugâha yerleşen münafıkların reisi Abdullah b. Übey, “Muhammed Rumlar’la savaşmayı oyuncak sanıyor. Ben onun ve arkadaşlarının iplere bağlandığını görür gibiyim” diyerek yetmiş seksen taraftarıyla Medine’ye döndü (Vâkıdî, I, 995). Bununla birlikte çok sayıda münafık ganimet beklentisiyle sefere katıldı. Bu arada birkaç sahâbî geçerli bir mazeretleri olmadığı halde orduya katılmamıştı; bunların üçü hariç diğerleri daha sonra orduya yetişti. Sefere iştirak etmeyen sahâbîlerden Ebû Hayseme el-Ensârî de ordunun hareketinden birkaç gün sonra atına binerek Tebük’e doğru yola çıktı.
Hareket öncesinde büyük sancağı Hz. Ebû Bekir’e, muhacirlerin bayrağını Zübeyr b. Avvâm’a, ensardan Benî Evs’in bayrağını Üseyd b. Hudayr’a, Benî Hazrec’in bayrağını Hubâb b. Münzir’e (veya Ebû Dücâne) teslim eden Resûl-i Ekrem diğer kabilelerin de bayrak almaları tâlimatını verdi. Binek yetersizliği dolayısıyla develere nöbetleşe biniliyordu. Hz. Peygamber, Tebük yolunda Semûd kavminin yurdu Hicr’den geçerken ashabına Allah’ın gazabına uğrayan bu beldedeki kuyudan su içmemelerini, abdest almamalarını söyledi ve devesini hızla sürerek oradan uzaklaştı. Su ihtiyacını karargâhtan uzakta Sâlih peygamberin devesinin su içtiği kuyudan karşılamalarını istedi (Buhârî, “Enbiyâʾ”, 17; “Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 15/2; Müslim, “Zühd”, 38-40). Hicr yöresinde konakladıkları gece şiddetli bir fırtına çıkacağını, herkesin devesini sıkı bir şekilde bağlamasını, hiç kimsenin yanında arkadaşı olmadan karargâh dışına çıkmamasını emretti. Emre uymayan iki kişiden biri boğulma tehlikesi geçirdi, diğeri çok uzaklara sürüklendi. Uzun ve yorucu bir seferden sonra Tebük’e ulaşıldı. Resûl-i Ekrem bu sırada önemli bir konuşma yaptı. Karargâhın gece güvenliğini sağlama görevini Abbâd b. Bişr’e verdi. İslâm ordusu on beş-yirmi gün Tebük mevkiinde bekledi. Ancak gerek Bizans’tan gerekse onu destekleyen Araplar’dan bir hareket görünmüyordu. Alınan haberlerin asılsız olduğu ve Bizans’ın müslümanlara karşı ordu hazırlamadığı anlaşıldı. Bazı rivayetlerde İslâm ordusunun geldiğini duyan Bizanslılar’ın müslümanların karşısına çıkmaya cesaret edemeyip geri çekildiği kaydedilir.
Resûlullah, Tebük’te bulunduğu sırada İslâmiyet’i kabul etme veya cizye ödeme şartıyla itaate davet için Akabe körfezinin kuzeyindeki Eyle (Akabe) Limanı, Ezruh, Cerbâ, Maknâ ve Maan’a birlikler gönderdi. Eyle’nin piskoposu Yuhannâ b. Rü’be ile Cerbâ, Maknâ ve Ezruh halkının temsilcileri Hz. Peygamber’in huzuruna gelerek cizye ödemeyi kabul ettiklerini bildirdiler. Maknâ’da yaşayan Benî Cenbe yahudilerinin yetiştirdiği meyvelerin, denizden avladıkları ürünlerin ve hanımlarının dokuduğu bezlerin dörtte birinin cizye olarak alınması kararlaştırıldı. Resûl-i Ekrem onlara canları ve mallarının güvence altına alındığını belirten ahidnâmeler verdi. Bölgedeki birkaç yahudi kabilesiyle anlaşmalar yapıldı. Bu anlaşmalar, Tebük Gazvesi sırasında nâzil olan cizye âyetinin (et-Tevbe 9/29) ilk defa uygulanması bakımından önemlidir. Bu arada Hâlid b. Velîd kumandasında 400 kişilik süvari birliği Irak yolu üzerinde bulunan, verimli topraklara sahip önemli ticaret merkezlerinden Dûmetülcendel’e gönderildi. Hz. Peygamber’in huzuruna getirilen Dûmetülcendel hâkimi hıristiyan Ükeydir b. Abdülmelik cizye ödemek suretiyle İslâm devletinin egemenliğini benimsedi. Benî Cüzâm reislerinden bazıları Resûlullah’la görüşüp müslüman oldu. Ayrıca Resûl-i Ekrem’in, o sırada Humus veya Dımaşk’ta kaldığı belirtilen Herakleios’a cizye âyetinin de eklendiği ikinci bir davet mektubu gönderdiği bildirilmektedir (Müsned , III, 441-442; IV, 74-75; Hamîdullah, el-Ves̱âʾiḳu’s-siyâsiyye , s. 110-115).
Hz. Peygamber, Tebük’te Şam üzerine yürünüp yürünmemesi konusunda yaptığı istişare sonucu daha ileriye gitmenin faydasız olacağı kanaatine vardı ve ordusuna dönüş emri verdi. Sefer esnasında herhangi bir çatışma meydana gelmemesine rağmen son derece güç şartlar altında 30.000 kişilik bir ordunun çıkarılması ve Bizans’a karşı gidilerek meydan okunması dolayısıyla Tebük Gazvesi askerî ve siyasî bakımdan büyük bir zafer sayılır. Zira bu gazve, müslümanların kendi sınırlarını düşmanlardan koruma hususundaki kararlılıkları yanında Bizans’a ve Arap yarımadası dışındaki komşu devletlere karşı Medine’nin askerî ve siyasî gücünü ortaya koydu. Tebük Seferi esnasında konaklama yerlerinde on beş açık mescid (namazgâh) yapıldı (Vâkıdî, III, 999). Bu gelenek daha sonra devam etti ve ordunun konakladığı yerler namazgâh oldu. Tebük Gazvesi süresince öğle ile ikindi, akşamla yatsı namazları cemedilerek kılındı.
Tebük dönüşünde bir grup münafık Resûl-i Ekrem’e suikast düzenlemek için hazırlık yaptı. Bunu farkeden Hz. Peygamber, Huzeyfe b. Yemân’ı onların üzerine gönderdi. Huzeyfe’nin geldiğini gören münafıklar tuzaklarının Allah tarafından Hz. Muhammed’e haber verildiğini anlayıp kaçtılar ve askerin içine karıştılar. Resûlullah’ın, isimlerini Huzeyfe’ye açıkladığı on iki münafığın suikast teşebbüsüne Kur’an’da işaret edilir (et-Tevbe 9/74). Sefer dönüşü Zûevan’da konakladığı sırada bazı münafıklar Hz. Peygamber’e gelerek orada inşa ettikleri, sefere giderken dönüşte içinde namaz kılacağını söylediği mescidlerine davet ettiler. Ancak bu sırada mescidi yapanların niyetlerinin müminlere zarar verip aralarına nifak sokmak olduğunu bildiren âyetler indi (et-Tevbe 9/107-110) ve Resûl-i Ekrem, Kur’an’da Mescid-i Dırâr diye adlandırılan bu yapıyı yıktırdı (bk. MESCİD-i DIRÂR ).
Hz. Peygamber’in son gazvesi olan Tebük Seferi yaklaşık elli gün sürdü. Receb (ekim) ayında çıkılan seferden ramazan (aralık) ayında Medine’ye dönüldü. Halk büyük bir sevinçle Seniyyetülvedâ’ya giderek orduyu kasidelerle karşıladı. Resûl-i Ekrem her sefer dönüşü Medine’ye gelince önce mescide girip iki rek‘at namaz kılar, ardından oturup sefere katılmayanların mazeretlerini dinlerdi. Tebük Gazvesi’ne mazeretleri olmadığı halde katılmayan seksen kişi Mescid-i Nebevî’ye gelerek sözde mazeretlerini açıkladılar. Resûlullah onların söylediklerini esas alıp kalplerinde gizledikleri şeyleri Allah’a havale etti (et-Tevbe 9/94-98). Bu arada ensardan Kâ‘b b. Mâlik, Mürâre b. Rebî‘ ve Hilâl b. Ümeyye nefislerine aldanıp sefere gitmemişlerdi. Bu üç sahâbî gerçeği Resûl-i Ekrem’e anlattı. Hz. Peygamber onlara toplumdan tecrit cezası verdi; en yakınları dahil hiçbir müslüman onlarla konuşmadı. Allah’tan başka sığınacak bir yer kalmadığını anlayan üç kişiye bütün genişliğine rağmen yeryüzü dar geliyordu. Elli gün sonra affedildiklerini bildiren âyetler nâzil oldu (et-Tevbe 9/117-118). Tefsir ve hadis kitaplarında geniş yer verilen bu hadise, sosyal sorumlulukların dağılımındaki hassasiyeti göstermesi bakımından dikkat çekicidir. Ebû Lübâbe’nin Allah’a ve resulüne ihanet ettiğini düşünerek kendini Mescid-i Nebevî’deki bir direğe bağlatması olayı, genellikle Benî Kurayza Gazvesi’ndeki tutumuyla alâkalandırılmakla birlikte onun Tebük Seferi’ne katılmadığı için Hz. Peygamber tarafından azarlanması yüzünden kendini bu şekilde cezalandırdığı da söylenmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., el-Ves̱âʾiḳu’s-siyâsiyye , Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 110-115, 119-121.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 228-230 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.