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2/2 Müellif: MELİHA YILDIRAN SARIKAYA Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Osmanlı edebiyat çevrelerinde daha çok “tecâhül” ve “tecâhül-i ârifâne” şeklinde geçen tecâhül-i ârif, şiir ve nesirde bilinen bir hus…
Sözlükte “bilmemek, tanımamak” anlamındaki cehl kökünden türeyen ve “bilmiyormuş gibi görünmek” mânasına gelen tecâhül ile ârif (bilen) kelimelerinden oluşan tecâhülü’l-ârif (tecâhül-i ârif) terkibi “bilenin bilmez görünmesi” demektir. Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî bu sanata “tecâhülü’l-ârif ve mezcü’ş-şek bi’l-yakīn” adını vermiş ve ilk defa amacını “sözü daha çok pekiştirme” diye açıklamıştır (Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣınâʿateyn, s. 445). Sekkâkî konuyu bedî‘ ilminde ele almış ve örnekleri Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de de bulunduğu için tecâhül kelimesini edebe aykırı görerek bu türe “sevku’l-ma‘lûm mesâka gayrihî” (bilinenin bilinmiyormuş gibi sunulması) adını vermiştir (Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm, s. 427). Hatîb el-Kazvînî de konuyu aynı adla incelemiş ve Sekkâkî’nin tanımına bu sanata kınama/sitem, medihte mübalağa, aşkta şaşkınlık, tahkir ve ta‘riz gibi bir amaçla başvurulduğu hususunu eklemiş, Telḫîṣ şârihleri de konuyu aynı yaklaşımla işlemiştir. İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘ türe İbnü’l-Mu‘tezz’in tecâhül-i ârif, başkalarının “i‘nât” dediğini söylemiş, fakat i‘nât nitelemesi “lüzûm-ı mâ lâ yelzem”in diğer bir adı olduğundan bu adlandırmayı uygun bulmamıştır (Bedîʿu’l-Ḳurʾân, s. 50; Taḥrîrü’t-Taḥbîr , s. 135). Necmeddin İbnü’l-Esîr el-Halebî, Kur’an’da geçen örneklere i‘nât, çeşitli eserlerde yer alan örneklere tecâhül-i ârif adı verildiğini ve hiçbir âyete tecâhül nitelemesinin yapılamayacağını belirtmiştir (Cevherü’l-Kenz, s. 208). Tecâhül-i ârif sanatı daha çok teşbihte pekiştirme için yapıldığından Yahyâ b. Hamza el-Alevî onu istiarenin gayelerinden biri diye görmüştür (eṭ-Ṭırâzü’l-müteżammin, III, 80). Alevî, ciddiyet amaçlı mizahı tecâhül-i ârife mülhak bir tür olarak değerlendirmişse de şu dizede görüldüğü gibi onun özellikle soru formunda olanının tecâhülün maksatlarından sayılması daha isabetli olmalıdır: “Geldiğinde sana bir Temîmli övünerek / De ki ona: Geç sen bunu da keler yemen nasıl onu söyle?” Şairin Temîm kabilesinin keler yeme âdetini bildiği halde bilmezlikten gelerek sorması, övünecek bir yanlarının olmadığı gerçeğini çarpıcı bir anlatımla dile getirme amacına yöneliktir.
Tecâhül-i ârif sanatı genellikle ”لا أدري، لم أدر“ (bilmiyorum/bilmedim) ifadesiyle başlar ve teşbihin mübalağa bildiren türünde bunun ardından ”أ… أم…“ (mi …? yoksa …?) soru edatları gelir. Bazan sadece soru edatı veya şart kipiyle belirtilir ya da başka biçimlerde oluşur. Sanatın başlıca amaçları şöyle sıralanmaktadır: 1. Kınama (tevbîh). Hâricîler’in ileri gelenlerinden Velîd b. Tarîf, Hârûnürreşîd zamanında isyan edince üzerine Yezîd b. Mezîd kumandasında bir kuvvet gönderilerek katledilmiştir. Kardeşi Leylâ onun için yazdığı mersiyede şöyle demektedir: “Ey Habur ağacı, niye yapraklısın? / Sanki Tarîfoğlu’na üzülmemiş gibisin?” Şu âyette de Medyen halkının tecâhül gösterip Hz. Şuayb’a soru sorması kınama maksadıyladır: “Ey Şuayb! Atalarımızın taptıkları putları terketmemizi sana namazın mı emrediyor?” (Hûd 11/87). 2. Dokundurma (ta‘riz). Şu âyette görüldüğü gibi: “Biz veya siz, ikimizden biri ya doğru yol üzerinde veya açık bir sapıklık içindedir” (Sebe’ 34/24). Hz. Peygamber ile ashabının hidayette, kâfirlerin dalâlet içinde bulunduğu mâlûmken şüpheli biçimde ve insaf üslûbunda bir ifadenin kullanılmasında onların dalâlette olduklarına hem dokundurma hem tartışmayı bırakarak düşünüp hidayete ermelerini sağlama amacı güdülmektedir. Yine, “De ki: Rahmânın oğlu olsaydı ona tapanların ilki ben olurdum” âyetinde (ez-Zuhruf 43/81) Allah’ın oğlunun bulunmadığı Resûl-i Ekrem tarafından bilinirken bilinmiyormuş gibi bir anlatıma yer verilmesi onların inançlarının yanlışlığını ta‘riz yoluyla reddetme gayesine yöneliktir. 3. Aşkta şaşkınlık. Bu şekil gazelde mübalağa ve şevkte mübalağa olarak da nitelendirilmiştir. Mecnûn’a nisbet edilen şu mısrada olduğu gibi: ”بالله يا ظبيات القاع قلن لنا / ليلاي منكن أم ليلى من البشر“ (Sizi Allah’a salarım çölün ceylanları! Söyleyin bana / Leylâm sizden mi yoksa Leylâ beşerden midir?). Mecnûn’un Leylâ’nın bir insan olduğunu bildiği halde tecâhül göstermesi aşk yüzünden şaşkına döndüğünü ve Leylâ ile ceylanlar arasındaki benzerliğin karışıklığa yol açacak derecede olduğunu vurgulamak içindir. Bu tür örneklerde teşbihte mübalağa tecâhülün asıl amaçlarındandır. Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî’nin şu dizeleri bu konuda güzel örneklerden sayılır: “Diş midir gördüğüm yoksa papatya mı / Endam mıdır gördüğüm yoksa servi mi // Göz müdür bakan yoksa keskin kılıç mı / Söz müdür dökülen yoksa inci mi // Aşk mıdır çektiğim yoksa yangın mı / Gece midir üzerime çöken yoksa asır mı?” (Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣınâʿateyn, s. 446). 4. Medihte mübalağa. Bir önceki maddede geçen örnekler aynı zamanda övgüde de abartıyı ifade etmektedir. Buhtürî şu beytinde, sevgilisinin tebessümünün parlaklığını şimşek parlaklığına ve lamba ışığına benzeterek anlatmak için tecâhüle başvurmaktadır: “Görünen şimşek parıltısı mı yoksa lamba ziyası mı / Ya da sevgilinin görünen yüzündeki tebessümleri mi?” (Abdünnâfi İffet, II, 192-193). 5. Tâzimde mübalağa sağlamak amacıyla da tecâhül üslûbuna başvurulur. Abdülkādir-i Geylânî’nin şu beytinde olduğu gibi: “Ben susuzluk mu çekerim sen her pınardan akan su iken / Ben dünyada zulme mi uğrarım sen benim yardımcım iken” (İbn Hicce, I, 276). 6. Hicivde mübalağa için de tecâhülden faydalanılmıştır. “Bilmiyorum, ileride bileceğimi de sanmıyorum / Şu Âl-i Hasn erkekler topluluğu mudur yoksa kadınlar topluluğu mu!” (Züheyr b. Ebû Sülmâ) (İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘, Taḥrîrü’t-Taḥbîr , s. 136). Âl-i Hasn’ın zayıflık ve âcizlikte karışıklığa yol açacak derecede kadınlara benzediğini ifade etmek suretiyle hem teşbihte hem yergide abartı sağlanmıştır. 7. Olayın kesinliğini belirtmek gayesiyle tecâhül yollu soruya başvurulabilir (takrîr). “Allah, ‘Ey Meryem oğlu Îsâ! İnsanlara beni ve annemi Allah’tan başka iki tanrı bilin diye sen mi söyledin?’ buyurdu” (el-Mâide 5/116). Hz. Îsâ’nın böyle bir söz söylemediği Allah’ın mâlûmu iken bunun tecâhül yoluyla sorulmasında hem olayı inkâr sorusuyla red hem de onları ilâh edinenlerin yanlış inançlarına ta’rizde bulunma amacı güdülmüştür. 8. Muhatabı alıştırma ve korkusunu giderme maksadıyla da bu üslûptan istifade edilebilir. “Sağ elindeki nedir ey Mûsâ?” âyetinde (Tâhâ 20/17) Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın Mûsâ’nın elindekinin asâ olduğunu bildiği halde sorması, ilâhî huzurdaki Mûsâ’nın korkusunu giderip alıştırma ve yakında asânın onun bir mûcizesi olarak büyük bir önem kazanacağına dikkat çekme hikmetine bağlıdır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Tehânevî, Keşşâf (Dahrûc), I, 381; İbnü’l-Mu‘tez, el-Bedîʿ (nşr. M. Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî), Beyrut 1410/1990, s. 157-158; Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣınâʿateyn (nşr. Müfîd M. Kumeyha), Beyrut 1402/1982, s. 445-447; İbn Mu‘tî, el-Bedîʿ fî ʿilmi’l-bedîʿ (nşr. Mustafa es-Sâvî el-Cüveynî), İskenderiye 1996, s. 140-141; Ebû Ya‘kūb es-Sekkâkî, Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm (nşr. Naîm Zerzûr), Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 427-428; İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘, Bedîʿu’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Hifnî M. Şeref), Kahire 1392/1972, s. 50-51; a.mlf., Taḥrîrü’t-Taḥbîr (nşr. Hifnî M. Şeref), Kahire 1383/1963, s. 135-137; İbnü’l-Bennâ el-Merrâküşî, er-Ravżü’l-merîʿ fî ṣınâʿati’l-bedîʿ (nşr. Rıdvân b. Şakrûn), Rabat 1985, s. 131; İbnü’l-Esîr el-Halebî, Cevherü’l-Kenz: Telḫîṣu Kenzi’l-berâʿa fî edevâti ẕevi’l-yerâʿa (nşr. M. Zağlûl Sellâm), İskenderiye, ts. (Münşeetü’l-maârif), s. 208-210; Şürûḥu’t-Telḫîṣ, Kahire 1937, IV, 403-406; Tîbî, et-Tibyân (nşr. Abdüssettâr Hüseyin Zemmût), Beyrut 1416/1996, s. 429-430; Safiyyüddin el-Hillî, Şerḥu’l-Kâfiyeti’l-bedîʿiyye (nşr. Nesîb Neşâvî), Dımaşk 1403/1983, s. 117; Yahyâ b. Hamza el-Alevî, eṭ-Ṭırâzü’l-müteżammin li-esrâri’l-belâġa, Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye), III, 80-82; Ebû Muhammed Kāsım es-Sicilmâsî, el-Menzeʿu’l-bedîʿ fî tecnîsi esâlîbi’l-bedîʿ (nşr. Allâl el-Gāzî), Rabat 1401/1980, s. 277-278; Teftâzânî, el-Muṭavvel, İstanbul 1304, s. 346-347; İbn Hicce, Ḫizânetü’l-edeb (nşr. Selâhaddin el-Hevvârî), Sayda (Beyrut) 1426/2006, I, 275-279; Abdünnâfi İffet, en-Nef‘u’l-muavvel, İstanbul 1289, II, 192-193; Besyûnî Abdülfettâh Besyûnî, ʿİlmü’l-bedîʿ, Kahire 1408/1987, s. 100-103; Ahmed Matlûb, Muʿcemü’l-muṣṭalaḥâti’l-belâġıyye ve teṭavvürühâ, Beyrut 1996, s. 256-258.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 232-233 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Osmanlı edebiyat çevrelerinde daha çok “tecâhül” ve “tecâhül-i ârifâne” şeklinde geçen tecâhül-i ârif, şiir ve nesirde bilinen bir hususun bir nükteye bağlı olarak bilinmiyormuş gibi ifade edilmesidir. Batı retoriğindeki karşılığı ironidir (Bilgegil, s. 196). Şeyh Galib’in, “Gel ârif ol ki ma‘rifet olsun tecâhülün” mısraı bu sanatın bir bakıma veciz bir tarifidir. Bilineni bilmez görünmek özel bir amaçla ve nükteli şekilde gerçekleştirilir. Bunun için sanatkâr muhatabına cevabını bildiği sorular sorar. Böylece hem maksadı doğrudan söylemenin yeknesaklığı kırılır hem de söze nükte ve zarafet kazandırılmış olur. Tecâhül-i ârifte gözetilen nükteler muhatabı neşelendirme, azarlama, şaşkınlık, şiddetli aşk ile medih ve zemde mübalağa şeklinde sıralanabilir. “Melek misin yâ perîsin yâ rûh-ı kudsî aceb / Bu hüsn ile bu melâhat beşerde buluna mı?” beytinde Şeyhî, sevgilinin güzelliğini övmek için onun insan üstü bir varlık olmadığını bildiği halde bilmez görünmektedir. Benzer şekilde bu defa âşığın vasıfları üzerine söylenen, “Nedir bu gizli gizli âhlar çâk-i girîbanlar / Aceb bir şûha sen de âşık-ı nâlân mısın kâfir?” beytinde Nedîm, âşığın aşkının şiddeti yüzünden âh çekerek yakasını yırttığını bildiği halde bilmezlikten gelmektedir. Azarlama amacıyla tecâhül-i ârife başvurulmasına Hüsnî’nin şu beyti bir örnektir: “Ey hâk-i Kerbelâ nedir ol sebz câmeler / Eyyâm-ı mâtemin bu mudur resm ü âdeti.” Kerbelâ toprağının baharın gelişiyle yeşillere büründüğünü gören şair onu muharrem matemine kayıtsız kalmakla suçlamaktadır. Matem renginin siyah olduğunu bildiği halde, “Yoksa o beldede matem günlerinde yeşil giyinme âdeti mi vardır?” diyerek tecâhül göstermektedir. Tecâhül-i ârif bazan hayret ifadeleriyle pekiştirilebilir. Aziz Mahmud Hüdâyî’nin şu beytinde olduğu gibi: “Zât-ı bî-çûnun mekânlardan münezzehtir senin / Pes seni yakında bulsun ağlayıp feryâd eden.” Şeyhülislâm Yahyâ’nın, “Niçin efkâr-ı meânî beslemez erbâb-ı nazm / Yoksa Yahyâ gibi üstâd-ı sühan-perver mi yok?” beyti de bu tür bir örnektir. Şiir ehlinin yeni nükteler üretmesinden şikâyetçi olan şair, belki de şiir alanında Yahyâ’dan başka şairin kalmadığını söyleyerek bir soru ve cevapla ifadesini güçlendirmektedir.
Tecâhül-i ârif belli bir maksatla ve daha çok soru sorma (istifham) yoluyla oluşturulduğundan klasik belâgat kitaplarında istifham müstakil bir sanat olarak gösterilmemiş, tecâhül-i ârif içinde ele alınmıştır. Cevabı bilinen bir hususun sorulmasıyla meydana gelen istifham ilk defa Ta‘lîm-i Edebiyyât’ta ayrı bir edebî sanat şeklinde tanımlanmıştır (s. 308). İstifhamda sorulan soruya cevap almak söz konusu değildir. Bir şey öğrenmek için muhataba sorulan soru edebî sanat kabul edilmez. Ancak ifadeyi güzelleştirmek, bir düşünceyi vurgulamak, dikkat çekmek, söze içtenlik katmak gibi sebeplerle soru sorulması bir sanattır. İstifhama başvuran kimse bazan konuyu tam bilmeyen, onu anlamaya çalışan bir kişi hüviyetine bürünür; bu durumda istifham tecâhül-i ârife yaklaşır. Tecâhül-i ârifte istifham çoğunlukla bir üslûp özelliği olarak kullanılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla tecâhül-i ârif istifhamla sınırlandırılamaz ve belli noktalarda bu iki sanat birbirinden ayrılır. İstifham sanatında düşünce soru şeklinde dile getirilir. Tecâhül-i ârifte cevap sorunun içine yerleştirilerek muhataba sezdirilir, ayrıca burada mecazi anlam gözetilir; aksi takdirde ifade, beklenen etkiyi meydana getirmeyeceği gibi muhatabı incitici bir söz haline dönüşebilir. İstifhamda ise kelimeler gerçek anlamıyla kullanılır. Bununla birlikte istifhamla tecâhül-i ârif arasında kesin bir ayırım yapmak mümkün değildir. Cevdet Paşa, “Bir nihânîce tebessüm de mi sığmaz cânâ / Söyle bi’llâh dehenin tâ o kadar teng midir?” beytini tecâhül-i ârife örnek gösterirken aynı beyti ele alan Bilgegil birinci mısrada takrirî, ikinci mısrada inkârî istifham bulunduğunu ve beytin tecâhül-i ârife örnek olmadığını söylemektedir (Edebiyat Bilgi ve Teorileri, s. 196). Bilgegil’e göre tecâhül-i ârif takrir, ikrar ve inkâr dışında bir nükteden dolayı bilinen bir hususun bilinmiyor gibi gösterilmesidir. İstifham bulunmadan da tecâhül-i ârif yapılabilir. Eski Türk edebiyatında bunun örneklerine fazla rastlanmamakla birlikte Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı’nın, “Gökyüzünün bir rengi daha varmış / Geç öğrendim taşın sert olduğunu / Su insanı boğar ateş yakarmış / Her doğan günün bir dert olduğunu / İnsan bu yaşa gelince anlarmış” mısraları tecâhül-i ârife örnek sayılabilir.
Tecâhül-i ârif teşbih, istiare, tenâsüp ve mübalağa sanatlarıyla birlikte bulunabilir. “Edirne şehri mi bu yâ gülşen-i me’vâ mıdır / Anda kasr-ı pâdişâhî cennet-i a‘lâ mıdır?” beytinde Nef‘î, gül bahçesine benzettiği Edirne şehrindeki padişah sarayının cennetten bir parça olmadığını bildiği halde bilmezlikten gelerek teşbihini kuvvetlendirmektedir. Aynı şekilde Yenişehirli Avnî, Mevlânâ Türbesi için söylediği, “Şeş cihetten rûz u şeb kerrûbiyân eyler tavâf / Mescid-i Aksâ mıdır yâ Kâ‘be-i ulyâ mıdır?” beytinde mübalağa için tecâhülde bulunarak Kubbe-i Hadrâ’nın adı geçen iki kutsal mekân olup olmadığını sormaktadır. “Tahammül mülkünü yıktın Hülâgû Han mısın kâfir / Aman dünyâyı yaktın âteş-i sûzan mısın kâfir?” beytinde Nedîm, sevgilinin Hülâgû Han ya da yakıcı ateş olmadığını bilmekle beraber ilk mısrada Hülâgû Han katliamına işaret edip sevgilinin âşıklarına onun kadar zulmettiğini, ikinci mısrada yakıcı ateşe benzettiği sevgilinin kendisini sevenlerin gönlünü dağladığını söyleyerek tecâhül-i ârifi telmih ve istiare ile desteklemektedir.
Hüsn-i ta‘lîl sanatında da bildiğini bilmez gibi görünme durumu vardır. Bu sebeple iki sanat zaman zaman birbirine karıştırılmaktadır. Fakat hüsn-i ta‘lîl, olayların gerçek sonucunu hayalî bir sebebe bağlaması yönüyle tecâhül-i âriften ayrılır. Bu ayırımda tecâhül-i ârifi mümkün kılan nükte de belirleyici olmaktadır. Fuzûlî’nin bir na‘tında yer alan, “Mâh-ı nevdir yoksa sen kıldıkta seyr-i âsuman / Kaldırıp parmak getirmiş âsuman îmân sana” beyti tecâhül-i ârife bir örnektir. Beyitte gökteki hilâl Resûlullah’ın mi‘racına gök kubbenin şehâdeti olarak gösterilmekte, fakat bu vurgu hüsn-i ta‘lîlde yer aldığı kadar kesin bir ifade ile yapılmamaktadır. Bazan tecâhül-i ârifle hüsn-i ta‘lîl sanatları aynı beyitte beraber kullanılabilmektedir. Nef‘î’nin, “Bir kimseden ermezse n’ola gûşuma tahsîn / Efsûn-ı kelâmımla cihan beste-dehendir” beyti buna örnek gösterilebilir. Hiç kimseden takdir edici bir söz duymadığını söyleyen şair bu durumun kıskançlık sonucu olduğunu bilmektedir. Fakat kendisini çekemeyenlerin suskunluğunu sözlerindeki büyü ile mest olup ağızlarını açamamaları gibi bir sebebe bağlayarak kıskançlık gerekçesini bilmezlikten gelmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem, Ta‘lîm-i Edebiyyât, İstanbul 1299, s. 308-309; Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, Belâgat-ı Osmâniyye, İstanbul 1299, s. 166-167; Muallim Nâci, Edebiyat Terimleri: Istılâhât-ı Edebiyye (haz. M. A. Yekta Saraç), İstanbul 1996, s. 147-151; Ali Nihad Tarlan, Edebî Sanatlar, İstanbul 1964, s. 46-49; Tâhirülmevlevî, Edebiyat Lügatı, İstanbul 1973, s. 151-152; M. Kaya Bilgegil, Edebiyat Bilgi ve Teorileri-Belagat, Ankara 1980, s. 196-197; Cem Dilçin, Örneklerle Türk Şiir Bilgisi, Ankara 1983, s. 441-443; M. A. Yekta Saraç, Klâsik Edebiyat Bilgisi Belagat, İstanbul 2000, s. 193-197; Menderes Coşkun, Sözün Büyüsü Edebi Sanatlar, İstanbul 2007, s. 199-201.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 233-234 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.