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TECEDDÜD-i EMSÂL Skip to content Cismi oluşturan araz ve cevherlerin her an yok olmasının hemen ardından yenilenmesi suretiyle varlığını sürdürmesi anlamında kelâm terimi.
Sözlükte “yenilenmek, yeniden vücut bulmak” anlamındaki ciddet kökünden türeyen teceddüd türetildiği kökle aynı mânaya gelmektedir; emsâl ise mislin (eş, benzer) çoğuludur. Buna göre teceddüd-i emsâl (teceddüdü’l-emsâl) “benzerlerin, aynı nitelikteki cevher ve arazların yenilenmesi, ardarda devam etmesi” demektir. Kelâm ilminde âlemin kuruluşu ve işleyişi, kula ait ihtiyarî fiilleri gerçekleştiren kudretin fiilden önce mi fiille beraber mi bulunduğunun belirlenmesi ve âhiret hayatının ebediyeti gibi konularda teceddüd-i emsâl anlayışına başvurulduğu bilinmektedir. Teceddüd-i emsâl terkibine Kur’an’da ve hadislerde rastlanmaz. Bazı âyetlerde “halk-ı cedîd” tabiri geçiyorsa da bunun “öldükten sonraki yaratılış” mânasında olduğu söz konusu âyetlerin bağlamından anlaşılmaktadır. Öte yandan Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de “yaratmayı ilkin başlatma ve onu sürekli tekrarlama” (bed’ü’l-halk ve’l-iâde) ifadesi birkaç âyette yer almaktadır (Yûnus 10/34; en-Neml 27/64; el-Ankebût 29/19; er-Rûm 30/27). Ancak Kur’an’daki bazı beyanlar “âhiret hayatı için ikinci yaratış” anlamına da gelmektedir. Halk ve iade konusu hadis rivayetlerinde de görülmektedir; nitekim esmâ-i hüsnâ içinde “ilk yaratan” ve “tekrar yaratan” anlamında “mübdi’” ve “muîd” isimleri bulunmaktadır. İmam Mâtürîdî ve diğer bazı âlimlerin belirttiği üzere bu tür âyetlerin muhatapları olan putperestler âhirete inanmadıklarından söz konusu ilâhî beyanların “âhiretteki yaratma” mânasında kabul edilmesi doğru değildir (bk. MÜBDİ’).
Kelâm literatüründe teceddüd-i emsâl yerine bazan “halk-ı cedîd”, “hudûs-i dâim” ve “teâkub” gibi tabirler de kullanılır. Teceddüd-i emsâl, II. (VIII.) yüzyılda yaratılış (hudûs) teorisini temellendirmeye yönelik bir çaba olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Kelâmcıların çoğunluğuna göre madde geometrik bir nokta şeklindeki hacimsiz atomlardan ve arazlardan meydana gelmiştir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, VI, 21; Pines, s. 135). Teceddüd-i emsâl anlayışı, bir muhdis sebebiyle varlık alanına çıkan cevher ve arazların mevcudiyetlerini sürdürebilmeleri için bir sebebe muhtaç oldukları düşüncesine dayanır. Bu düşüncenin ilk defa Nazzâm ve Hüseyin b. Muhammed en-Neccâr tarafından ileri sürüldüğü kabul edilir (Bağdâdî, el-Farḳ, s. 86). Arazların ve cevherlerin teceddüdü konusunda kelâmcılar arasında ortaya çıkan farklı görüşler şöylece özetlenebilir:
1. Arazların Teceddüdü. Boşlukta yer tutan cisimlerde ses, renk, hareket ve sükûn gibi arazların bulunduğu gözlem yoluyla bilinmektedir. Yok iken var olan arazların bir yaratıcı sayesinde meydana geldiği açıktır. Allah tarafından yaratılan arazlar, tıpkı cisimlerin hareketi ve zamanın oluşumu gibi yaratıldığı ilk anın ardından hemen yok olur ve ikinci anda Allah tarafından benzerleri yeniden yaratılmak suretiyle mevcudiyetini sürdürür. Esasen araz kavramının taşıdığı anlam da zamanın en küçük parçası olan “an”da oluşmasından sonra hemen yokluğa mâruz kaldığını gösterir. Ayrıca arazlar mekân tutma özelliği (mütehayyiz) taşımadıkları için bir yerden başka bir yere intikal edemez, bundan dolayı zaman ve mekânda sürekliliklerinden söz edilemez. Onların sürekli var olduklarının müşahede edilmesinin sebebi her an yaratılmak suretiyle yenilenmeleridir. Bunu, damlacıklardan oluşan suyun yukarıdan aşağıya inerken kesintisiz bir görüntü vermesine benzetmek mümkündür. Aslında sürekliliği ifade eden bekā bir gerçekliği değil itibarî olan bir varlığı temsil eder. Kelâmcıların büyük çoğunluğu bu görüştedir (Ebü’l-Muîn en-Nesefî, II, 119-127; Muhammed b. Eşref es-Semerkandî, s. 247-250; Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, III, 164; Teftâzânî, II, 160-166; Beyâzîzâde Ahmed Efendi, s. 93). Mu‘tezile’den Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf, Ebû Ali el-Cübbâî ve Ebû Hâşim el-Cübbâî renk, koku ve tat; Mâtürîdiyye’den Beyâzîzâde Ahmed Efendi ise renk, şekil, idrak ve meleke türü arazların devamlı olup yenilenmediği görüşündedir (Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, III, 164; Beyâzîzâde Ahmed Efendi, s. 96). Arazların teceddüdü düşüncesi kelâmcılar tarafından âhiret âlemine de teşmil edilmiş ve cehennemde azap görenlerin yanan derilerinin yenileneceğine ilişkin âyet (en-Nisâ 4/56) dikkate alınarak orada da varlıkların devamının bu şekilde gerçekleşeceği düşünülmüştür (Mâtürîdî, III, 273-274; Hûd b. Muhakkem el-Hevvârî, I, 390).
2. Cevherlerin Teceddüdü. Bu konuda kelâmcılar arasında farklı görüşler ortaya çıkmıştır. a) Cevherler arazlar gibi yaratıldıkları ilk anın ardından yok olmakta ve ikinci anda tekrar yaratılmaktadır; çünkü cevherler arazların birleşmesiyle meydana gelir. Arazlar her an yaratıldığına göre cevherlerin de her an yenilenmek suretiyle yaratılması zorunludur. Aksi takdirde cevherlerin varlığı hiçbir zaman sona ermezdi. Allah’ın her an (gün) bir yaratış içinde olduğunu bildiren âyet de (er-Rahmân 55/29) bu görüşü desteklemektedir. Nazzâm ve Hüseyin b. Muhammed en-Neccâr bu görüştedir. Sûfîlerden Aynülkudât el-Hemedânî ile tasavvuf felsefesini temsil eden Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî de araz ve cevherlerle birlikte evrendeki her şeyin her an yeniden yaratıldığını ve bütün varlıkların arazlardan oluştuğunu kabul etmektedir (Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, III, 37-38; İbnü’l-Arabî, II, 256; III, 51-53, 195; İzutsu, s. 173-174). b) Cevherlerin varlığı sürekli olup arazlar gibi her an yenilenmez. Çünkü daha önce gözlemlenen yerküre ve üzerindeki dağlar, göklerdeki gezegenler gibi cansız varlıklar bugün de aynı olup herhangi bir değişime uğramamıştır. Canlı varlıklarda da aynı durum söz konusudur. Eğer yenilenme olsaydı geçmişte görülen insanların günümüzde farklı kişiler haline gelmesi gerekirdi. Yine cevherler her an yenilenseydi hiçbir canlının ölümünden ve hiçbir ölünün diriltilmesinden söz edilemezdi. Mu‘tezile, Mâtürîdiyye ve Eş‘ariyye kelâmcılarının çoğunluğu bu görüştedir. Ancak bu kelâmcılar, Allah’ın cevherleri yok etmeyi dilediği zaman bunun nasıl gerçekleşeceği hususunda farklı görüşler ileri sürmüştür. Mu‘tezile’den Kâ‘bî ile Mâtürîdiyye ve Eş‘ariyye’ye mensup bazı kelâmcılara göre devamlılığı bekā arazı vasıtasıyla sağlanan cevherlerin yok olması Allah’ın bekāyı yaratmaması suretiyle mümkün olur. Sünnî kelâmcıların ekseriyetine göre arazlardan ayrı olarak bulunamayan cevherlerin yok olması bekā arazının yaratılmaması yoluyla değil cevherlerin taşıdığı oluş, renk vb. arazların yaratılmamasıyla gerçekleşir. Mu‘tezile’ye mensup kelâmcıların çoğunluğuna göre ise cevherlerin yok olması Allah’ın onlarda yarattığı fenâ arazıyla vuku bulur (Bağdâdî, Uṣûlü’d-dîn, s. 67-68; Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, III, 37-38, 365, 373; Teftâzânî, II, 163; Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî, II, 447-448; Kemâleddin İbn Ebû Şerîf, s. 221). c) Cevherler de arazlar gibi her an yaratılır ve yok olur, ikinci anda onlar da arazlarla birlikte tekrar yaratılır. Zira cevherlerin arazdan bağımsız olarak varlığından söz edilemez. Bu durum mantık bakımından cevherlerin de her an yeniden yaratılmasını zorunlu kılar. Yeni dönem kelâmcılarından M. Şemseddin ile Ebû Rîde gibi âlimler bu görüşü kelâmcıların çoğunluğuna nisbet etmiş ve kelâmdaki atomculuktan bundan başka bir sonucun çıkarılamayacağını söylemiştir (DİFM, I [1925], s. 96; Meẕhebü’ẕ-ẕerre, tercüme edenin girişi, s. 5-6). Fârâbî ve İbn Sînâ da zamanlı varlıkların değişime uğradığı görüşünü benimsemiştir. Onlara göre ay üstü âleminde oluş ve bozuluş (kevn ve fesad) yoktur, felekler kadîmdir ve hareketleri devamlıdır. Kadîm olan bu varlıklardan kesintisiz hareketin çıkması mümkündür. Ay altı âleminde ise varlıkların devamlılığı teceddüdle meydana gelir. Ancak bu âlemdeki teceddüd, varlıkların her an yenilenerek yaratılması şeklinde değil mümkin varlıkların bir sebep tarafından yaratılması tarzında gerçekleşir (Gazzâlî, s. 38; Devvânî, s. 8; Atay, s. 242-244).
Teceddüd-i emsâl ihtiyarî fiillerin teşekkülü sırasında kula ait kudretin fiilden önce mi yoksa fiille birlikte mi bulunduğu hususu tartışılırken gündeme gelmektedir. Kaderiyye/Mu‘tezile’ye bağlı kelâmcıların kudretin fiilden önce olduğu şeklindeki iddiaları Ehl-i sünnet âlimleri tarafından geçersiz hale getirilince bu kelâmcılar kudretin teceddüd-i emsâl yoluyla devam edebileceğini söylemişlerdir. Ancak bir önceki fiille ilgili kudretin o fiilin gerçekleşmesiyle birlikte ortadan kalkması, sonraki fiilin kendine özgü yeni bir kudret gerektirmesi, bunun da kula Allah tarafından verilmesinin gerektiği gibi hususlar karşısında teceddüdün işlerlik kazanamayacağı ifade edilmiştir (Nûreddin es-Sâbûnî, s. 62-64; ayrıca bk. İSTİTÂAT). Allah’tan başka her şeyin sonradan vücut bulduğu (hâdis) ve fâni olduğu hususunda İslâm âlimleri görüş birliği içindedir. Bunun yanında âhiret hayatının, cennet ve cehennemin, buralara girenlerin yok olmayacağı, nimet ve azabın sona ermeyeceği de ittifaka yakın bir ekseriyetle kabul edilmiştir. Azınlıkta kalan Cehmiyye mensuplarının bu konudaki farklı telakkisi önem taşımaz. Aslında sonsuzluk hem başlangıç hem son bakımından sınırsız oluş anlamına gelir. Sonu bulunmayanın başlangıcı, başlangıcı olmayanın sonu olmaz. Ezelî ve kadîm sadece Allah’tır, ebedî ve bâkī de yalnız O’dur. Âlimler, cennet ve cehennem ehliyle bunların kalacağı yerlerin sürekliliğini teceddüd-i emsâl ile açıklar. Bu durumda kıdem söz konusu olmadığı gibi bekā ve ebediyet de sürekli biçimde yeniden vücut bulmakla gerçekleşir.
Teceddüd-i emsâl teorisi dehriyye, mekanizm, tabiatçılık ve determinizm gibi evrenin varoluşu ve işleyişi üzerinde madde ötesi bir etkinin mevcudiyetini kabul etmeyen felsefî akımların varlık alanına ilişkin görüşlerini reddetmek amacıyla geliştirilmiştir (Pines, s. 33). Özgün bir düşünce ürünü sayılan ve her sonucun mutlaka bir sebebinin bulunması gerektiği esasına dayanan teceddüd, teorik fizik biliminin günümüzde öne sürdüğü, maddenin teşekkülünde var olması gerektiği düşünülmekle birlikte henüz varlığı kanıtlanamayan ve “tanrı parçacığı” (higs parçacığı) denilen kurama (Lederman, s. 397; Weinberg, s. 193; Veltman, s. 285-291) ilişkin modern çalışmalarla irtibatlı görünmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Hûd b. Muhakkem el-Hevvârî, Tefsîrü’l-Kitâbillâhi’l-ʿazîz (nşr. Belhâc b. Saîd Şerîfî), Beyrut 1990, I, 390; IV, 201; Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter), s. 404; Mâtürîdî, Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Mehmet Boynukalın), İstanbul 2005, III, 273-274; Ebû Reşîd en-Nîsâbûrî, el-Mesâʾil fi’l-ḫilâf beyne’l-Baṣriyyîn ve’l-Baġdâdiyyîn (nşr. Ma‘n Ziyâde – Rıdvân es-Seyyid), Beyrut 1979, s. 117, 122, 130; Bâkıllânî, et-Temhîd (İmâdüddin), s. 38-39, 79; İbn Fûrek, el-Ḥudûd fi’l-uṣûl (nşr. Muhammed es-Süleymânî), Beyrut 1999, s. 91; Bağdâdî, el-Farḳ (Kevserî), s. 86; a.mlf., Uṣûlü’d-dîn, s. 67-68; Gazzâlî, el-İḳtiṣâd fi’l-iʿtiḳād (nşr. İbrahim Agâh Çubukçu – Hüseyin Atay), Ankara 1962, s. 20, 24-25, 38; Ebü’l-Muîn en-Nesefî, Tebṣıratü’l-edille (nşr. Hüseyin Atay – Şaban Ali Düzgün), Ankara 2003, II, 119-127; Nûreddin es-Sâbûnî, el-Bidâye fî usûli’d-dîn: Mâtürîdiyye Akaidi (nşr. ve trc. Bekir Topaloğlu), Ankara 1421/2000, s. 62-64; Muhammed b. Eşref es-Semerkandî, eṣ-Ṣaḥâʾifü’l-ilâhiyye (nşr. Ahmed Abdurrahman eş-Şerîf), Küveyt 1405/1985, s. 247-250; Fahreddin er-Râzî, el-Meṭâlibü’l-ʿâliye (nşr. Ahmed Hicâzî es-Sekkā), Beyrut 1407/1987, VI, 21; Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, Ebkârü’l-efkâr (nşr. Ahmed M. el-Mehdî), Kahire 1423/2002, III, 37-38, 164, 365, 373; İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Fütûḥât, II, 256; III, 51-53, 195; Teftâzânî, Şerḥu’l-Maḳāṣıd (nşr. Abdurrahman Umeyre), Beyrut 1409/1989, II, 160-166; V, 98-100; Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî, Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , İstanbul 1239, II, 447-448; Kemâleddin İbn Ebû Şerîf, el-Müsâmere, Bulak 1317, s. 221; Devvânî, el-Celâl ʿale’l-Cemâl, İstanbul 1306, s. 8; Beyâzîzâde Ahmed Efendi, İşârâtü’l-merâm min ʿibârâti’l-İmâm (nşr. Yûsuf Abdürrezzâk), Kahire 1368/1949, s. 93, 96; S. Pines, Meẕhebü’ẕ-ẕerre ʿinde’l-müslimîn (trc. M. Abdülhâdî Ebû Rîde), Kahire 1365/1946, s. 33, 135; ayrıca bk. tercüme edenin girişi, s. 5-6; Husâm Muhî Eldîn al-Âlousî, The Problem of Creation in Islamic Thought Qur’an, Hadith, Commentaries and Kalam, Cambridge 1965, s. 269-297; Mahmûd Mahmûd el-Gurâb, Raḥmetün mine’r-raḥmân fî tefsîri ve işârâti’l-Ḳurʾân min kelâmi’ş-Şeyḫi’l-Ekber Muḥyiddîn İbni’l-ʿArabî , Dımaşk 1410/1989, IV, 169-171; Cağfer Karadaş, İbn Arabî’nin İtikadî Görüşleri, İstanbul 1997, s. 155; T. İzutsu, İslâm Mistik Düşüncesi Üzerine Makaleler (trc. Ramazan Ertürk), İstanbul 2001, s. 173-189; L. Lederman, Tanrı Parçacığı (trc. Emre Kapkın), İstanbul 2001, s. 397, 425-428; S. Weinberg, Atomaltı Parçacıklar (trc. Zekeriya Aydın), Ankara 2002, s. 193; M. Veltman, Fact and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physic, Singapore 2003, s. 285-291; R. Penrose, The Road to Reality, London 2004, s. 628; M. Şemseddin, “Mütekellimîn ve Atom Nazariyesi”, DİFM, I (1925), s. 97-99.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 239-241 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.