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TEDRÎC Skip to content Şer‘î hükümlerin aşamalı konulması anlamında bir terim.
Sözlükte derece kelimesinden türeyen tedrîc “bir kimseyi bir şeye aşamalı biçimde yaklaştırmak ve alıştırmak” anlamına gelir. Teşrî‘ yöntemi olarak hükümlerin ilâhî irade tarafından bir defada ve bütün şeklinde değil tebliğ süreci boyunca beşerî ve sosyal olgular dikkate alınıp peyderpey konulmasını ifade eder. Kitap ve Sünnet’teki bazı hükümlerin vazedilmesinde takip edilen bu yönteme hüküm koyucu irade esas alındığında tedrîc, teşrî‘ faaliyetinin niteliği esas alındığında tederrüc denir.
Kitap ve Sünnet’te hükümler konulurken dört çeşit tedrîc yönteminin uygulandığı görülür. Birincisi önce hükümlerin genel ve soyut (küllî) ilkeler halinde bildirilmesi, ayrıntılı ve somut (cüz’î) düzenlemelerin sonradan yapılmasıdır. Hükümlerin bu şekilde konulmasına “icmal-tafsil yöntemi” adı verilebilir. Mekke döneminde gelen amelî hükümler umumiyetle genel ve soyut niteliklidir. Söz konusu hükümlerin somut davranışlara uygulanabilir düzeyde ayrıntılı hale getirilmesi Medine devrinde gerçekleşmiştir. Meselâ haksız yere cana kıyma, zulüm, haksızlık, israf, ölçü ve tartıda hile yapma, yeryüzünde fitne ve fesat çıkarmanın yasaklanması; adaletli davranma, iyilik ve yardımlaşma, infakta bulunma, affedici olma ve yetimleri korumanın emredilmesi böyledir. Bu yöntemle müslüman topluma kazandırılan ahlâkî duruş, Medine devrinde yapılacak ayrıntılı hukukî düzenlemeler için hem meşruiyet zemini oluşturmuş, hem de onların sorunsuz biçimde uygulamaya konulmasını sağlamıştır. Şâtıbî’ye göre Medine devrinde yapılan her düzenleme Mekke döneminde konulan genel ve soyut bir hükmün kapsamına girebilecek niteliktedir. Mekke devrinin genel ve soyut hükümlerinin tamamı dinin, nefsin, aklın, malın ve neslin korunması şeklinde tasnif edilen beş temel ilkeye bağlıdır (el-Muvâfaḳāt, III, 41-45, 95-96).
İkinci yöntem, hükümlerin toplumsal ihtiyaç ortaya çıkıncaya veya toplumsal yapı uygun hale gelinceye kadar geciktirilmesidir. Buna “zaman bakımından tedrîc yöntemi” denilebilir. İslâm hukukçularının büyük çoğunluğu, düzenleme ihtiyacının belireceği zamana kadar hükümlerin açıklanmasının geciktirilebileceğini ve bunun fiilen gerçekleştiğini kabul etmiştir. Nitekim kitap yoluyla konulan bazı hükümlerin sebeb-i nüzûlünü ve sünnet yoluyla konulan bazı hükümlerin sebeb-i vürûdunu açıklayan çok sayıda rivayet bulunmaktadır. Bir hükmün belli bir sebebe bağlı olarak sevkedilmesinin onun anlaşılmasını kolaylaştırdığı ve toplumsal yaşamdaki etkisini arttırdığı bilinmektedir. Diğer bazı hükümlerin konulmasında ise -müt‘a nikâhını nihaî şekilde yasaklayan düzenlemenin fetih yılına (8/630) kadar geciktirilmesi örneğinde görüldüğü gibi (Müslim, “Nikâḥ”, 11-32)- toplumsal yapının ilâhî irade tarafından öngörülen formu taşıyabilecek olgunluğa erişmesi gözetilmiştir. Tedrîcde üçüncü yöntem bazı hükümlerin geçici olarak konulması biçimindedir. Hüküm kendisiyle gözetilen amaç gerçekleştikten sonra yürürlükten kaldırılır. “Geçici hüküm yöntemi” diye adlandırılabilecek bu yöntemin nesihle doğrudan ilgisi bulunmaktadır. Çünkü toplumsal geçiş dönemlerini düzenlemek amacıyla konulan geçici hükümlerin kaldırılması neshin bir türüdür. Meselâ anne baba ve akrabaya vasiyette bulunulması emri (el-Bakara 2/180) miras hisselerini düzenleyen âyet hükümleriyle neshedilmiş (en-Nisâ 4/11-12), Hz. Peygamber de artık vârise vasiyet yoluyla mal bırakılamayacağını belirtmiştir (Buhârî, “Veṣâyâ”, 6; Ebû Dâvûd, “Veṣâyâ”, 6; Şâfiî, s. 137-145).
Tedrîcde takip edilen dördüncü yöntem, aynı yükümlülüğü konu edinen hükümlerin içerdikleri yükümlülüğün derecesi bakımından aşama aşama sevkedilmesidir. Buna “hüküm içi tedrîc yöntemi” denilebilir. Bu yöntemin iki şekilde uygulandığı görülmektedir. İlki ve en çok kullanılanı yükümlülüğün kolaydan zora, azdan çoğa doğru arttırılması yöntemidir. Her aşama bir sonrası için sosyopsişik açıdan hazırlık niteliği taşımaktadır. Meselâ beş vakit namazın farz kılınması belli bir süreç içinde ve iki aşamada gerçekleşmiştir. Önce sabah ve akşam olmak üzere iki vakit farz kılınan namazın, daha sonra günde beş vakit kılınması emredilmiştir. İçki içme yasağı da böyledir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ilk aşamada müslümanların hurma ve üzümden içki ve güzel rızık elde ettikleri belirtilmiş, içki ayrıca zikredilerek güzel rızıktan sayılmamıştır (en-Nahl 16/67). İkinci aşamada içkide hem büyük günah hem de yararlar bulunduğu, fakat günahının yararından daha fazla olduğu ifade edilmiştir (el-Bakara 2/219). Üçüncü aşamada sarhoş iken namaza yaklaşılmaması emredilmek suretiyle içki içilmesi sınırlandırılmış (en-Nisâ 4/43), son aşamada ise içki içilmesi kesin biçimde yasaklanmıştır (el-Mâide 5/90-91). Savaşa ilişkin düzenlemeler de hüküm içi tedrîc yönteminin bir örneğini teşkil etmektedir (konuyla ilgili âyetlerin iniş sırası şöyledir: el-Hicr 15/94; el-En‘âm 6/106; en-Nahl 16/125; el-Ankebût 29/46; el-Hac 22/39; el-Bakara 2/190; et-Tevbe 9/5; el-Enfâl 8/39; el-Bakara 2/244). Hüküm içi tedrîcde nâdir olarak zordan kolaya doğru bir yöntemin izlendiği görülmektedir. Gece namazıyla ilgili hükmün hafifletilmesi bu tür tedrîce örnektir (el-Müzzemmil 73/1-4, 20). Hüküm içi tedrîc yönteminin nesihle irtibatı vardır. Her yeni hüküm kendisinden önceki aşamada konulan hükmü yürürlükten kaldırmakta, son aşamadaki hüküm son düzenlemeyi bildirmekte, artık önceki aşamalarda gelen hükümlerin uygulanma imkânı kalmamaktadır.
Fıkıh doktrininde iki tür tedrîc biçiminden daha söz etmek mümkündür. Birincisi, hükümlerin konulmasında değil uygulanmasında Hz. Peygamber’in gösterdiği hoşgörü anlamındaki tedrîcdir. Buna “uygulamada tedrîc yöntemi” adı verilebilir. Toplumsal yaşamda köklü değişiklikler içeren bazı hükümlerin konulmasında tedrîce uyulmadığı ya da toplumun belli bir olgunluğa gelmesinin beklenmediği, buna karşılık tatbikatta hükümlerin biçimsel yapısına katı bir bağlılık yerine esnek davranıldığı görülmektedir. Uygulamada işlenen tedrîc genel değil kişiye, topluluğa ve duruma özel niteliktedir. Evlâtlık kurumu kaldırıldığında Resûl-i Ekrem’in Sehle bint Suheyl’e, eşi Ebû Huzeyfe’nin evlâtlığı olan Sâlim’i onun yanına rahatça girip çıkabilmesi için emzirmesini söylemesi (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ, “Raḍâʿ”, 12; Müslim, “Raḍâʿ”, 26-31) bu tür tedrîc yöntemine bir örnektir. Bu uygulamada süt kaynaklı mahremiyetin oluşabilmesi için gerekli şartların bir kısmın göz ardı edilmiştir. Evlâtlık kurumunun âniden kaldırılmasının belirtilen şekilde tedrîcî geçişi zorunlu kıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Müslüman olmak için cihada çağrılmamayı, kendilerinden öşür alınmamasını, namazla yükümlü tutulmamalarını ve başlarına kendilerinden olmayan birinin yönetici yapılmamasını talep eden Benî Sakīf heyetinin namaz dışındaki taleplerinin kabul edilmesi de (Müsned, IV, 218) bir tedrîc örneğidir. Hz. Peygamber’in Benî Sakīf’ten dinin bütün hükümlerine uymalarını istemesi durumunda onların İslâm’ı kabul etmeyeceklerini, buna karşılık müslüman olduktan sonra zaman içinde hem öşür vereceklerini hem cihada katılacaklarını öngörmesi uygulamada bir geçiş dönemine müsamaha göstermesini gerektirmiştir (İbnü’l-Esîr, I, 237-238, 389).
İkinci olarak şeriatlar arası tedrîc olgusundan söz etmek mümkündür. İlk insan topluluğu ile başladığı kabul edilen nübüvvet tarihi boyunca itikadî hükümlerde hiçbir değişiklik olmadığı halde amelî hükümlerin insanlığın gelişimine paralel biçimde değişiklik gösterdiği ve her toplumun kendi düzeyine uygun düzenlemelerin yapıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. İtikadî hükümler bildirmeli, amelî hükümler ise yaptırmalı önermeler niteliğindedir. Bu sebeple gerçeklik hakkında bilgi veren bildirmeli önermelerde talep içeren yaptırmalı önermelerin aksine değişimden söz edilemeyeceği gibi onların tebliğinde bir tedrîcden de bahsedilemez. Beşerî davranışların nasıl olması gerektiğine yönelik talep içeren amelî hükümler ise belli maslahatları gerçekleştirme amacına dönük olmanın yanında onların uygulanabilirliği, içinde yaşanılan maddî şartlarla sınırlıdır. Gözetilen maslahatlar toplumdan topluma farklılık gösterebileceği gibi onları gerçekleştirecek hükümlerin de farklı formlar içinde öngörülmesi bir gerekliliktir. İnsanlığın çağlar boyunca fikrî ve maddî bakımdan geliştiği ve peygamberler aracılığı ile gönderilen hükümlerde gelişmenin gözetildiği dikkate alındığında her topluma verildiği ifade edilen şeriatlar arasında tedrîcden söz etmek mümkündür. Her şeriat bir öncekini neshetmekle birlikte bu yalnızca bir ilga işlemi olarak değerlendirilemez. Her şeriat insanlığın gelişim süreci bakımından tamamlayıcı bir aşamayı temsil etmektedir (Şehristânî, I, 52-53; Abdülazîz el-Buhârî, III, 402-403). Buna göre tedrîc aynı zamanda şeriatlar arasındaki değişim ve farklılığın gerekçesini teşkil etmektedir. Tedrîc yöntemi bazı sosyopsikolojik gerekçelere dayanmaktadır. Hz. Âişe’nin, “Kur’an’dan ilk nâzil olan ‘mufassal’dan içinde cennet ve cehennemin zikredildiği bir sûredir. Helâl ve haram ise ancak insanlar peş peşe İslâm’a girmeye başlayınca nâzil olmuştur. Eğer ilk inen ‘içki içmeyin’ emri olsaydı insanlar ‘içkiyi asla bırakmayız’ ve yine ilk önce ‘zina etmeyin’ emri inseydi ‘zinayı asla terketmeyiz’ derlerdi” şeklindeki sözleri (Buhârî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 6) belirtilen gerekçelere dikkat çekmektedir. Bireylerin tek tek ve toplum halinde bağlı oldukları inanç, gelenek ve değerleri değiştirmeleri, bir anda ve mekanik olarak değil ancak sosyopsişik açıdan çeşitli aşamaları olan bir süreç dahilinde gerçekleşebilmektedir.
Klasik fıkıh doktrini tedrîc yönteminin geçerli olduğu dönemi Hz. Peygamber’in tebliğ süreciyle sınırlamaktadır. Ancak toplumların geleneksel yapıdan modern yapıya geçmesi, Kitap ve Sünnet’te öngörülen bedenî cezalar, çok eşlilik, kadının şahitliği, miras taksimi ve kölelik gibi meselelerle ilgili bir kısım hükümler bakımından bir uygulanabilirlik, hatta onlar aracılığıyla gözetilen değerler açısından bir savunulabilirlik sorununu beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu sebeple modern dönemde bir kısım araştırmacılar, özellikle Hz. Ömer’in Kitap ve Sünnet kaynaklı bazı hükümlerin formlarını terkedip onların yerine başka düzenlemeler yapmasını dayanak almak suretiyle tedrîci tebliğ süreciyle sınırlı değil her toplumun kendi şartlarını dikkate alan, devamlı ve tekâmül esasına bağlı ictihadî bir yöntem diye görmektedir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 265-267 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.