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TEFRİK Skip to content Hâkim kararıyla evliliğe son verilmesi anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “iki şeyi birbirinden ayırmak” anlamındaki tefrîk, fıkıhta kadının mahkemeye başvurması üzerine hâkim kararıyla evliliğe son verilmesini yani kazâî boşanmayı ifade eder. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de “ferraka” fiili ve türevleri birçok yerde sözlük mânasıyla, bir yerde de “eşleri birbirinden ayırmaya çalışmak” anlamında geçer (el-Bakara 2/102; M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem, “frḳ” md.). Hadislerde tefrik kelimesi ve türevleri liân yapan eşleri ayırma ve sözlük mânasıyla pek çok yerde kullanılır (Buhârî, “Ṭalâḳ”, 30; Müslim, “Liʿân”, 3; Wensinck, el-Muʿcem, “frḳ” md.). Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn döneminde iktidarsızlık vb. sebeplerle tefrik hükmünün verildiği bazı uygulamalara rastlanmaktadır. Hz. Ömer bir yıl süre tanıdıktan sonra iktidarsızlık yüzünden tefrik hükmü vermiş ve bunu bâin talâk saymıştır. Hz. Ali ve İbn Mes‘ûd’dan benzer rivayetler nakledilmiştir. Fıkıh kitaplarında tefrik kelimesi “kazâî boşanma” anlamında yaygın biçimde geçmektedir.
Sebepleri. Fıkıhta talâk genelde kocanın tek taraflı irade beyanıyla evlilik birliğine son vermesi şeklinde anlaşıldığından ve bu hakkın kullanımına yasal anlamda ciddi bir engel de getirilmediğinden mahkeme hükmüyle evlilik birliğinin sona ermesini isteme kadına ait bir hak olarak görülür. Evliliğin iradî olarak sona erdirilmesinde kadına ve hâkime söz hakkı tanınması bir bakıma talâk yetkisinin kocaya tanınması ilkesiyle çeliştiği için kadının hangi durumlarda tefrik isteyebileceği ve hâkimin tefrike yetkili olup olmadığı İslâm hukukçuları arasında tartışılmıştır. Hanefîler ve kısmen Şâfiîler, talâkın kocaya ait bir hak olduğu ilkesine ağırlık vererek kadının tefrik isteme ve hâkimin tefrike hükmetme imkânını epeyce sınırlı tutmuşlardır. Mâlikî ve Hanbelî mezheplerinde ise kadının mağduriyetini önlemek amacıyla bu konuda kadına ve hâkime oldukça geniş yetki verildiği görülür. Osmanlı Devleti’nde 1917’de çıkarılan Hukūk-ı Âile Kararnâmesi’nde ve ardından birçok İslâm ülkesinde bu alanda yapılan yasal düzenlemelerde Mâlikî ve Hanbelî mezhebinin görüşü tercih edilmiş ve uygulama daha çok bu yönde olmuştur.
Fakihlerin üzerinde durduğu tefrik sebepleri şunlardır: 1. Hastalık ve bedenî kusurlar. Bu çerçevede cinsel ilişkiye engel olabilecek hastalıklarla eşler arasında nefrete sebebiyet verecek ayıplar ele alınmaktadır. İbn Hazm ve Şevkânî’ye göre Kur’an ve Sünnet’te delil bulunmadığından kadın evlilik akdinden önce mevcut olsun veya olmasın eşindeki hastalık ve kusurlar sebebiyle tefrik talep edemez. Kādî Şüreyh, İbn Şihâb ez-Zührî, Ebû Sevr ve İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye gibi âlimlere göre ise kadın her türlü hastalık ve bedensel kusuru gerekçe gösterip boşanma talebinde bulunabilir; çünkü hastalık ve kusurların mevcudiyeti eşler arasında sevginin oluşmasına ve evliliğin hedeflerinin gerçekleşmesine engel teşkil eder. Çoğunluğa göre bu hak belirli hastalıklar ve fizyolojik kusurlarla sınırlıdır ve cinsel ilişkiye engel olan hastalıklar bunların başında gelir. Erkeğin iktidarsızlığı halinde bu durumun düzelebileceği düşüncesiyle kocaya bir yıl süre verilir. Bu süre içerisinde düzelme gerçekleşirse dava düşer; aksi takdirde kocadan eşini boşaması istenir. Koca bundan kaçınırsa kadının talebi üzerine hâkim eşleri ayırır. Kadında cinsel ilişkiye engel hastalıkların bulunması durumunda Hanefîler’e göre erkek karısını boşamak suretiyle mâruz kaldığı zararı giderme imkânına sahiptir, dolayısıyla hâkimden tefrik talep edemez. Şâfiî, Mâlikî ve Hanbelîler’e göre ise eşinde kusur bulunan erkek de hâkimden tefrik isteyebilir. Cinsel ilişkiye engel olmamakla beraber eşlerin birbirinden nefret etmesine yol açabilecek cüzzam ve akıl hastalığı gibi durumların kocada bulunması halinde Ebû Hanîfe ve Ebû Yûsuf’a göre kadın ayrılma isteğinde bulunamaz, İmam Muhammed’e göre ise bulunabilir. Bu hastalıklar yüzünden kadın boşanma talep ettiğinde hastalığın geçmesi ümidi varsa hâkim bir yıl süre tanır. Bu süre içerisinde hastalık iyileşirse tefrike mahal kalmaz. Hastalık iyileşmediği, koca da boşamaya yanaşmadığı takdirde kadın talebinde ısrar ederse hâkim eşleri ayırır. İyileşmesi umulmayan hastalıktan dolayı ise hemen eşler ayrılır. Körlük, sağırlık ve topallık gibi kusurlardan birinin kocada bulunması tefriki gerektirmez. İmam Muhammed akıl hastalığı, baras ve cüzzamın yanında kadının tefrik talebinde bulunabileceği hastalıklara aklî ve cinsel hastalıklarla cilt hastalıklarını da ilâve etmektedir. Bu görüş 1917 tarihli Hukūk-ı Âile Kararnâmesi’nde benimsenmiştir. Şâfiî, Mâlikî ve Hanbelîler’e göre eşlerden birinde cüzzam, akıl hastalığı vb.nin görülmesi halinde dilerlerse evliliği devam ettirirler veya erkek kendi tasarrufuyla, kadın hâkime başvurarak ayrılma yolunu tercih edebilirler. Ancak kadının akid esnasında ayıpların mevcudiyetini bilmemesi ve öğrendikten sonra buna razı olmaması gerekir. İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye’ye göre eşlerden birinde körlük, kısırlık, dilsizlik, topallık, sağırlık, elin ve ayağın kesik olması gibi kusur ve hastalıkların varlığı durumunda tefrik talebinde bulunmak câizdir. Hanefîler’den İbnü’l-Hümâm ve Mâlikîler’den Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Haraşî’ye göre kocasının kısırlığı halinde kadının hâkimden tefrik talep etmesi mümkün değildir. Kādî Şüreyh, İbn Şihâb ez-Zührî, Süfyân es-Sevrî, İbn Teymiyye ve İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye gibi âlimler ise kadının bu durumda tefrik talebinde bulunabileceği görüşündedir.
2. Gaiplik. Kocanın uzun süre kendisinden ayrı kalmasından dolayı zarar gören veya iffetini koruma endişesi içine giren kadın Hanefî, Şâfiî, Zâhirî ve Ca‘ferîler’e göre hâkimden tefrik talep edemez. Eğer kocanın yeri biliniyorsa hâkim o beldenin hâkimine yazı yazarak kocayı nafaka vermeye mecbur eder, bilinmiyorsa emsalleri ölünceye kadar beklenilmesi gerekir. Mâlikî mezhebinde, kocanın ilim ve ticaret gibi meşrû bir sebeple ve nafakayı karşılayacak mal bırakarak da olsa evi terketmesi halinde kadının tefrik talebinde bulunabileceği kabul edilir. Hanbelîler’e göre koca ilim tahsili, ticaret, çalışma, askerlik ve cihad gibi meşrû mazeretler dolayısıyla evinden ayrılmışsa kadın tefrik talep edemez, bu ayrılık bir mazerete dayanmıyorsa talepte bulunabilir. Tefrik isteyebilmek için gerekli asgari gaiplik süresi hususunda ihtilâf vardır. Mâlikî mezhebinde tercih edilen görüşe göre bir yıl, Hanbelîler’e göre altı ay kocasından ayrı kalan kadın tefrik isteyebilir. Hanefîler’in görüşlerinin kadına zarar vereceği düşüncesinden hareketle, Osmanlı Devleti’nde 1916’da sâdır olan irâde-i seniyye ile kocası altı ay veya daha fazla süre nafaka bırakmadan gaip olan kadına tefrik hakkı tanınmıştır. Hukūk-ı Âile Kararnâmesi’nin 126. maddesi de bu yönde düzenlenmiştir. Fakihler, hayatta olup olmadığı bilinmeyen kişinin savaş ve tehlike şartlarının bulunmadığı durumlarda -akranlarının yaş ortalamasına veya altmış iki ile 120 arasında değişen yaş kriterlerine göre- hayatından ümit kesilmedikçe hükmen ölümüne karar verilemeyeceği hususunda birleşmiş, ancak karısının böyle uzun süre beklemesinden doğabilecek zararları ele alırken iki eğilim ortaya çıkmıştır. Hanefîler’in temsil ettiği eğilime göre bu dönemde nikâhın feshine karar vermek evliliğin devamını kabul etmekten daha az sakıncalı değildir; Mâlikîler’in temsil ettiği eğilime göre ise mâkul bir süre beklemenin ardından eşin talebi üzerine hâkim tarafından evlilik sona erdirilebilir (ayrıca bk. MEFKŪD ).
3. Hapis. Hapse mahkûm olan kimsenin karısı, hapis müddeti uzun da olsa Hanefî ve Şâfiîler’e göre hâkimden tefrik talebinde bulunamaz. Zira bu hususta şer‘î bir delil yoktur. Kadının zarar görmemesi ilkesine dayanan ve hapislikle gaiplik arasında benzerlik kuran Mâlikîler’le Hanbelîler’den İbn Teymiyye’ye göre üç yıl veya daha fazla bir süre hüküm giyen erkeğin karısı bir yıl geçtikten sonra tefrik talebinde bulunabilir; bu açıdan bakıldığında isteyerek evi terkedenle esaret veya zorla götürülme gibi sebeplerle karısından ayrı kalan arasında fark yoktur. Hapsin üzerinden bir yıl geçtikten sonra hâkim kocayı haberdar etmeden ve bir süre belirlemeden aralarını ayırır.
4. Nafaka sağlayamama. Koca ekonomik gücünün zayıflığı sebebiyle karısının nafakasını sağlayamıyorsa Hanefîler’e göre kadın hâkimden tefrik talebinde bulunamaz. Hanefîler, bu hususta kişinin ancak gücü nisbetinde yükümlü tutulduğunu bildiren (et-Talâk 65/7) ve darda olana mühlet verilmesini isteyen (el-Bakara 2/280) âyetlerle Hz. Peygamber’in kocanın fakirliği yüzünden tefrike hükmettiği bir davanın bilinmemesini delil gösterir. 1917 tarihli Hukūk-ı Âile Kararnâmesi’nde bu konu Ebû Hanîfe’nin görüşüne uygun biçimde düzenlenmiştir. İbn Hazm’a göre de koca fakirliği sebebiyle nafakayı ödeyemeyecek durumda ise kadının nafakasını temin etmekle mükellef değildir; hatta kadın zenginse kendi nafakasıyla birlikte kocasının nafakasını da sağlamak durumundadır. Mâlikî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre kocanın nafaka vermekten âciz kalması halinde kadın hâkimden tefrik talebinde bulunabilir. Hâkim, gerekli tahkikatı yaptıktan sonra gerçekten nafaka borcunun tamamen yerine getirilmediği veya tahsilinde güçlük çekildiği sonucuna varırsa boşamaya hükmeder ve eşlerin arasını ayırır. Zira Kur’an’da kocaya ya iyilikle tutma ya da güzellikle bırakma emredilmektedir (el-Bakara 2/229); koca karısına nafaka vermediğinde onu iyilikle tutmuş sayılmaz. Kadın nikâh akdi esnasında kocanın fakirliğini biliyor idiyse Mâlikîler’e göre tefrik talep edemez. Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre nafakaya ihtiyaç zamana göre değişiklik arzettiğinden bir vakitte fakirliğe rıza gösterilmesi bunun bütün vakitlerde geçerliliğini koruduğu anlamına gelmez. İbn Kayyim’e göre ise kadın ancak, koca fakirliğini gizlemiş ve kendini varlıklı göstermişse tefrik talebinde bulunabilir.
5. Şiddetli geçimsizlik. Kocanın kötü söz ve davranışlarıyla karısına zarar vermesi, haksız yere ondan ayrı yaşaması, onu Allah’ın yasakladığı bir fiili yapmaya zorlaması, içkiye ve kumara düşkünlük gibi kötü alışkanlıklara sahip olması durumunda kadın Hanefîler’e, Şâfiîler’in iki görüşünden birine ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’den yapılan iki rivayetten birine göre hâkimden tefrik talep edemez. Zira kadın, hâkimden kocasının cezalandırılmasını ve onu arzu edilmeyen davranışlarından vazgeçirmesini isteyebilir. Sonuç alınamaması halinde hukuken yapılabilecek bir şey yoktur. Mâlikîler’e, Şâfiîler’in diğer görüşüne, Ahmed b. Hanbel’den gelen diğer rivayete ve Evzâî’ye göre bu durumlarda kadın kocasının cezalandırmasını veya aralarını ayırmasını isteyebilir. Kadının bu yöndeki iddialarını iki şahitle ispat etmesi veya kocasının ikrar etmesi halinde hâkim aralarını ayırır; aksi takdirde dava reddedilir. Kadın zarara uğradığını ispat edememekle birlikte yeniden mahkemeye başvurup tefrik talebinde ısrar ederse hâkim iki tarafın ailesinden birer kişiyi hakem tayin eder. Hakemler gerekli araştırmayı yaparak eşleri uzlaştırmaya çalışırlar. Bu mümkün olmazsa ve kocanın kadına zarar verdiğine kanaat getirirlerse boşamaya, kadın kusurlu görülürse muhâleaya hükmederler; geçimsizliğin her ikisinden kaynaklandığı sonucuna ulaşırlarsa mehrin bir kısmı karşılığında aralarını tefrik ederler. Hakemler ittifak edemezse hâkim bir başka hakem heyeti belirler. 1917 tarihli Osmanlı Hukūk-ı Âile Kararnâmesi eşler arasında geçimsizliğin varlığı durumunda hakemlerin boşama yetkisini kabul etmiştir.
Bunların dışında kocanın karısıyla cinsel ilişkide bulunmamaya yemin etmesi, ona zina isnat edip bunu dört şahitle ispat edememesi ve bir organını aralarında ebedî evlenme engeli olan bir kadının mahrem bir organına benzeterek onu kendisine haram kılması özel hükümlere bağlanmış olup bu durumlarda hâkimin eşlerin arasını ayırması gündeme gelebilmektedir (bk. ÎLÂ ; LİÂN ; ZIHÂR ). Tefrik kararıyla Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre bir bâin talâk meydana gelmiş olur. Zira hâkim koca adına boşama işlemi yapmış sayılır; ayrıca tefrikten maksat mevcut zararı önleme olduğundan bu amaç ancak bâin talâkla gerçekleşebilir. Şâfiî’ye ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’e göre kadının isteğiyle gerçekleştiği için bu ayrılık talâk sayılmayıp fesih kabul edilir. Bu görüş ayrılığının önemi talâk sayısının eksilip eksilmemesinde görülür.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 277-279 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.