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TEFRİKA Skip to content Dinî, fikrî veya siyasî birliğin parçalanması.
Sözlükte “ayırma, ayırt etme, parçalama; dağılma, parçalanmışlık” anlamlarındaki tefrika terim olarak belirli bir dinî, fikrî veya siyasî birliğe sahip insan topluluklarının bölünüp parçalanmasını, fırkalara ayrılmasını ifade eder. Tefrikanın karşıtı vahdet/cemâat tir. Tefrika, “görüş ayrılığına düşme” anlamına gelen ihtilâf la yakından ilişkilidir. İhtilâf bazı durumlarda tefrika ile eş anlamlı gibi kullanılsa da genelde fikir ayrılıklarını belirtir. Dinî yorumlarda ortaya çıkan görüş farklılığı derinleşerek sosyal ve siyasal parçalanmalara yol açabilir; bunun aksine sosyal ve siyasal çekişmeler şiddetlenip dini yorumlamada kalıcı ihtilâflara ve ayrışmalara götürebilir. Naslarda dinin aslî yapısını ve ümmetin bütünlüğünü bozacak her türlü parçalanma yasaklanmakla birlikte en tehlikeli olanı, geçmiş ümmetlerde görüldüğü gibi fikrî ve siyasî bölünmelerin dinde kalıcı fırkalaşmalara, bunun da dinî metinlerin ve hükümlerin tahrifine yol açmasıdır. Dinde tefrika ve ihtilâfın sebebi, vahiyle gelen bilgilere muhalefet edip nefsânî arzulara uyma ve taşkınlık yapma (bağy) şeklinde ifade edilir (el-Bakara 2/90, 213; Âl-i İmrân 3/19; eş-Şûrâ 42/14). Tasavvufta tefrika iki anlamda kullanılır. İlkinde cem‘ halinin zıddını ve kulun cem‘ halinden ayrılıp kendi benliğine dönmesini, ayrı ayrı varlıkları görmesini, ikincisinde cem‘iyyet halinin karşıtını ve maddî kaygılar sebebiyle insanın huzursuz olmasını ifade eder.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de tefrika kelimesinin türevleri hem sözlük hem terim anlamında birçok âyette geçmektedir (meselâ bk. Âl-i İmrân 3/105; eş-Şûrâ 42/14; el-Beyyine 98/4). Ayrıca ihtilâf kavramı yanında “nizâ‘” kökünün türevleri de benzer mânada kullanılır (Âl-i İmrân 3/152; el-Enfâl 8/46; Tâhâ 20/62). Kur’an’da insanların tek bir topluluk (ümmet) halinde iken inanç ayrılığına düştükleri (el-Bakara 2/213), özellikle Ehl-i kitabın kendilerine ilim geldikten sonra nefsânî arzularına uyarak hak yoldan saptığı (el-Bakara 2/253; Âl-i İmrân 3/19; el-Câsiye 45/17) belirtilir. Parçalanıp bölünmenin dinî tebliğin ortadan kalkmasına yol açacağı ifade edilerek geçmiş ümmetlerden örnekler verilir (er-Rûm 30/32; ayrıca bk. Âl-i İmrân 3/105; el-En‘âm 6/159). İsrâiloğulları’nın dinleri konusunda ayrılığa düşmelerini eleştiren ifadelerin ardından, “Sonra da seni din konusunda bir şeriat sahibi kıldık; sen ona uy, bilmeyenlerin arzularına uyma” (el-Câsiye 45/18; ayrıca bk. el-Mâide 5/48) buyurulur. Başka bir âyette, “Hep birlikte Allah’ın ipine sımsıkı sarılın; parçalanıp bölünmeyin” (Âl-i İmrân 3/103) buyurularak müslümanların dinî ilkeler ve Hz. Peygamber’in sünneti etrafında toplanmaları emredilir (ayrıca bk. el-En‘âm 6/153; el-Enbiyâ 21/92; el-Mü’minûn 23/52). Üzerinde birleşilmesi gereken hususlar inanç esasları ve amelî hayatın temel kurallarıyla ilgili hükümlerden oluşur; bunlar Kur’an’da “hak din, hudûdullah, Allah’ın hükmü, şeriat” tabirleriyle, hadis ve fıkıh kaynaklarında ayrıca “sünnet-i nebeviyye” terkibiyle ifade edilir. Kur’an’da toplumun inanç, ahlâk ve davranış esasları ortaya konmuştur (el-Bakara 2/285; el-En‘âm 6/149-153; el-İsrâ 17/23-39). Müminlerin kardeş olduğu dile getirilirken (el-Hucurât 49/10) tevhid inancı ve din ilkeleri hususunda ayrılığa düşülmemesi, siyasal birliğin ve barışın korunması istenir (el-Enfâl 8/46). Müminlerden iki grubun birbiriyle savaşması durumunda aralarında barışın tesis edilmesi, aksi halde haksızlıkta direnip barışa yanaşmayan tarafla Allah’ın emrine boyun eğinceye kadar savaşılması emredilir (el-Hucurât 49/9; Şevkânî, V, 73).
Hadislerde de tefrika kınanır, müslümanların birlik halinde bulunmaları hususu vurgulanır: “Birbirinizi kıskanmayın, alışverişte birbirinizi aldatmayın, birbirinize düşmanlık beslemeyin, birbirinize sırt çevirmeyin, birinin pazarlığı üzerine pazarlık yapmayın; ey Allah’ın kulları kardeş olun! Müslüman müslümanın kardeşidir; ona zulmetmez, onu yardımsız bırakmaz, onu küçük görmez” (Müslim, “Birr”, 32); “Müminler bir binanın tuğlaları gibi birbirine bağlıdır” (Müslim, “Birr”, 65); “Müslümanlar birbirini sevmede ve korumada bir vücudun organları gibidir. Vücudun herhangi bir organı rahatsızlanırsa diğerleri de bu yüzden ateşlenir, uykusuz kalır” (Buhârî, “Edeb”, 27; Müslim, “Birr”, 66). Hadislerde cemaat kelimesi “namaz kılmak üzere bir araya gelen topluluk” şeklindeki fıkhî anlamı yanında (bk. CEMAAT ), “İslâm dinine mensup olanlar, onların yolu, siyasî birlik” mânalarında da kullanılır. “Bir karış da olsa cemaatten ayrılan kişi İslâm bağını boynundan çözmüş olur” (Tirmizî, “Edeb”, 78); “Allah ümmetimi sapıklık üzerinde birleştirmez; Allah’ın eli cemaatle birliktedir; kim cemaatten ayrılırsa cehenneme ayrılmış olur” (Tirmizî, “Fiten”, 7) meâlindeki hadislerde ikinci anlamdaki cemaatten söz edilmektedir. Bu tür hadisler, toplumun siyasî birlik ve bütünlüğünü de kapsayacak şekilde yorumlanmıştır. Hadislerde hem inanç ve yaşam birliğinin hem siyasal birliğin bozulması bağlamında tefrikadan sakındırılır. Müslümanların ferdî hayatlarında da cemaatle birlikte bulunmaları tavsiye edilir. Fitne zamanları dışında yalnız başına yaşama (inzivâ) hoş görülmez. Bu husus, “Cemaatten ayrılmayın, ayrılıktan sakının. Şüphesiz şeytan tek başına kalanlarla birliktedir, iki kişiden ise uzaktır. Kim cennetin ortasını isterse cemaate yapışsın” (Tirmizî, “Fiten”, 7; ayrıca bk. Nesâî, “Taḥrîmü’d-dem”, 6); “Cemaatten ayrılmayın, zira sürüden ayrılanı kurt kapar” (Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṣalât”, 46) anlamındaki hadislerde açıkça görülür.
İnsanlar yaratılışları gereği birlikte yaşamaya muhtaçtır. Hayatın zorluklarının aşılması, huzur ve güvenliğin sağlanması ancak toplu halde barış içinde yaşamakla mümkündür. İslâmiyet insanlar arasındaki farklılıkları tanışma ve dostluğa vesile olarak görür; tek üstünlük ölçüsünün yalnız Allah’a karşı duyulan derin saygı (takvâ) olduğunu bildirir (er-Rûm 30/22; el-Hucurât 49/13). Kur’an’da, “Takvâ ve iyilik üzerine yardımlaşın, günah ve düşmanlık üzerine yardımlaşmayın” buyurulur (el-Mâide 5/2); hak dinden uzaklaşılması, müslümanların birliğinin parçalanması veya buna alet olunması şiddetle kınanır (et-Tevbe 9/107-108). Diğer bir âyette toplumun fırkalara ayrılıp birbirine düşürülmesi Allah’ın gönderdiği azap çeşitleri arasında sayılırken (el-En‘âm 6/65) bir hadiste de, “Cemaatte rahmet, tefrikada azap vardır” buyurulur (Müsned , IV, 375). Ailede, toplumda, sosyal ve ekonomik kuruluşlarda tefrikadan sakındırılırken Allah’a, resulüne ve müslüman yöneticiye itaat edilmesi, ihtilâf çıkması durumunda Allah’ın hükümlerine başvurulması emredilir (en-Nisâ 4/59, 65, 69). Anlaşmazlığa düşüp mücadele ve savaş yoluna gidilmesinin parçalanmaya ve yıkıcı sonuçlara yol açacağı uyarısında bulunulur; bunun yerine barışın tercih edilmesi ve Allah’ın hükümlerine göre karar verecek bir hakeme başvurulması öğütlenir (meselâ bk. en-Nisâ 4/35). Bir hadiste, “Size namaz, oruç ve sadakadan daha faziletlisini haber vereyim mi? Bu, insanların arasını uzlaştırmaktır; çünkü ilişkilerin bozulması tıraşlayıcıdır; saçı tıraş eder demiyorum, fakat dini tıraşlar” buyurulmuştur (Tirmizî, “Ṣıfatü’l-ḳıyâme”, 56).
Naslarda dinle ilgili tefrikadan sonra en çok sakındırılan husus siyasî alandaki tefrikadır. Tarihte ve günümüzde siyasî iktidar mücadeleleri iç savaşlara, anarşi ve teröre yol açmış, naslarda sakındırılan tefrikanın sayısız menfi örnekleri görülmüştür. Sahâbe devrindeki ridde ve fitne olayları, isyanlar konuyla ilgili fıkhî hükümlerin konulmasını hazırlayan kötü tecrübelerdir. Hadislerde ısrarla cemaate sarılmanın, siyasal birliği korumanın emredilmesi bu tür çatışmalara yol açacak tefrikadan uzaklaştırmayı hedefler. Bu arada adaletsizliğin ve siyasal uygulamalardaki memnuniyetsizliğin çözümünün müslümanları zayıflatacak, parçalayacak ve daha büyük zulümlere yol açacak iç çatışmalarda aranmaması gerektiği vurgulanır. Dinî inançların ve şer‘î hükümlerin inkârına varan irtidad hali dışında, mevcut sorunların siyasal birliğin korunmasıyla çözüme kavuşturulması tavsiye edilir. Aslında hilâfet kurumunun ve devlet yönetiminin meşruiyetinin temel gerekçelerinden biri de cemaatin birliğinin korunmasıdır; dolayısıyla devlet yöneticilerinin birleştirici olması gerekir. Ancak naslarda bölünüp fırkalara ayrılmanın kınanması, İslâm tarihinde itikadî ve siyasî fırkaların ortaya çıkmasına ve dinden sapmalara engel olamamıştır. Çatışmaların çoğu dini yorumlamada görüş ayrılıklarından ziyade siyasal çekişmelerden kaynaklanmıştır (Reşîd Rızâ, III, 8). Her itikadî ve siyasî fırkanın kendi yorumunu dinin sahih yolu olarak ileri sürmesi ve kendi iktidar mücadelesini meşrulaştırmak amacıyla nasları te’vile yönelmesi karşısında hadislerde bildirilen cemaatin ne olduğu hususunda erken dönemlerden itibaren yorumlar yapılmış, sonuçta bunu ifade etmek için ümmetin üzerinde birleştiği, Hz. Peygamber’in sünnetini ve ashabının yolunu ifade eden “Ehl-i sünnet ve cemaat” tabiri benimsenmiştir.
Kaynaklarda her görüş ayrılığının kınanan tefrika ve ihtilâf çerçevesinde yer almayacağı, bilgi ve anlayış farkı gibi ihtilâflardan kaçınmanın mümkün olmadığı ifade edilir (a.g.e. , IV, 23). Gerek inançla gerekse ahlâkî ve amelî alanla ilgili, “kat‘iyyât” denilen hükümlerde görüş ayrılığının veya dinin temel hükümlerine (usûlü’d-dîn) yeni ilâveler yapmanın sapkınlığa yol açan bir tefrika kabul edildiği, genellikle amelî ahkâm sahasında kalan ictihad meselelerinde görüş ayrılığının ise meşrû olduğu belirtilir (Karaman, III, 409). Naslarda kınanan bölünme ve fırkalaşma, itikadî konularda zan ve keyfî arzulara dayalı görüşlerle doğru yoldan ayrılmak, sübjektif değerlere veya siyasal ideolojilere uyarak dini tahrif etmek, iç kargaşaya yol açıp müslümanların birliğini parçalamaktır. Nasları anlama ve uygulama çabasıyla ictihada açık hususlarda farklı yorumların ortaya konulması Kur’an’da övülen düşünme, akletme ve ibret alma gibi iyi niyetli zihnî çabaların bir neticesi olup kınanan tefrika sınırları içinde yer almaz. Dinin esaslarında birlik halinde olmak şartıyla bunları gerçekleştirmede başvurulan yollarda ihtilâf meşrûdur. Çeşitli dinî ilimlerin ortaya çıkıp gelişmesi tefrikayı, keyfîliğe dayalı ihtilâfları bertaraf etmeyi, arzuların yerine hikmetin konulmasını ve birliği sağlamayı hedeflerken bir başka yönden düşünme ve ictihada dayalı görüş ayrılıklarının yolunu açar. Aynı şekilde İslâm’ın temel değerlerini benimsemekle birlikte bunları uygulamada farklı yollar tutan siyasî, fıkhî, içtimaî teşkilâtlanmalar ve cemaatleşmeler de kınanan tefrika kapsamına girmez. Bu tür oluşumlar çeşitli yönlerden dinin öğretilmesine, dinî değerlerin yayılmasına ve müslüman toplumun ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasına katkı sağlamakla dine hizmet etmiş olur. Birliğin duygu, düşünce ve hareket beraberliğiyle pekiştirilmesi “tevhîd-i kulûb, tevhîd-i efkâr, tevhîd-i ef‘âl” diye adlandırılır. Bu birlik tabii, ilmî ve zevklere dayalı farklılıkları yok ederek tek tip insan yetiştirmeyi hedefleyen bir anlayış olmayıp çeşitlilik içinde birlik sonucuna varma çabasıdır.
Ümmetin düşünce birliğini sağlayan prensipler içinde kültür ve eylem birliğine yönelik hususlar da yer alır. Başta namaz olmak üzere hemen bütün ibadetlerde birliğe katkıda bulunan unsurlar mevcuttur. Müslümanlar arasında akrabalık veya menfaat gibi başkaca bir bağ olmadan yalnız din kardeşliğinden gelen bazı hak ve yükümlülükler konulmuş, bunların hem cemaat halinde yaşamayı kolaylaştırıp pekiştirmesi hem de dinî yükümlülüklerin yerine getirilmesine vesile teşkil etmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu bağlamda selâmın yaygınlaştırılması, hastaların ziyaret edilmesi, cenazelere katılma, bayramlarda ziyaretleşme vb. hususları emreden naslar gündelik hayatta sevgi ve hoşgörüye dayalı bir toplum kurmanın esaslarını teşkil eder. Cuma ve bayram namazları gibi bir kısım ibadetlerin ancak cemaat halinde eda edilebilmesi ibadetlerin birleştirici rolünü vurgulamaktadır. İbadetlerde ve muâmelâtta bazı hükümler cemaatin birliğinin korunması kuralına dayandırılmıştır. Müslümanların yönetim işlerini danışma ile yürütmesi (eş-Şûrâ 42/38), birden fazla halifenin meşrû kabul edilmemesi, meşrû yönetime isyanın haram oluşu, bir yere yönetici tayin edilirken veya yeni bir uygulama yapılırken o yöredeki insanlar arasında tefrika çıkmamasına özen gösterilmesi, bir mahalde oturanların rıza göstermediği kişinin onlara namazda imamlık yapmasının mekruh kabul edilmesi, aynı mescidde ilkiyle aynı anda cemaatle ikinci bir namaz kılmanın yasaklanması, bir müslümanı veya müslüman topluluğunu cinsiyeti, soyu, dili, rengi, maddî eksiklik ve kusurları yönünden küçümsemenin ve kötü lakap takmanın haram kılınması, zekât ve diğer malî tedbirlerle müslümanlar arasındaki malî dengenin korunması gibi meseleler hep birliğin korunması esasına dayanır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 279-281 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.