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TEHZÎBÜ’l-LUGA Skip to content Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Ezherî’nin (ö. 370/980) ansiklopedik sözlüğü.
Müellifin baş eseri olup en çok güvenilen Arapça sözlüklerinden biridir. Ezherî kitabına uzun bir mukaddime ile başlar (Tehẕîbü’l-luġa, I, 2-54). İlk dönem dil mektepleri ve sözlük tarihi açısından büyük önem taşıyan mukaddimede eserin kaynakları, Arap dili ve diğer bazı konular hakkında bilgi verilir. Müellife göre ashabın dilinin Arapça olması ve Hz. Peygamber’in Kur’an’ı gerektiği kadar açıklaması sebebiyle o devirde Arapça öğrenmeye ihtiyaç bulunmuyordu. Zamanla Arap olmayanların İslâm’ı kabul etmesiyle onlar için Arap dilini öğrenmek dinî bir zaruret haline gelmiştir. Aslında çok zengin sayılan Arapça’yı Resûl-i Ekrem’den başka hiç kimsenin ihata etmesi mümkün değildir. Ezherî kitabını telif ederken eserlerine başvurduğu âlimler hakkında bilgi verir; güvenilir olanları belirtir, zayıf olanları eleştirir. Eleştirdikleri içinde Leys b. Muzaffer, İbn Düreyd ve İbn Kuteybe gibi âlimler de vardır. Halîl b. Ahmed’in Kitâbü’l-ʿAyn’ının mukaddimesinden önemli bir bölümü kendi kitabına nakleden müellif eserini kaleme alma sebeplerini şöyle açıklar: 1. Karmatîler arasındaki uzun esaret günlerinde duyup ezberlediği dil malzemesini kaydetme arzusu. 2. Hz. Peygamber’in, “Dikkat edin! Din Allah’a, resulüne, kitabına, müslüman yöneticilere ve müslüman halka karşı iyi niyet ve samimiyetten ibarettir” hadisine uyarak topluma karşı görevini yerine getirme duygusu. 3. Dil alanında yazılmış eserlerde gördüğü, kolay farkedilemeyecek yanlışlık ve eksiklikleri ortaya koyma isteği (a.g.e., I, 6). Müellif mukaddimede ayrıca gençliğinden itibaren dil konularıyla ilgilendiğini, yaşı yetmişe ulaşıncaya kadar çeşitli dil meselelerini kaynaklarından araştırıp öğrenmeye büyük önem verdiğini söyler (a.g.e., I, 7). Onun bu ifadesi kitabını yetmiş yaşından sonra yazdığına dair bir işaret sayılabilir. Ezherî, Habur’da Karmatîler’ce yolları kesilip esir alınan hacılar arasında kendisinin de bulunduğunu, hâlis bedevî Arap olan Karmatîler’den dil malzemesi derlediğini ve bunların büyük bir kısmını kitabına aldığını kaydetmektedir (a.g.e., a.y.). Müellif ayrıca Arap diline girmiş yanlış öğeleri ayıklamaya çalıştığını, bundan dolayı eserine Tehẕîbü’l-luġa adını verdiğini belirtmiş, gereğinden fazla garîb ve nâdir kelimelerle kitabını uzatmak istemediğini de ilâve etmiştir (a.g.e., I, 54; Hüseyin en-Nassâr, I, 259). Araplar’dan duyup ezberleme, güvenilir âlimlerden rivayet etme ve bunların eserlerinden nakilde bulunma şeklinde üç grup kaynağa dayandığını söyleyen Ezherî kitaplarına başvurduğu müellifleri ve eserlerini beş tabakaya ayırarak incelemiştir (Tehẕîbü’l-luġa, I, 40; XV, 693). Ezherî’ye göre Kitâbü’l-ʿAyn’la ilgili olarak iki Halîl’den söz etmek gerekir. İlki eserin yazarı Halîl b. Ahmed, ikincisi, hayatının son yıllarına doğru kitabını Horasan’da öğrencisi Leys b. Muzaffer’in yanında kaleme alan, ölümünden sonra eserini Leys’in tamamladığı Halîl’dir ki buna Halîlü’l-Leys adını vermektedir. Kendisinin şiddetli eleştirilerinin ikinci Halîl’e yönelik olduğu görülmektedir. Müellif, eserinin sonunda da kitabı ve kaynakları hakkında kısaca bilgi verdikten sonra Arap diliyle ilgili her şeyi kitabında topladığını iddia etmediğini, fakat yazdıklarının hatasız olması için çok gayret gösterdiğini belirtir (a.g.e., XV, 693).
Ezherî, Tehẕîbü’l-luġa’da Halîl b. Ahmed’in Kitâbü’l-ʿAyn’ında kullandığı yöntemi uyguladığını söyler (a.g.e., I, 41). Bu yöntemde kelimelerin ilk kök harfi esas alınmakta, mahreçlerine göre hançerenin en altındaki gırtlak seslerinden başlayarak harfler küçük dil, ağız kenarı, dil ucu, damak, dilin iki yanı, dudak harfleri ve hançerede mahreci bulunmayan harfler (hurûf-ı hevâî) şeklinde sıralanmakta ve hemze illet harfi kabul edilmektedir:
”ع، ح، هـ، خ، غ / ق، ك / ج، ش، ض / ص، س، ز / ط، د، ت / ظ، ذ، ث / ر، ل، ن / ف، ب، م / و، ا، ي، همزة“ Eser Halîl b. Ahmed’in sözlüğü gibi kitaplara ve bablara ayrılarak her harf kitap, her kök (bina) bab olarak adlandırılır. Verilen bir kökün ardından onun harflerinin farklı dizilişiyle oluşan tâlî kökler (maklûblar) sıralanır. Bu köklerden Arap dilinde kullanılmayanlara (mühmel) dikkat çekilir; bu arada başka âlimlerin zikretmediği kök ve kelimelere de işaret edilir. Eserde Arap alfabesi sayısınca yirmi sekiz kitap ve her kitap altında altı bab yer alır. Sözlüğün ilk kitabı, Kitâbü’l-ʿAyn’da olduğu gibi kökü ayınla başlayan kelimelerle bunların maklûblarına ayrılmıştır. Maklûb kökler hançeredeki yerleri bakımından en önce geçen harfin ana kitabında (bölüm) bulunur, diğer yerlerde tekrarlanmaz. Altı bab (kalıp) şunlardır: 1. Muzaaf bablar. ”مدّ، عقّ“ gibi üçlü olduğu halde aynı harfin tekrarından dolayı ikili sayılmış kökler ve maklûbları. 2. Sülâsî sahih bablar. 3. Sülâsî mu‘tel bablar. Kökünde bir illet harfi veya hemze bulunan kelimelerle maklûbları. 4. Sülâsî lefîf bablar. Kök harflerinden ikisi illet harfi olan kelimeleri kapsar. 5. Rubâî bablar. 6. Humâsî bablar. Kitâbü’l-ʿAyn’da bu kalıpta isimlerin bulunmasına rağmen Tehẕîbü’l-luġa’da bunlar yer almaz; humâsî ve bazı rubâî kalıplardan kelimeler sözlüğün değişik bablarında karışık vaziyette tekrar edilir. Sözlüğün son kısmında dört bölüme yer verilmiştir. “el-Hurûfü’l-cûf” adını taşıyan bölümde bütün harfleri illetli olan üçlü kelimelerle vâv ve “yâ”nın çeşitlerinden, anlamlarından, lugat ve nahivle ilgili hükümlerden söz edilmiştir. “Tasrîfü ef‘âli hurûfi’l-lîn” bölümünde ecvef fiil ve isimlere dair meseleler ele alınmıştır. Son iki bölümde Kur’an’daki hurûf-ı mukattaalara dair açıklamalarla hemzenin tahkik, tahfîf/teshîl ve hazfi gibi konular incelenmiş, hâtimede mukaddimede yer verilen amaçlara değinilmiştir.
Müellif, temel kaynak edindiği Kitâbü’l-ʿAyn’ı geçmeyi hedeflediği ve ona eleştiriler yönelttiği halde birçok maddesini aynen aktarmış, bu eserde ve İbn Düreyd’in el-Cemhere’sinde yer almayan birçok kelime eklemiş, böylece sözlüğün hacmi anılan iki sözlüğü de aşmıştır. Ezherî hadislerin senedlerini, yararlandığı müelliflerin ve eserlerinin isimlerini kaydetmeye özen göstermiş, bazan da isim belirtmeden nakilde bulunmuş, bu arada belde, yer ve su (kaynak) adlarını zikredip açıklamış, sözlük bu alanda önemli kaynaklardan biri haline gelmiştir. Ayrıca şâhid beyitleri şerhetmiş, âyet ve hadislerin şâhid olarak kullanımında diğer dilci ve sözlük yazarlarını aşmış, önceki dilcilerden yaptığı bazı nakilleri Araplar’dan duymadığını belirterek kendi görüşünü ortaya koymuş, az kullanılan kelimeleri kaydetmeye özen göstermiştir. Ezherî, mukaddimede gereksiz bilgilerle eserinin hacmini genişletmek istemediği için başkalarının yer verdiği bazı konularla şâhid beyitleri kitabına almadığını belirtmiştir (a.g.e., I, 40-41).
Muhtemelen hacminin genişliği sebebiyle inceleme konusu yapılmayan Tehẕîbü’l-luġa eserde kelime bulmanın zorluğu ve tekrarların çokluğu bakımından eleştirilmiştir. Radıyyüddin es-Sâgānî el-ʿUbâbü’z-zâḫir’inde, Muhammed b. Ebû Bekir er-Râzî Muḫtârü’ṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ’ında Tehẕîbü’l-luġa’dan çokça yararlanmış, eser İbn Manzûr’un Lisânü’l-ʿArab’ının beş temel kaynağından birincisini teşkil etmiştir. İbn Manzûr, Tehẕîbü’l-luġa ile İbn Sîde’nin sözlüklerini hâlis Araplar’dan duyularak derlenmiş olmaları sebebiyle rakipsiz görmüştür. İbn Manzûr Lisânü’l-ʿArab’ında, Tâceddin Mahmûd Ebü’l-Meâlî Ḍâlletü’l-edîb fi’l-cemʿ beyne’ṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ ve’t-Tehẕîb’inde, Ebü’s-Senâ Mahmûd b. Ebû Bekir b. Hâmid et-Tenûhî Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb’inde Tehẕîbü’l-luġa ile diğer sözlükleri birleştirmiştir.
İbnü’l-Kıftî âlimlerin Tehẕîbü’l-luġa’ya güvendiğini, bundan dolayı eserin büyük bir şöhrete kavuştuğunu, yirmi ciltlik müellif nüshasının kendisinden sonra Ali es-Sem‘ânî’ye intikal edip Merv’de bulunduğunu, fakat 617 (1220) yılındaki Moğol istilâsının ardından kaybolduğunu söylemekte (İnbâhü’r-ruvât, IV, 179-180), İzzeddin İbnü’l-Esîr de Tehẕîbü’l-luġa’nın müellif nüshasının birkaç cildini gördüğünü belirtmektedir (el-Kâmil, IX,148). Günümüzde çeşitli kütüphanelerde yirmi civarında yazma nüshası tesbit edilen Tehẕîbü’l-luġa, Abdüsselâm Muhammed Hârûn ve arkadaşları tarafından on beş cilt halinde yayımlanmıştır (Kahire 1964-1967). Bu neşrin VII, VIII ve IX. ciltlerinde eksik olan kısımları Reşîd Abdurrahman el-Ubeydî, el-Müstedrek ʿale’l-eczâʾi’s-sâbiʿ ve’s̱-s̱âmin ve’t-tâsiʿ adıyla neşretmiştir (Kahire 1973). Tehẕîbü’l-luġa’nın indeksleri de XVI. cilt olarak Abdüsselâm M. Hârûn tarafından hazırlanmış (Kahire 1976), böylece indeksleri ve ekiyle birlikte on yedi cildi bulan sözlüğün ofset baskıları yapılmıştır. Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Meydânî, Ḳaydü’l-evâbid mine’l-fevâʾid adlı eserinde Tehẕîbü’l-luġa ile eṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ’ı (Cevherî) karşılaştırmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Ezherî, Tehẕîbü’l-luġa (nşr. Abdüsselâm M. Hârûn – M. Ali en-Neccâr), Kahire 1384-87/1964-67, I-XVII, ayrıca bk. neşredenlerin girişi, I, 16-32; İbn Manzûr, Lisânü’l-ʿArab (nşr. Yûsuf Hayyât), Beyrut 1408/1988, tür.yer.; M. Murtazâ ez-Zebîdî, Tâcü’l-ʿarûs (nşr. Abdüssettâr Ahmed Ferrâc), Küveyt 1385/1965, I, 5; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, I, h-v; I, 4; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ, XIX, 135; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil, IX, 148; İbnü’l-Kıftî, İnbâhü’r-ruvât, IV, 179-180; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, I, 515; II, 1085; Hüseyin Nassâr, el-Muʿcemü’l-ʿArabî: Neşʾetühû ve teṭavvürüh, Kahire 1968, I, 259-279; Ahmed Abdülgafûr Attâr, Muḳaddimetü’ṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ, Beyrut 1979, s. 83-86; Emîl Bedî‘ Ya‘kūb, el-Meʿâcimü’l-luġaviyyetü’l-ʿArabiyye, Beyrut 1981, s. 57-60; Sadi Çöğenli – Kenan Demirayak, Arap Edebiyatında Kaynaklar, Erzurum 1994, s. 125-126.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 330-331 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.