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TEKAÜT Skip to content Osmanlılar’da emeklilik için kullanılan terim.
Sözlükte “oturmak” anlamındaki kuûd kökünden türeyen tekāud (teka‘ud ) “bir işle ilgilenmemek, o işi istememek” demektir; “emeklilik” anlamını daha sonra kazanmıştır. Bugünkü Türkçe’de ise yeni kelime olarak emekli ve emeklilik kullanılmaktadır. Tekaüt kelimesi, Osmanlı bürokrasisinde devletten maaş alan veya maaş karşılığı farklı tahsisatı bulunan görevlilerin hizmet yapamayacak duruma gelmesini ifade eden bir terim anlamı kazanmıştır. Tekaüt olan kimseye mütekāid denir. XV. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren belirgin hale gelmeye başlayan üç temel meslek olan seyfiye, ilmiye ve kalemiye sahalarında devlet hizmeti ifa eden kimselerin yaşlılık, hastalık veya mâlûllük durumlarında ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak üzere kendilerine maaş bağlanması uygulaması tekaüt terimine malî bir anlam yüklemiştir. Bu çerçevedeki tekaüt uygulamasını Tanzimat öncesi ve sonrası biçiminde iki ayrı dönemde değerlendirmek mümkündür.
Osmanlı kaynaklarında tekaüt uygulamasına dair birçok örnek olduğu halde bunun kanunu ve sistemine dair bilgiler çok azdır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin ilk teşkilât ve teşrifat metni olan Fâtih Kanunnâmesi’nde tekaütlük hakkında bazı hükümler yer alır. XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısına ait Lutfi Paşa’nın Âsafnâme’sinde konunun esasına dair önemli bilgiler bulunur. Vekāyi‘nâme ve bibliyografik kaynaklarda ise “kanun mûcibince, kānûn-ı kadîm gereği” gibi ifadelerle sistem hakkında fazla bilgi verilmeden yapılan atıflara rastlanır. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi’nde Yeniçeri ocaklarına mensup askerlerin emeklilikleriyle ilgili bilgiler içeren bazı defter serileri mevcuttur. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in teşkilât kanunnâmesinde vezîriâzamla vezirlerin tekaüt olmaları durumunda kendilerine ne kadar tahsisat verileceği belirlenmişti. Buradaki rakamlar daha sonra arttırılmıştır. Âsafnâme’nin üçüncü bölümünde “Tedbîr-i Hazîne” bahsinde Lutfi Paşa mevâcibin arttırılmasında çok dikkatli olunması ve özellikle tekaüt maaşının verilmesinde çok titiz davranılması gerektiğini vurgular. Beylerbeyilerin günlük 150’şer, kazaskerlerin 120’şer, İstanbul kadısının 100’er, Edirne ve Bursa kadılarının 90’ar, diğer başşehir kadılarının 80’er, vezirlerin 200’er, sancak beylerinin 70’er akçe emeklilik tahsisatının olduğunu belirtir. Tekaütlük için ödenen paranın hazineden değil başka kaynaklardan teminini tavsiye eder. Haslar tahsisi yoluyla yapılan emekliliklerde vezirlere 120.000, beylerbeyilere 80.000, defterdara 60.000 ve sancak beylerine 50.000 akçelik hasların, zeâmetlerin tahsis edilmesinin kanun olduğunu, daha fazla verilmemesi gerektiğini yazar (s. 37-39). Bu bilgiler, devlet görevlilerinin emeklilik maaşları için ya hazine ya da timar sisteminin devreye sokulduğuna işaret eder. Ancak tahsisat rakamları Âsafnâme’deki standartlara her zaman uymamıştır.
Vezîriâzam Koca Dâvud Paşa yıllık 300.000, Lutfi Paşa 200.000 akçe, Siyavuş Paşa gümrük hâsılatından 200.000, Damad İbrâhim Paşa (Kanijeli) 100.000, Vezir Mehmed Paşa 130.000 akçe ile tekaüt edilmiştir. Sadrazam Tiryâkî Hasan Paşa azlinden sonra çeşitli yerlerde bulunmuş, 6000 kuruş emeklilikle Resmo Kalesi’nde göz hapsinde tutulmuştur. XVII. yüzyılın sonlarında sadrazamlıktan, sadâret kaymakamlığından ve serdarlıktan emekli edilenlere “on veya on iki yük” haslar verildiğine dair kayıtlar vardır. Daha sonraki tarihlerde gerek vezîriâzam gerekse diğer vezir ve beylerbeyilere herhangi bir mukātaadan tekaüdiye olarak bir miktar para tahsis edilmiş veya bir mahallin hâsılatı arpalık şeklinde verilmiştir.
Yaşı sebebiyle iş yapamayacak bir duruma gelen, idarî ve askerî aczi anlaşılan veya gazaba uğrayan bir vezir tekaüt edilerek kendisine geçinebileceği kadar haslar veya bir mahallin mukātaasından aylık belli bir para ayrılırdı. Ancak bazı durumlarda emekli edilen bir vezir tekrar göreve tayin edilebilirdi. Vezir sayısının arttığı dönemlerde bir kısmının mecburi tekaüde sevkedildiğine dair örnekler vardır. Netâyicü’l-vukūât’ta vezirlerden ve devlet erkânından emekli edilen ve nâdiren İstanbul civarında, ekseri Bursa, Gelibolu ve Tekirdağ gibi mahallerde ikamet edenlere gümrüklerden belli miktarlarda aylık (500, 1000 kuruş), bazı hasta, yaşlı kâtip ve ihtiyaç sahiplerine de yine gümrüklerden “tekaüt ulûfesi” adıyla bir miktar ihsan olunduğu kaydedilir.
Emeklilik uygulaması ilmiye mensupları arasında yaygındı. Şeyhülislâmların XVI. yüzyılda günlük 200 akçe ile emekli oldukları bilinmektedir. Daha sonraki dönemlerde bu miktar artmıştır. Mâzul şeyhülislâmlara genellikle emekli maaşı karşılığında taşradaki bazı köy ve kasabaların gelirleri arpalık olarak tahsis edilir, ancak taşraya bizzat gitmeyip kendilerini temsilen ulemâdan bir zatı nâib gönderirlerdi. XIX. yüzyılda Şeyhüislâm Ârif Hikmet’in 40.000, Mehmed Refik Efendi’nin 20.000 kuruş mâzuliyet maaşları vardı. Ölümlerinin ardından bunun bir kısmı ailelerine ödenir, geri kalanı hazineye intikal ederdi. Tanzimat’tan sonra şeyhülislâm ve meşihat dairesi ileri gelenlerine arpalık yerine maaş verildiği bilinmektedir.
XVI ve XVII. yüzyıl kaynaklarında Rumeli kazaskerinin 572, Anadolu kazaskerinin 563 akçe yevmiye aldıkları ve günlük 250 akçe ile emekli edildikleri belirtilmektedir. Bunlardan tanınmış âlimlere emeklilik yanında Sahn-ı Semân veya dârülhadis medreselerinde müderrislik tahsis edilirdi. Kazasker yahut mevleviyet derecesini kazanan âlimlere tekaüt maaşı yerine bazı köy ve kasabaların gelirleri arpalık şeklinde tahsis edilebilirdi. Ayrıca ilmiye mensuplarına mâzuliyetleri halinde tahsisat ayrıldığına dair birçok kayıt mevcuttur. Fakat bu durum emeklilikten farklı bir özellik taşır. Kesin bir rakam verilmemekle birlikte XV. yüzyıl sonları ile XVI. yüzyıl başlarında mâzuliyet ücretinin günlük 75-100 akçe arasında olduğu, II. Bayezid devrinde Bedreddin Mahmud’un Anadolu kazaskerliğinden günde 100 akçe ile emekliye ayrıldığı tesbit edilir. İstisnaî örnekler arasında Yavuz Sultan Selim tarafından 1513’te 150 akçe yevmiye ile tekaüt edilen, ancak bunu kabul etmeyerek “meccanen tekaüd”ü tercih eden, daha sonra Rumeli kazaskeri olup 1514’te ayrıldığında kendisine 200 akçe emekli maaşı bağlanan Müeyyedzâde Abdurrahman Efendi (Mecdî, s. 310), 1518’de Rumeli kazaskerliğinden yevmiye 100 akçe tahsis edildiği halde daha sonra maaşı 130 akçeye çıkarılan, ardından Edirne’de oturması ve maaşının Edirne Murâdiye evkafından verilmesini rica etmesi üzerine isteği kabul edilerek Kırkkilise kendisine arpalık şeklinde verilen Rükneddin Efendi sayılabilir. Selânikî, XVI. yüzyıl sonlarında kazaskerlikten emekli olanların maaşlarının 180 akçeye çıkarıldığını, fakat Sun‘ullah Efendi’nin 150 akçede kaldığını bildirir. Diğer taraftan Rumeli kazaskerliğinden emekli Damad Efendi’ye 1006’da (1597) “zevâid-i evkāf-ı selâtîn”den günde 200 akçe tekaüt ve bir çift has ekmek ferman olunmuştur. Kazaskerlerin miktarları belirtilen emekli maaşlarını çok defa büyük vakıfların gelir fazlalarından aldıkları dikkati çeker.
Emeklilik, hazineden maaş alan diğer kalem erbabı yanında bilhassa yeniçeriler için önemli bir meseleydi. Ulûfe defterlerinde mütekait, bazı belgelerde “oturak” kelimesiyle ifade edilenler fiilî hizmetlerden çekilerek askerlikle alâkası kalmayan yeniçerilerdi. Neferlikten tekaüt olan bir yeniçerinin maaşı ilk zamanlarda Acemi Ocağı’na kayıt maaşı olan miktardan fazla olamazdı. XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı içinde bunların emeklilik maaşları günde 3’er akçe idi. Daha sonra bu miktar en az 4, en fazla 8 akçeye kadar yükseldi. Ocağın büyük zâbitlerinden olup tekaüt edilenlerin isimleri ulûfe defterlerinin en sonuna yazılır, bunlar 150 ile 200 akçe arasında emeklilik alırlardı.
Yaşlılık sebebiyle emekliye ayrılan yeniçeriler için genelde “amelmande” tabiri kullanılmıştır. Bunlar, emeklilik maaşlarını II. Selim zamanına kadar şehremininden veya selâtin camilerinin evkafı fazlasından alırlardı. Ancak yetersizlik sebebiyle II. Selim zamanında cülûs bahşişiyle birlikte yeniçeri tekaüt maaşları üç ayda bir ulûfe ile beraber hazineden ödenmeye başlandı. Ulûfe defterlerinde her ortanın ve bölüğün son kısımlarına emekli olanların isimleri ve yevmiyeleri ekleniyordu. Emekli yeniçerilere ayrıca fiilen görev yapanlar gibi elbise (çuha) verilmesi de âdet olmuştu. İstanbul dışında bir yerde oturmak istedikleri zaman maaşlarını gittikleri yerin mukātaasından alırlardı. Bununla ilgili bir örnekte yaralanarak emekli olan bir yeniçerinin esâmesinin hazinede kaldığı ve kendisine Diyarbekir vergi gelirlerinden günde 20 akçe tekaüdiye verildiği dikkati çeker.
Fiilen hizmet gören yeniçerilerin ve emekli olanların sayısının artması üzerine 1728’de Vezîriâzam Damad İbrâhim Paşa emekliliği yeniden bir düzen altına almaya çalıştı. Daha önce 1716’da tekaüt ulûfesinin başlaması durumunda sadece yarısının yeni emekli olanlara ayrılacağı prensibi getirilmişti. Fakat bu uygulama sahte esâmi kayıtları dolayısıyla işlemedi. İbrâhim Paşa emekliliğe sıkı bir denetim getirdiyse de problem sürdü. Fazlalıkların önü bir türlü alınamadı. 1739’da Mora’da Anabolu Kalesi fethindeki hizmetlerinden dolayı yaşlı yeniçerilerin emekliye ayrılmasına izin verildi. Bu şekilde emekli olanlar ellerindeki tekaüt esâmelerini asker olmayan kimselere sattılar, bu durum giderek yaygınlık kazandı. Böylece kayıtlı yeniçerilerle fiilen sefere gidenler arasında büyük bir açık ortaya çıktı; bunu kapatmak için yeniden asker kaydedilmesi hazineye büyük külfet getirdi. Halil Hamîd Paşa iyice bozulan Yeniçeri Ocağı’na nizam vermek için gayret gösterdi. Şubat 1782 tarihli bir hükümde Yeniçeri Ocağı’nda 40.000 emeklinin bulunduğu, buna karşılık fiilen savaşa gidecek yeniçeri sayısının 5-10.000 kadar olduğu bildiriliyordu. Bu problem Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kapatılmasına kadar sürdü.
Tanzimat döneminde emeklilik belirli bir maaşla karşılanan bir sisteme dönüştü. Ordu ve mülkiye mensuplarının emeklilerine, bunların dul ve yetimlerine bağlanacak maaşlar yeni bir nizam altına alındı. Ancak bunun belirli bir düzenlemesi tam olarak yapılmadı. 1860’lardan sonra askerî ve mülkî kurumlarda yeni düzenlemelere gidildiğinde emeklilik konusu da ele alındı. 1864’te ordu için bir nizamnâme yayımlandı. 16 Ocak 1865’te emeklilik kanunu ile, mensuplarının emekliliğini düzenleyen ilk kurumlar ortaya çıktı. Orduda ve sivil bürokraside emeklilikle ilgili kanun lâyihaları hazırlandı. En önemli gelişme emekli sandıklarının kurulmasıdır; 1880’de memurlar için umum tekaüt sandığı teşkil edildi. Yeni düzenlemeler, ordu mensuplarının ve sivil memurların dul ve yetimlerini de kapsayacak biçimde geniş düzenlemeleri beraberinde getirdi. 8 Mart 1886 tarihli iki nizamnâme bu konuda dikkat çekicidir (Martal, Eskiçağdan Modern Çağa Ordular, s. 426-428). Tekaütlük sistemi, Osmanlı döneminde türlü problemlere rağmen geçirdiği tarihî süreç bakımından modern anlamdaki emekliliğin en eski uygulamalarından biri olarak kabul edilebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “ḳʿad” md.; İbrâhim Mustafa v.dğr., el-Muʿcemü’l-vasîṭ, “ḳʿad” md.; Fâtih Sultan Mehmed, Kānûnnâme-i Âl-i Osman (nşr. Abdülkadir Özcan), İstanbul 2003, s. 20; Lutfi Paşa, Âsafnâme (nşr. Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, Prof. Dr. Bekir Kütükoğlu’na Armağan içinde), İstanbul 1991, s. 37-39, 95; Mecdî, Şekāik Tercümesi, s. 310; Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli), bk. İndeks; Cevdet, Târih, XII, 225; Uzunçarşılı, Kapukulu Ocakları, I, 436-437, 491-493; a.mlf., Merkez-Bahriye, s. 165-166, 204; Abdullah Martal, “XIX. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Ordusunda Tekaüdlük”, Eskiçağdan Modern Çağa Ordular: Oluşum, Teşkilât ve İşlev (ed. Feridun M. Emecen), İstanbul 2008, s. 423-429; a.mlf., “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Emeklilik ve Buna İlişkin İlk Düzenlemeler”, Kebikeç, sy. 9, Ankara 2000, s. 35-42.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 340-341 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.