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TEKBİR Skip to content Allah’ın en yüce varlık olduğunu belirten “Allahüekber” cümlesini söyleme anlamında terim.
1/2 Müellif: SAFFET KÖSE Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “yüceltmek, büyük olduğunu kabul etmek” anlamındaki tekbîr dinî terim olarak “Allah’ın zâtı, sıfatları ve fiilleri itibariyle her şeyden yüce…
2/2 Müellif: ERDOĞAN ATEŞ Bölüme Git
MÛSİKİ. Hanefîler başta olmak üzere ulemânın büyük bir kısmı tarafından teşrîk tekbirinin metni kabul edilen, “Allāhüekber Allāhüekber lâ ilâhe illall…
Sözlükte “yüceltmek, büyük olduğunu kabul etmek” anlamındaki tekbîr dinî terim olarak “Allah’ın zâtı, sıfatları ve fiilleri itibariyle her şeyden yüce ve üstün olduğu” mânasına gelen “Allāhüekber” cümlesini yahut bunu söylemeyi ifade eder. Tekbir başta namaz olmak üzere birçok ibadetin rüknü veya tamamlayıcı öğesidir. Allah’ın adını yüceltme emri peygamberliğin ilk günlerinde nâzil olan, “Ey örtünüp bürünen, kalk ve uyar! Sadece rabbinin büyüklüğünü dile getir” meâlindeki âyet yanında (el-Müddessir 74/1-3) tevhid inancının bir parçası olarak diğer birçok âyette de geçer (meselâ bk. el-Bakara 2/185; el-İsrâ 17/111; el-Hac 22/37). Tarih boyunca insanların Allah’tan başka varlıkları yüceltme, putlara tâzimde bulunma, onlara kurbanlar sunma gibi tevhid inancıyla bağdaşmayan tutumlar ortaya koyduğu gerçeği karşısında İslâmiyet’te namaz, hac, kurban gibi ibadetlerde tekbire yer verildiği gibi Allah’ın azametinin temaşa edildiği her yerde ve gündelik hayatta çeşitli vesilelerle tekbir getirilmesi tavsiye edilmiştir.
Her gün beş vakit namazdan önce okunan ezan ve farz namazlara durulurken okunan kāmet tekbir lafızlarını içerir. Ayrıca namaza başlama ve bir rükünden diğerine geçiş tekbirle olur. İlkine “iftitah tekbiri”, diğerlerine “intikal tekbirleri” denir. Başlangıç tekbiri iftitah (açılış) kelimesiyle nitelendiği gibi, kendisiyle namaz dışında yapılması helâl olan eylemler haram hale geldiği ve dış âlemle bağlantıyı kestiği için “tahrîme (ihrâm) tekbiri” diye de anılır. İkinci adlandırma Hz. Peygamber’in, “Namazın anahtarı temizlik, haram kılanı tekbir, helâl kılanı selâmdır” hadisinden (Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭahâret”, 31, “Ṣalât”, 73; Tirmizî, “Ṭahâret”, 3, “Ṣalât”, 63) hareketle yapılmıştır. Resûl-i Ekrem, iftitah tekbirine yetişmek şartıyla kırk gün cemaate gelen kişiye Allah’ın biri cehennemden, ikincisi münafıklıktan kurtuluş olmak üzere iki berat vereceğini bildirmiş (Tirmizî, “Ṣalât”, 64) ve namazın özünün iftitah tekbiri olduğunu söylemiştir (Heysemî, II, 273). İftitah tekbiri Ebû Hanîfe ve Ebû Yûsuf’a göre namazın şartlarından, İmam Muhammed’e, üç mezhebe ve Ca‘ferîler’e göre rükünlerindendir. Bu ayırım bazı hükümlere tesir eder. Meselâ iftitah tekbirinden sonra örtülmesi farz kılınan bir yerin örtülmesi veya kıbleye yönelişin tamamlanması gibi hususlar yerine getirilirse ilk görüş sahiplerine göre namaz sahih, bu tekbiri rükün sayanlara göre ise bâtıl olur. Erken dönemde Zührî, Ebû Bekir el-Esam, Süfyân b. Uyeyne ve İbn Uleyye gibi, namaza başlarken niyetin yeterli olacağı ve tekbire gerek bulunmadığı görüşünü savunanlar varsa da bu görüş taraftar bulmamıştır. Niyetle iftitah tekbirinin ardarda yapılmasının gerekliliği hususunda da görüş ayrılığı mevcuttur. Hanefîler, Hanbelîler ve Ca‘ferîler’e göre niyet iftitah tekbirinin hemen öncesinde yapılır ve arada namazla ilgisi olmayan söz ve davranışlara yer vermeden tekbir alınarak namaza başlanır. Niyetle iftitah tekbiri arasında birkaç âyet okuyacak kadar bir süre geçmesi, zikir ve dua yapılması niyetin sıhhatine mani değildir, ancak araya uzun bir zaman dilimi girmemelidir. Mâlikîler ve Şâfiîler’e göre ise iftitah tekbiri niyeti hemen takip etmeli, kısa da olsa herhangi bir fâsıla verilmemelidir, aksi takdirde namaz bâtıl olur. Cemaatle kılınan namazlarda imamdan önce tekbir almanın câiz görülmediği ve bu durumda tekbirin yenilenmesi gerektiği hususunda görüş birliği vardır. İmama uymayı emreden hadisi (Buhârî, “Ṣalât”, 18, “Eẕân”, 51, 74, 82, 128; Müslim, “Ṣalât”, 77, 87, 89) yorumlayan Şâfiîler ve Hanbelîler’e göre cemaat mutlaka imamın peşinden tekbir almalıdır; onunla beraber tekbir alanın namazı geçerli değildir. İmam Mâlik, Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî tekbirin imamla aynı anda alınmasının kerâhetle câiz olduğunu söyler. Hanbelîler’deki bir görüşe göre bu sehven yapılmışsa câizdir. Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre ise en faziletlisi muktedinin imamla beraber tekbir almasıdır.
Ebû Hanîfe ve İmam Muhammed’e göre namaza “Allāhükebîr, er-rahmânü a‘zam, lâ ilâhe illallah, sübhânallah” gibi tâzim ifade eden lafızlarla da başlanabilir. Ebû Yûsuf, “Allāhüekber, Allāhü’l-ekber, Allāhü’l-kebîr” dışındaki lafızlarla başlanmasını câiz görmez. Diğer mezheplere göre ise namaza başlarken mutlaka “Allāhüekber” lafzını söylemek gerekir, zira bunun yerine geçecek başka bir lafız yoktur. Allah lafzının ilk harfini uzatmak kelimeye soru anlamı kattığı, “ekber”i “ekbâr” veya “ikbâr” şeklinde okumak anlamı bozduğu için fakihler bu lafzı söylerken çok dikkat edilmesi gerektiğini belirtirler. Dört Sünnî mezheple Ca‘ferîler’in ortak görüşüne göre iftitah tekbiri sırasında elleri kaldırmak sünnet olup bunun sürekli terki günah kabul edilmiştir. Kadınların ellerini göğüs hizasına kadar kaldıracakları hususunda görüş birliği varsa da erkekler hakkında farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Hanefîler’e göre başparmaklar iki kulak yumuşağına değecek şekilde ve avuçlar açık, parmak araları kapalı vaziyette kıbleye dönük olmalı, bu esnada baş eğik durumda bulunmamalıdır. Ca‘ferîler’de de ellerin kulak yumuşağı hizasına kaldırılması görüşü tercih edilmiştir. Mâlikîler ile Şâfiîler’e göre eller omuz hizasına kadar kaldırılır. Hanbelîler’e göre ise mükellef bu ikisinden dilediğini uygulayabilir. Hanefîler’e göre önce eller kaldırılır, arkasından tekbir alınır, diğerlerine göre eller kaldırılırken tekbire başlanır ve indirilirken bitirilir. Cemaatle kılınan namaza imam rükûda iken yetişen kimse iftitah tekbirini ayakta dik vaziyette almalıdır. Bu durumda imama uyan kişi Hanefî, Mâlikî ve Hanbelîler’e göre iftitah tekbiriyle birlikte intikal tekbirine de niyet edip doğrudan rükûa gidebilir. Şâfiîler’e göre sadece iftitah tekbirine niyet etmelidir, her ikisine niyet etmesi namaza manidir. Ca‘ferîler’e göre ise iki tekbir aldığında rükûu kaçıracağını anlayan kimse iftitah tekbirine niyet etmek şartıyla tek tekbirle yetinebilir.
İntikal tekbirleri rükûa ve secdeye giderken, secdeden ve ikinci rek‘atta tahiyyattan sonra kıyama kalkarken okunan tekbirlerdir. İki rek‘atlık bir namazda on, dört rek‘atlık bir namazda yirmi bir intikal tekbiri bulunur. Ayrıca Hanefîler’e göre vitir namazının son rek‘atında Kunut dualarından önce tekbir alınır. Sehiv secdesi yapılırken namaz içindeki diğer secdelerde olduğu gibi tekbir alınır. İntikal tekbirlerinin hükmü konusunda fakihler arasında üç görüş ortaya çıkmıştır. Hanefî, Mâlikî ve Şâfiî mezhepleriyle Ahmed b. Hanbel’den nakledilen bir görüşe göre intikal tekbirleri sünnettir; Ahmed b. Hanbel’in diğer görüşüne göre ise vâcip hükmündedir ve kasten terkedilmesi namazın sıhhatine engel teşkil eder; sehven veya bilgisizlik sebebiyle terki namaza zarar vermez. Fazla taraftar bulmayan ve Saîd b. Cübeyr, Ömer b. Abdülazîz, Hasan-ı Basrî, Kāsım b. Muhammed gibi erken dönem âlimlerinden nakledilen üçüncü görüşe göre namazda iftitah tekbiri dışında herhangi bir tekbir yoktur. İntikal tekbirleri cemaatle kılınan namazlarda imam tarafından cehren okunur. İmamın sesi cemaatin tamamına ulaşmıyorsa cemaat içinden birinin tekbirleri yüksek sesle tekrarlaması müstehaptır (bk. TEBLİĞ ) İntikal tekbirleri sırasında Hanefîler ve Mâlikîler’e göre ellerin kaldırılması gerekmez. Şâfiîler, Hanbelîler ve Ca‘ferîler’e göre rükûa giderken ve rükûdan kalkarken ellerin kaldırılması sünnettir. Tekbir ayrıca farz namazlardan sonra okunan zikirler arasında yer alır. Gerek namazların ardından gerekse geceleyin uyumadan önce otuz üç defa okunması tavsiye edilen ve aralarında tekbirin de bulunduğu zikir lafızlarının fazileti hakkında çok sayıda hadis nakledilmiştir (meselâ bk. Buhârî, “Eẕân”, 155, “Daʿavât”, 17; Müslim, “Mesâcid”, 142, 146, “Ẕikir”, 80; Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 100). Secde âyetleri dolayısıyla yapılan tilâvet secdelerinde tekbir alınıp alınmayacağı hususu namaz içinde veya dışında olmasına göre farklılık taşır. Secde âyetinin namazda iken okunması halinde secdeye giderken ve kalkarken tekbir alınacağı konusunda dört mezhep fakihleri görüş birliğine varmış, bazı Şâfiî âlimlerinin tekbir gerekmediği görüşü taraftar bulmamıştır. Secde âyetinin namaz dışında okunması halinde Hanefîler ve Hanbelîler ile diğer iki mezhepteki bazı âlimlerin görüşüne göre secdeye giderken ve kalkarken, Şâfiî ve Hanbelî fakihlerinden bir kısmına göre yalnız secdeye giderken tekbir alınır.
Cenaze namazında tekbirin rükün sayıldığı ve tekbirsiz cenaze namazının sahih olmayacağı hususunda fakihler arasında görüş birliği vardır. Bu namazda iftitah tekbiriyle birlikte dört tekbir alınır; çoğunluğun görüşüne göre bundan fazla okunması sünnete aykırıdır; daha az okunması ise câiz değildir. Bu konuda Resûl-i Ekrem’in Habeşistan Kralı Necâşî Ashame’nin vefatı üzerine gıyabında kıldırdığı cenaze namazı ile (Buhârî, “Cenâʾiz”, 4, 64; Müslim, “Cenâʾiz”, 63-65) mescidin temizliğini yapan bir kadının cenaze namazını (Müslim, “Cenâʾiz”, 68-69; el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Cenâʾiz”, 15; Nesâî, “Cenâʾiz”, 43) dört tekbirle kıldırması delil kabul edilmiştir. Zeyd b. Erkam’ın rivayet ve uygulamasını (Müslim, “Cenâʾiz”, 72) esas alan bazı sahâbî ve tâbiîn fakihleriyle İmam Ebû Yûsuf’un bir görüşüne ve diğer bazı fakihlere göre ise tekbirler dörtten az veya çok olabilir; tercih edilen üç-yedi arasında olmasıdır. Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre cenaze namazında iftitah tekbiri dışındaki tekbirlerde eller kaldırılmazken Şâfiîler ile Hanbelîler’e göre her tekbirde eller kaldırılır.
Tekbirin bayramlarda özel bir yeri vardır. Bayram namazlarına giderken tekbir getirmek menduptur. Kurban bayramı namazına giderken sesli olarak tekbir getirmenin cevazı hususunda görüş birliği vardır. Ramazan bayramı namazı için de fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre aynı şekilde hareket edilir; Ebû Hanîfe ise bu durumda tekbirin gizli söylenmesinin daha uygun olduğu kanaatindedir. Bayram namazı kılınırken diğer namazlara göre daha fazla tekbir getirilir (zevâid tekbirleri). Bu tekbirlerin yeri ve sayısı mezheplere göre değişmektedir (bk. BAYRAM ). Bayram namazından sonra okunan hutbeye de tekbirlerle başlanır; bazı fakihlere göre ilk hutbede dokuz, ikinci hutbede yedi tekbir getirilmesi menduptur. Vakit sayısı ve hükümleri mezheplere göre farklılık taşımakla birlikte kurban bayramında farz namazlardan sonra cehrî olarak teşrîk tekbiri getirilir (bk. TEŞRÎK ). Yağmur duasından önce kılınan namazda (salâtü’l-istiskā) Hanefîler’e ve Mâlikîler’e göre diğer nâfile namazlardaki gibi tekbir alınır. Ancak Şâfiîler ile Hanbelîler’e göre bayram namazında olduğu üzere ziyade tekbirler söz konusu olup birinci rek‘atta yedi, ikinci rek‘atta beş tekbir alınır.
Hac ve umre ibadetlerinin belli aşamalarında tekbir getirilir. Bu ibadetleri yapanların Allah’ın misafirleri sayıldığı için O’nun huzurunda tekbirle O’nu yüceltmeleri ayrı bir değer taşır. Hz. Peygamber’in ve sahâbenin uygulamalarını (Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 60; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 249-250; Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 46) dikkate alan fakihler, tavaf sırasında Hacerülesved’i sünnete uygun şekilde ziyaret etmenin (istilâm) ona elle dokunup öpmekle gerçekleştiği ve istilâm sırasında tekbir getirilmesinin (Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 62) müstehap olduğu kanaatindedir. Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre tavafın her şavtında yapılan istilâm esnasında tekbir getirilirken eller havaya kaldırılır, Mâlikî mezhebine göre ise bu gerekli değildir. Tekbir getirmek ayrıca sa‘yin sünnetlerindendir. Safâ ve Merve tepelerine çıkılıp Kâbe görüldüğünde üçer defa tekbir ve tehlîl getirerek arkasından “Allāhüekber alâ mâ hedânâ” denilmesinin mendup olduğu hususunda fakihler görüş birliğine varmıştır. Arafat’ta vakfe sırasında eller açık biçimde tekbir getirilmesi Hanefîler’e göre sünnet, Mâlikî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre menduptur. Şeytan taşlama esnasında her atışla birlikte “bismillâhi vallāhü ekber” cümlesini söylemenin sünnet olduğu hususunda da görüş birliği vardır.
Kur’an’dan bazı sûrelerin tilâvetinden sonra tekbir getirilmesi sünnettir. Bu konuyla ilgili olarak, vahyin bir süre kesintiye uğramasından sonra Duhâ sûresinin inmesi üzerine Hz. Peygamber’in “Allāhüekber” deyip sevincini gösterdiği, Duhâ ve ardından gelen sûrelerin peşinden tekbir getirilmesini istediği, Abdullah b. Abbas gibi ashabın ileri gelenlerinin de Kur’an okuttukları kişilerden bu sûrelerden sonra tekbir getirmelerini istedikleri rivayet edilir (Hâkim, III, 344; Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, III, 425-428; İbnü’l-Cezerî, II, 406). Bu rivayetler yanında özellikle Mekke halkının uygulamasını esas alan kıraat âlimlerinin çoğunluğu Duhâ ve Nâs sûreleri arasındaki bütün sûrelerin arkasından tekbirin sünnet olduğu görüşündedir. Zamanla bu yönde bir uygulamanın oluştuğu ve günümüze kadar geldiği bilinmektedir. Tekbirin bu sûrelerin başında alınmasının sünnete daha uygun olacağını düşünen âlimler varsa da genel kabul sonunda getirilmesi yönündedir.
Tekbir bir müslümanın hayatında yaygın biçimde yer tutması gereken faziletli bir zikirdir. Yukarıda açıklananlar dışında kurban amaçlı olsun veya olmasın hayvan keserken (Buhârî, “Eḍâḥî”, 14), avlanma esnasında ava ateş ederken yahut avcı hayvanı ava salarken besmeleden sonra tekbir getirmenin müstehap olduğu hususunda âlimler arasında görüş birliği vardır. Bunun yanı sıra gece namazı için uyanan kişinin namaza tekbir, hamd, tesbih, tehlîl, istiğfar ve dua ile başlaması; savaşta, bineğe binerken, hilâl ilk görüldüğünde, dağ ve tepe gibi yüksek bir yere çıkarken, sevindirici bir olayla karşılaşıldığında tekbir getirilmesi müstehap sayılmıştır (ayrıca bk. Dârimî, “İstiʾẕân”, 43; Buhârî, “Cihâd”, 132-133; Ebû Dâvûd, “Cihâd”, 158).
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M. Rızâ Ensârî, “Tekbîr”, DMT , V, 43-44.
Sâlihî Kirmânî, “Tekbîrâtü’l-iḥrâm”, a.e. , V, 44.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 341-343 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
MÛSİKİ. Hanefîler başta olmak üzere ulemânın büyük bir kısmı tarafından teşrîk tekbirinin metni kabul edilen, “Allāhüekber Allāhüekber lâ ilâhe illallāhü vallāhü ekber Allāhüekber ve li’llâhi’l-hamd” ibaresi aynı zamanda Türk dinî mûsikisinin bir formudur. Buhûrîzâde Mustafa Itrî Efendi’nin segâh makamında ve serbest usulle bestelediği tekbir sözleri, bestenin uyandırdığı duygu ve etkiden dolayı Türkiye’nin yanı sıra bütün İslâm âlemince kabul görmüş ve terennüm edilmiştir. Türk dinî mûsikisi kültüründe önemli bir yeri bulunan tekbirin cemaat üzerinde oluşturduğu yoğun duygunun asıl unsuru eserin melodik yapısından kaynaklanmaktadır. Sürekli dönen bir mûsiki ifadesi olan eser her okunuşunda ayrı bir coşku ve haz vermesinden dolayı yüzyıllar boyunca dinamizminden hiçbir şey kaybetmeden günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Teşrîk tekbirleri arefe ve kurban bayramı günlerinde kılınan farz namazlardan sonra okunmakla birlikte tekbir ayrıca bayram namazlarında, kurban kesilirken, hac ve umre ihramı boyunca, mevlidde, cenazede veya herhangi bir dinî merasimin heyecanı içerisinde topluca okunmaktadır. Tekbirin bestekârı konusunda yaygın görüş eserin Buhûrîzâde Mustafa Itrî’ye ait olduğudur. Mehmet Suphi Ezgi, melodik yapısının Hatîb Zâkirî Hasan Efendi’nin (ö. 1032/1623) eserlerine çok benzediğini söyleyerek tekbirin ona ait olduğunu ifade etmiş, ayrıca ırak makamında ve durak evferi usulündeki notasını neşretmiştir (Nazarî-Amelî Türk Musikisi , III, 66-67). Ancak bu görüş mûsiki çevrelerinde kabul görmemiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Suphi Ezgi, Nazarî-Amelî Türk Musikisi , İstanbul, ts., III, 66-67.
a.mlf., Türk Musikisi Klasiklerinden Temcit-Na’t-Salât-Durak , İstanbul 1945, s. 7-8.
Nuri Özcan, Onsekizinci Asırda Osmanlılar’da Dînî Mûsıkî (doktora tezi, 1982), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, I, 20-21.
Karadeniz, Türk Mûsikîsi , s. 165.
Öztuna, BTMA , II, 385.
Zekâi Kaplan, Dînî Mûsikî Dersleri , İstanbul 1991, s. 173.
M. Nazmi Özalp, Türk Mûsikîsi Beste Formları , Ankara 1992, s. 45, 368.
Halil Can, “Dînî Musiki”, MM , sy. 317 (1976), s. 22-23.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 344 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.