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TEKVİN Skip to content Mâtürîdî kelâmcıları tarafından Allah’a nisbet edilen sübûtî sıfatlardan biri.
Sözlükte “olmak, meydana gelmek” anlamındaki kevn (kiyân ) kökünden türeyen tekvîn “oluşturmak, meydana getirmek, yaratmak” demektir; zât-ı ilâhiyyeye nisbet edildiğinde ezeliyet ifade eder: “Kâne’llāhu alîmen: Allah hakkıyla bilendir” (“bilen idi” değil); Allah’ın sübûtî sıfatlarından biri olarak yoktan var etmeyi anlatır (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “kâne” md.; Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “kvn” md.; Kāmus Tercümesi , III, 697). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de tekvin kelimesi yer almamakla birlikte birçok âyette kevn kökünden türeyen fiil (özellikle mâzi) kipleri Allah’ın nesne ve olayları yoktan var ettiğini belirtir (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “kvn” md.). Kur’an’da Allah’ın yaratmasını ifade eden temel kavram halk olmakla birlikte Haşr sûresinin son âyetinde (59/24) hâlik isminin yanında bâri’ (fiilen meydana getiren) ve musavvir (şekil ve özellik veren) isimleri de geçmekte, ayrıca ibdâ‘ (herhangi bir yardımcı unsur olmaksızın icat etmek), inşâ ve ihdâs (icat edip geliştirmek) kavramları Allah’a nisbet edilmektedir. Bunlardan başka ca‘l (yapmak, işlemek), sun‘ (sanatkârane iş yapmak), ẕer‘ de (yaratıp meydana çıkarmak) Allah’a izâfe edilmiş, faṭr (yarmak; ilkin yaratmak, yok olan bir şeye vücut vermek) kökünden türeyen fâtır ismi “göklerin ve yerin yaratıcısı” mânasında O’na nisbet edilmiştir. Hadislerde kevn ve halkın yanı sıra yaratmayı anlatan çeşitli kavramlar Allah’ın fiilleri için kullanılmıştır (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “kvn”, “ḫlḳ”, “nşʾe”, “caʿl” md.leri). Özellikle esmâ-i hüsnâ rivayetlerinde Allah’ın âlemi ve içindekileri yaratmasını vurgulayan isimleri yer almaktadır (İbn Mâce, “Duʿâʾ”, 10; Tirmizî, “Daʿavât”, 82).
Sünnî kelâm mezheplerinin ortaya çıkmasından sonra kâinatın yaratılışı konusunun Allah’ın sübûtî sıfatlarından bazılarının üzerinden tartışıldığı görülmektedir. Ebû Hanîfe Allah Teâlâ’nın hay, alîm, semî‘, basîr, kadîr, mürîd ve mütekellim olmak üzere zâtî; ayrıca tahlîk, terzîk ve inşâ gibi fiilî sıfatlarından söz eder (el-Fıḳhü’l-ekber , s. 70). Konuya Mu‘tezile ve Eş‘ariyye’den farklı şekilde yaklaşan Mâtürîdiyye kelâmcıları, Allah’ın ilim sıfatının sadece nesne ve olaylardaki bilinmezliği kaldırıcı (sıfat-ı kâşife) bir özellik taşıdığını, kudretinin mümkinin bütün türlerine güç yetirdiğini, iradesinin ise bunların zamanlaması ve türlerden birinin tercihi için gerekli olduğunu belirtip Allah’ın bu sıfatlardan ayrı şekilde tekvin sıfatı ile kâinatı yoktan var ettiği görüşünü benimsemiştir. Onlar Allah’ın yaratma, diriltme, öldürme, rızık verme gibi fiilî sıfatlarını tekvin terimiyle ifade etmişler, bunu zâtıyla kāim ve kadîm olan sübûtî sıfatlara sekizinci sıfat olarak eklemişlerdir (Nesefî, I, 307-308; bk. SIFAT ). Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî’den itibaren Mâtürîdiyye kelâmcıları Allah’ın tekvin sıfatının naklî ve aklî delilleri üzerinde durmuşlar; Kur’an’da Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın gökleri ve yeri yoktan yarattığını, O’nun şekil verenlerin en güzeli ve yegâne gerçek yaratıcı olduğunu, yaratıcılığının kesintiye uğramadığını belirten âyetler yanında yaratmanın konusuna ve içeriğine değinerek her şeyin icat edilişini, tabiat düzeninin kurulup korunmasını, insanın, ona verilen nimet ve yeteneklerin, özellikle eşinin yaratılmasını anlatan âyetleri tekvin sıfatının naklî delilleri kabul etmişlerdir (Ebü’l-Yüsr el-Pezdevî, s. 71-73; Nesefî, I, 311-312; Nûreddin es-Sâbûnî, s. 36).
İslâm âlimleri, özellikle sübûtî sıfatları tartışırken kâinatın yaratılış ve işleyişinden hareketle istidlâl yolunu tercih etmişlerdir. Mâtürîdî naklin yanında aklın da Allah’ın bazı sıfatlarla nitelendiğine hükmedilebileceğini, O’nun farklı özelliklere sahip nesneleri yarattığı göz önüne alındığında fiillerinin zorunlu (tab‘an) değil irade ile gerçekleştiğinin anlaşılacağını belirtir. Ona göre alternatif üretme ve seçme hürriyetinin mevcudiyeti Allah’ın yaratmaya kudret ve iradesinin bulunduğunu kanıtlar. Kudret sahibi olmayan bir varlığın hem kendine hem zıddına tasarrufta bulunması düşünülemez. İnsanın, deneme yanılma metoduyla düzenlenip ortaya konması mümkün olmayan bir tabiat içinde yaşadığına dikkat çeken Mâtürîdî, tabiatın bütün yaratıkların ihtiyaçlarına cevap verecek şekilde meydana getirilmesinin onun her şeye vâkıf bir zat tarafından halkedildiğini kanıtladığını söyler. Mâtürîdî, duyulur âlemde kendisine engel olunamayacak derecede kudret sahibi olan bir zâta ait fiilin bulunmamasının imkân dahiline girmediği ve duyulur âlemin duyu ötesinin delilini teşkil ettiği gerçeğinden hareketle Allah’ın fiil sahibi olduğuna işaret ederek tekvin sıfatına aklî delil getirir (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 70-73; ayrıca bk. Ebü’l-Yüsr el-Pezdevî, s. 73). Ebü’l-Muîn en-Nesefî’ye göre duyularla algılanabilen âlem öncelikle bir fâilin fiiline, fiil de fâiline delâlet eder. Naslarda da Allah’ın yaratıcı ve meselâ âdil olmak gibi pek çok sıfatının yer aldığını ve bu sıfatların O’na mecaz yoluyla nisbet edilmesinin imkânsızlığını belirtir (Tebṣıratü’l-edille , I, 320-321; ayrıca bk. Nûreddin es-Sâbûnî, s. 36). Mâtürîdî kelâmcılarına göre bütünüyle kâinat Allah tarafından yaratılmasaydı o ya kendi kendini yaratacaktı -ki bu durum Kur’an’da, “Onu siz mi yaratıyorsunuz, yoksa yaratan biz miyiz?” âyetiyle reddedilmektedir (el-Vâkıa 56/59)- veya kâinattaki varlıklar birbirlerini halkedecekti; bu da devir veya teselsülü gerektireceğinden bâtıldır (Mâtürîdî, Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân , I, 220-221; Ebü’l-Yüsr el-Pezdevî, s. 76). Tekvinle onun kapsamına giren fiilî sıfatlar Allah’ın zâtı ile kāim olup ezelîdir. O’nun zâtının sonradan yaratılmış (hâdis) şeylere mahal teşkil etmesi düşünülemeyeceğinden tekvin sıfatı da hâdis olamaz. Tekvinin hâdis olduğu farzedildiği takdirde bu sıfat ya Allah’ın yaratmasıyla veya yaratılmadan meydana gelecektir. Tekvinin Allah’ın yaratmasıyla vücut bulduğu kabul edildiğinde söz konusu yaratmanın kadîm mi yoksa hâdis mi olduğu sorusu gündeme gelir. Kadîm olduğu kabul edilirse mesele kalmayacak, aksi durumda başa dönülecektir (Mâtürîdî, Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân , I, 220-221; Ebü’l-Yüsr el-Pezdevî, s. 76; Nesefî, I, 316-317).
Mu‘tezile ve Eş‘ariyye kelâmcılarına göre Allah mahlûkatı ilâhî fiillerin kaynağını teşkil eden kudret sıfatının hâdis taallukuyla yaratmıştır. Çünkü fiilî sıfatlar Allah’ın zâtıyla kāim olmayıp hâdistir; canlıları yaratmak, rızık vermek, onları yaşatmak veya hayatlarına son vermek gibi fiiller ezelî kudret sıfatının yaratılmışlara taalluk etmesiyle meydana gelir. Bundan dolayı tekvin gerçek bir sıfat değildir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, s. 186-187; Teftâzânî, IV, 169). Sözü edilen mezhepler arasında tekvinle mükevvenin kıdem ve hudûsü konusunda da görüş ayrılığı vardır. Mu‘tezile ve Eş‘ariyye’ye göre tekvinle mükevven aynı zaman içinde bulunur, mükevven hâdis olduğundan tekvin de hâdistir; dolayısıyla zât-ı ilâhiyyeye nisbeti câiz değildir. Tekvinin sonucu yaratmaksa kudret sıfatıyla gerçekleşmektedir. Mâtürîdî tekvinin kadîm bir sıfat, mükevvenin ise hâdis olduğuna vurgu yapar. “Allah göklerin ve yerin yaratıcısıdır, bir şeyin meydana gelmesini dilediğinde ona ‘ol’ der, o da hemen oluverir” meâlindeki âyet (el-Bakara 2/117) Allah’ın tekvin sıfatı ile bu sıfatın taalluku neticesinde ortaya çıkan mükevvenin farklılığına işaret etmektedir. Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın ilminde bulunan şeylerin ortaya çıkması “kün” emriyle olur. Nitekim insanlar yaşadıkları dönemde ilâhî emir ve yasaklarla mükellef tutuldukları halde ilâhî emirler o dönemde gelmiş değildir; dolayısıyla kişi ezeldeki ilâhî tekvin sayesinde zamanı gelince yaratıldığını inkâr edemez (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 77; Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân , I, 221). Yine Mâtürîdî, Allah Teâlâ’nın sıfat ve fiillerinin ezelî olduğunu; ancak ilim, kudret, irade ve tekvininin konusunu teşkil eden hususlardan söz edildiğinde bunların zamanının zikredilmesi (“zamanı, vakti gelince” gibi) gerektiğini belirtmektedir. Allah’ın ezelde tekvin sıfatı bulunduğu halde mükevvenatın niçin ezelde yaratılmadığı sorusu üzerinde duran Mâtürîdî nesnelerin varlık kazanabilmesi için Allah’ın ezelde tekvinle nitelendiğini, bunun nesnelere ilâhî kudret, irade ve ilmin taalluk ettiğini kabul etmeye benzediğini söyler. Böylece her şey planlanan zamanda vücut bulur; fiilen var olan her şey vakti gelince yaratılır (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 74).
Eş‘arîler’e göre tekvin eserin var oluşuna müessir bir sıfatsa kudretin kendisidir, kudretin güç yetirilen şeye (makdûr) etkisinden ibaretse bu durumda izâfîdir. Eğer tekvinin esere tesiri cevaz yoluyla meydana geliyorsa kudretin aynıdır, tesir vücûb yoluyla oluyorsa Allah’ın iradesinin sınırlandırılması söz konusudur, bu ise câiz değildir. Tekvinin esere etkisi bu ihtimallerin dışında ise açıklanması gerekir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, s. 186-187; Cürcânî, III, 93-94). Mâtürîdîler’e göre kudret eserin var oluşuna müessir bir sıfat değildir, kādirin bir fiili yapabilme gücüdür. Bilfiil yaratma kudretle değil tekvin sıfatı ile gerçekleşir. Kādirin makdûra tesiri vücûb yoluyladır. Zira kādir iradesiyle var etme veya yok etmeden birini tercih eder ve kudretiyle bu tercihine imkân verir. Güç yetirdiği şeyi yaratması ise vücûb yoluyladır. Çünkü irade ve kudretinin bir şeye taallukundan sonra o şeyi yaratmaması ya iradesinin değişmesi sebebiyledir ki bu mümkün değildir ya da yaratma acziyetidir, bu da asla düşünülemez. Dolayısıyla yaratmada taallukun vücûb yoluyla olması Allah’ın iradesinin devre dışı bırakılması anlamına gelmez. Sonuç olarak Allah iradesiyle tercih etmekte, kudretiyle güç yetirmekte ve tekviniyle yaratmaktadır (Beyâzîzâde Ahmed Efendi, s. 217). Mâtürîdîler tekvinle kudret sıfatı arasında taalluk açısından fark bulunduğunu kabul eder. Kudret sıfatının makdûrata taalluku ezelî, tekvin sıfatının mükevvenata taalluku hâdis olup bu taalluk sadece meydana gelen nesnelere yöneliktir. Tekvin sıfatı makdûrun varlığını zorunlu kıldığı halde kudret sıfatı belli makdûrun varlığını gerekli kılmaz. Tekvin tıpkı irade ve kudret sıfatları gibi mümkün olan şeylere taalluk eder, bu sebeple makdûrattan ancak varlık haline geleceklerin mevcudiyetini gerektirir (Abdüllatif Harpûtî, s. 220). Tekvin mükevvenata taalluk edince tahlîk, rızka taalluk edince terzîk, hayata taalluk edince ihyâ, ölüme taalluk edince imâte gibi isimler alır. Bunlar müstakil sıfatlar değil tekvinin taalluklarıdır (İbnü’l-Hümâm, s. 84-85).
Mâtürîdiyye kelâmcılarının bütün fiilî sıfatları kapsamak üzere Allah’a nisbet ettikleri tekvin sıfatı konusunda Mu‘tezile ve Eş‘ariyye ile aralarında çıkan fikir ayrılığının ifadeye yönelik olduğu ve bir söyleyiş özelliği taşıdığı anlaşılmaktadır. Çünkü bu mezheplerin hiçbirinde kâinatın yaratılışı ve işleyişinde Allah’ın ilim, kudret ve iradesinin etkisi inkâr edilmemekte, sadece bu etkiyi adlandırıp sıfat sistemi içinde yerleştirme hususunda değişik ifadeler kullanılmaktadır. Mâtürîdiyye âlimlerinin izah tarzı nasların işaretlerine daha yakındır ve meseleye açıklık getirmektedir. Onların tekvini yedi sübûtî sıfata eklemeleri hem yaratılış sistemi hem de kanaatlerince kadîm oluşu açısından isabetli görünmektedir. Mu‘tezile ile Eş‘ariyye’ye karşı ileri sürdükleri kıdem, yani kudret ve irade sıfatlarının kadîm, bunların taalluk edeceği yaratıklara ait fiillerin hâdis oluşu meselesi zaman kavramının nisbîliği gerçeği karşısında önem taşımamaktadır. Tevfik Yücedoğru Eş‘arî ve Mâtürîdî Mezheplerinin Tekvin Sıfatı Anlayışı (UÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa 1984), Zeki Sarıtoprak Ebü’l-Muin en-Nesefî’ye Göre Tekvin Sıfatı (MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul 1985) adıyla yüksek lisans tezi, Arif Yıldırım Allah’ın Tekvin Sıfatı ismiyle doktora tezi hazırlamıştır (1995, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “bdʿa”, “ḥds̱”, “ḫlḳ” “fṭr”, “nşʾe” md.leri.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “fṭr” md.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf (Dahrûc) , I, 505.
Kāmus Tercümesi , III, 697.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “bdʿa”, “ḥds̱”, “ḫlḳ” “fṭr”, “nşʾe” md.leri.
Ebû Hanîfe, el-Fıḳhü’l-ekber (nşr. M. Zâhid Kevserî, trc. Mustafa Öz), İstanbul 2008, s. 70, 72.
Mâtürîdî, Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd (nşr. Bekir Topaloğlu – Muhammed Aruçi), Ankara 1423/2003, s. 70-77.
a.mlf., Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Ahmet Vanlıoğlu), İstanbul 2005, I, 220-221.
Ebü’l-Yüsr el-Pezdevî, Uṣûlü’d-dîn (nşr. H. P. Linss), Kahire 1383/1963, s. 71-76.
Gazzâlî, el-Maḳṣadü’l-esnâ , s. 52-53.
Nesefî, Tebṣıratü’l-edille (Salamé) , I, 307-308, 311-312, 316-317, 320-321.
Nûreddin es-Sâbûnî, el-Bidâye fî usûli’d-dîn: Mâtürîdiyye Akaidi (nşr. ve trc. Bekir Topaloğlu), Ankara 1416/1995, s. 36-37.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, el-Muḥaṣṣal (nşr. Tâhâ Abdürraûf Sa‘d), Kahire, ts. (Mektebetü’l-külliyyâti’l-Ezher), s. 186-187.
Teftâzânî, Şerḥu’l-Maḳāṣıd (nşr. Abdurrahman Umeyre), Beyrut 1409/1989, IV, 169.
Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî, Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , İstanbul 1311, III, 93-94.
İbnü’l-Hümâm, el-Müsâyere , Bulak 1317 → İstanbul 1400/1979, s. 84-88.
Ebü’l-Bekā, el-Külliyyât , s. 430.
Beyâzîzâde Ahmed Efendi, İşârâtü’l-merâm min ʿibârâti’l-İmâm (nşr. Yûsuf Abdürrezzâk), Kahire 1368/1949, s. 212-223.
Abdullatif Harpûtî, Tenḳīḥu’l-kelâm , İstanbul 1330, s. 219-221.
A. Cressy Morrison, İnsan Kâinat ve Ötesi (trc. Bekir Topaloğlu), İstanbul 2010, s. 105-111.
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