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TELMİH Skip to content İslâm edebiyatlarında bir âyete, bir hadise, kıssa, olay, vecize, atasözü vb.ne gönderme yapma sanatı.
1/2 Müellif: İSMAİL DURMUŞ Bölüme Git
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2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Manzum veya mensur bir metinde âyet ve hadislerle, çeşitli olaylara, kıssalara, vecize, atasözü vb. kalıplaşmış ibarelere gönderme yap…
Sözlükte “göz ucuyla bakmak; ışık ortaya çıkmak, parıldayıp görünmek” anlamlarındaki lemh kökünden türeyen telmîh “bir şeye işaret etmek, üstü kapalı söylemek, sezdirmek” mânasına gelir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “lmḥ” md.). Belâgat ilminin bedî‘ koluna ait bir terimdir. Telmih ile sözü uzatmaya gerek kalmadan ifade, “Ârif olana sadece işaret yeter” (el-ârifü yekfîhü’l-işâre) kabilinden bilinen ve değerli olan bir hususa işaret edilerek kuvvetlendirilir. Ancak ifadede telmih yapıldığı ve neye telmihte bulunulduğu anlaşılmalıdır. Aksi takdirde telmihle söz güçlendirileceği yerde kapalı (muakkad) hale getirilerek anlatım zorlaştırılmış, âdeta bir bilmeceye dönüştürülmüş olur ki, bu da ifadede bir kusur sayılır. Telmihi nazmın güzelliğini arttırıcı ve anlamını genişletici olması yanında süsleyicisi olarak muhtemelen ilk defa ele alan dilci Fahreddin er-Râzî’dir. Râzî telmihi, “sözün içinde yaygın bir mesele, nâdir şiire veya meşhur bir kıssaya işaret edilmesi” şeklinde tanımlamıştır (Nihâyetü’l-îcâz, s. 288). Hatîb el-Kazvînî telmihten “serikat” (şiir intihalleri) bölümünde söz etmiş ve bu sanatı “bir kıssaya veya bir şiire kendisi zikredilmeden işaret edilmesi” diye tarif etmiştir (Şürûḥu’t-Telḫîṣ, IV, 524). Sa‘deddin et-Teftâzânî, İbn Ya‘kūb el-Mağribî, Bahâeddin es-Sübkî, İsâmüddin el-İsferâyînî gibi Telḫîṣü’l-Miftâḥ şârihleri bu konuda Kazvînî’yi izlemiş, Müeyyed-Billâh el-Alevî, İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, İbn Hicce ve Süyûtî gibi müellifler de buna farklı bir şey ilâve etmemiştir. Teftâzânî nazımda ve nesirde kıssa, şiir ve mesele telmih olmak üzere telmihin altı türünden söz etmiştir (el-Muṭavvel, s. 374). İbn Ma‘sûm “sona erdirilmedikçe son bulmayan bir konu” dediği telmihi âyet, meşhur hadis, meşhur şiir ve mesel telmihleri şeklinde dört gruba ayırmış, konuyu bol örnekle ve daha düzenli bir anlatımla ortaya koymuştur (Envârü’r-rebîʿ, IV, 307-310). Şehâbeddin Mahmûd el-Halebî ile Ahmed b. Abdülvehhâb en-Nüveyrî telmihi bir tazmin türü saymıştır (Ḥüsnü’t-tevessül, s. 242; Nihâyetü’l-ereb, VII, 127).
Belâgat kitaplarında telmihin türleri şöyle sıralanmaktadır: 1. Şiirde kıssaya telmih örneği olarak Ebû Temmâm’ın mısraları verilir: Şair içinde sevgilisinin bulunduğu kervana akşamın alaca karanlığında yetişmiş, sevgilisi devesinin üzerindeki mahfesinden yüzünü gösterince şaşkına dönmüş, bunun üzerine Yûşa‘ peygamberin zorbalarla yaptığı savaş yarıda kalmasın diye, her türlü eylemin yasaklandığı cumartesi gününün gelmemesi için cuma güneşinin batmaması veya batan güneşin tekrar doğmaması talebiyle dua etmesi ve duasının kabul edilmesi kıssasına telmihle sevgilinin cemalini güneşe benzetmiştir: ”فوالله ما أدري أأحلام نائم / ألمّت بنا أم كان في الركب يوشع“ (Artık vallahi bilemiyorum, bir düş müdür saran bizi, yoksa kervanda Yûşa‘ mı var!). Harîrî’nin şu sözü hem şiire hem kıssaya telmihtir: ”فبتّ بليلة نابغيّة وأحزان يعقوبيّة“ (Bir Nâbiga gecesi geçirdim, Ya‘kūb hüzünleri yaşadım). Burada, Câhiliye şairi Nâbiga ez-Zübyânî’nin Hîre Kralı Nu‘mân b. Münzir’in ölüm fermanını duyunca geçirdiği üzüntü ve korku dolu geceyi tasvir ettiği şu beyte telmih vardır: ”فبتّ كأنّي ساورتني ضئيلة / من الرقش في أنيابها السمّ ناقع“ ([Tehdit haberi üzerine] öyle bir gece geçirdim ki sanki ince ala renkli, dişlerinde öldürücü zehir bulunan bir yılan beni sokmuştu). Harîrî sözün ikinci kısmında Hz. Ya‘kūb’un çektiği üzüntüye işaret etmiştir.
2. Şu beyit şiirde şiire telmihin yaygın örneklerindendir: ”لعمرو مع الرمضاء والنار تلتظي / أرقّ وأحفى منك في ساعة الكرب“ (Vallahi, kızgın toprak ve tutuşmuş ateşle Amr kara günde senden daha şefkatli ve daha yufka yüreklidir). Bu beyitte merhametsizler için atasözü olarak da kullanılan şu beyte telmih vardır: ”المستجير بعمرو عند كربته / كالمستجير من الرمضاء بالنار“ (Kötü gününde Amr’dan yardım isteyen / Sıcak topraktan kaçıp ateşe sığınan gibidir) (Teftâzânî, s. 375). Burada Tağlib ve Bekr kabilelerinin reisi Küleyb b. Rebîa’nın kayınbiraderi Cessâs b. Mürre tarafından ağır yaralanmasına, onun su talebine Cessâs’ın olumlu cevap vermemesine ve ayrıca Amr b. Hâris’in de hem su vermemesi hem son darbelerle ölümünü noktalamış olmasına telmih vardır.
3. Utbî’nin şu sözü mensur bir ibarede atasözüne telmihe bir örnektir: ”فيالها من هرّة تعقّ أولادها“ (Vah şu yavrularını yiyen dişi kediye). Burada, ”أعقّ من الهرّة تأكل أولادها“ (Yavrularını bir haftalıkken yiyen kediden daha hunhar) meseline telmih vardır (Şürûḥu’t-Telḫîṣ, IV, 528). Güzel ve parlak olması açısından tevriye üslûbuyla Bedr diye adlandırılan güzel bir insan hakkındaki şu dizelerde ehl-i Bedr hadisine telmih vardır: “Ey Bedr, ailen bana cevretti / Sana cüretlenmeyi öğretti // Sana benimle vuslatının çirkin / Hicranının güzel olduğunu söylediler // Onlar istediklerini yapabilirler / Çünkü onlar Bedir ehlidirler.” Hz. Peygamber’in sırlarını açtığı birkaç sahâbîden biri olan Hâtıb b. Ebû Beltea’nın, gizli tutulan Mekke’nin fethi için hazırlık yapıldığı sırada Mekke’de oturan akrabalarının zarar görmemesi için bu hazırlığı yaranmak amacıyla Kureyş ileri gelenlerine bir mektupla bildirmesi üzerine Hz. Ömer, Hâtıb’ı öldürmek için Resûlullah’tan izin istemiş, Resûlullah da Bedir Savaşı’na katıldığından onun bu hatasını bağışlayıp Ömer’e şöyle demiştir: “Nereden bileceksin, Allah belki Bedir ehline muttali olmuş ve ‘İstediğinizi yapın, sizi bağışladım’ buyurmuştur” (Buhârî, “Cihâd”, 141).
Hatîb el-Kazvînî telmihin bilmeceye benzer türünden söz etmiş ve bir Temîmli ile Şüreyk en-Nümeyrî arasında geçen şu konuşmayı örnek göstermiştir: Temîmli Şüreyk’e, “Avcı kuşlar içinde en sevdiğim doğandır” deyince Şüreyk, “Ama kaya kuşunu (bağırtlak) avladığında” karşılığını vermiştir. Burada Temîmli, Cerîr b. Atıyye’nin şu beytine telmihte bulunmuştur: “Ben Nümeyr’i yüksekten gözleyen / Yukarıdan onun üzerine çökmek için hazırlanan bir doğanım.” Şüreyk ise Tırımmâh’ın şu dizesine telmih yapmıştır: “Temîm âdilik yollarını bağırtlaktan daha iyi bilir / Ama fazilet diyarına girecek olsa yolunu şaşırır” (a.g.e., IV, 527-528). Endülüslü vezir ve şair İbn Zeydûn’un er-Risâletü’l-hezliyye’si siyasî, içtimaî ve tarihî olaylara yapılmış telmihlerle ilgili zengin örnekler içerir (İbn Hicce, I, 404-407).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Fahreddin er-Râzî, Nihâyetü’l-îcâz fî dirâyeti’l-iʿcâz (nşr. Bekrî Şeyh Emîn), Beyrut 1985, s. 288; Şehâbeddin Mahmûd, Ḥüsnü’t-tevessül ilâ ṣınâʿati’t-teressül (nşr. Ekrem Osman Yûsuf), Bağdad 1400/1980, s. 242; Nüveyrî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb, Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye), VII, 127; Şürûḥu’t-Telḫîṣ, Kahire 1937, IV, 524-529; Yahyâ b. Hamza el-Alevî, eṭ-Ṭırâzü’l-müteżammin li-esrâri’l-belâġa, Kahire 1332/1914, III, 170-171; Safiyyüddin el-Hillî, Şerḥu’l-Kâfiyeti’l-bedîʿiyye (nşr. Nesîb Neşâvî), Dımaşk 1403/1983, s. 328; İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, el-Fevâʾid, Kahire 1327, s. 162; Teftâzânî, el-Muṭavvel, İstanbul 1304, s. 374-375; İbn Hicce, Ḫizânetü’l-edeb (nşr. Selâhaddin el-Hevvârî), Sayda 1426/2006, I, 400-408; Süyûtî, Şerḥu ʿUḳūdi’l-cümân, Kahire 1358/1939, s. 171; İsâmüddin el-İsferâyînî, el-Aṭvel, İstanbul 1284, II, 254-255; İbn Ma‘sûm, Envârü’r-rebîʿ fî envâʿi’l-bedîʿ (nşr. Şâkir Hâdî Şükr), Necef 1388/1968, IV, 266-267, 307-310; Abdülganî b. İsmâil en-Nablusî, Nefeḥâtü’l-ezhâr, Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 184-185; Bedevî Tabâne, Muʿcemü’l-belâġati’l-ʿArabiyye, Riyad 1402/1982, II, 800-801; Ahmed Matlûb, Muʿcemü’l-muṣṭalaḥâti’l-belâġıyye ve teṭavvürühâ, Beyrut 1996, s. 413-414.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 407-408 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Manzum veya mensur bir metinde âyet ve hadislerle, çeşitli olaylara, kıssalara, vecize, atasözü vb. kalıplaşmış ibarelere gönderme yapma sanatı için kullanılan telmih Türk edebiyatına Arap ve Fars edebiyatlarından intikal etmiştir. Özellikle malzeme ve konular, bu edebiyatların İslâm öncesi ve sonrasına ait kültürel ve dinî unsurlarından meydana gelmektedir. İlk malzemeyi Câhiliye şiiri, “ahbârü’l-Arab” başlığı altında toplanan rivayetlerle kıssalar, hikâyeler, -bunların içinde Leylâ ve Mecnûn kıssasının ayrı bir yeri vardır- ensâb ve nevâdir gibi kadim malzeme teşkil eder. Fars edebiyatında bu alandaki en önemli malzeme Firdevsî’nin Şâhnâme’sinde ve İskendernâme, Târîḫ-i Ṭaberî, Âs̱âr-ı Bâḳıye, Siyerü’l-mülûk gibi tarihlerde yer alan meşhur isimler ve olaylara dayanan destanî, hamâsî veya millî-tarihî birikime dayanır. Buna Hint destanları ve kutsal kitaplarından edebiyata girmiş konuları da eklemek gerekir. Her iki edebiyatta ilk devirlerde İslâm öncesi destanî, millî, ahlâkî ve hamâsî malzeme daha çok kullanılmıştır. Telmihlerde kullanılan İslâmî malzeme şöylece sıralanabilir: Kur’an, tefsir ve hadislerde yer alan peygamber kıssaları (Hz. Âdem ile Havvâ, cennetten çıkarılmaları; Hz. Nûh ve tûfan; Hz. İbrâhim, putları kırması, ateşe atılması; Hz. Yûsuf, babası Ya‘kūb ve kardeşleri, Züleyha’nın aşkı; Hz. Mûsâ, doğumu, Nil’e bırakılması, peygamberliği, Firavun ve Kārûn ile mücadelesi, Tûr’a çıkması, Hızır ile âb-ı hayâtı arama yolculuğu; Hz. Süleyman, Sebe Melikesi Belkıs ile münasebeti, cinlere ve hayvanlara hükmetmesi, hüdhüd ve karınca hikâyeleri; Hz. Îsâ, annesi Meryem’den babasız doğması, beşikteyken konuşması, nefesinin ölüleri diriltmesi; Ashâb-ı Kehf). Bunlara İsrâiliyat’tan gelen rivayetler de eklenebilir. Hz. Peygamber’in hayatı (mûcizeleri, mi‘racı), Ehl-i beyt ve Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn dönemi olayları, Kerbelâ Vak‘ası, tasavvuf, ilk mutasavvıflar ve kerametleri. Türk edebiyatında ise bu malzemeye ilâve olarak bazı atasözleri, Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî, Yûnus Emre, Hacı Bektâş-ı Velî, Eşrefoğlu gibi ilk dönem Anadolu mutasavvıflarının kerametleri dışında pek az unsur kullanılmıştır. XIX. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren başta Türk edebiyatı olmak üzere Arap ve Fars edebiyatlarında da Batı etkisiyle Yunan mitolojisi, Batı destanları ve epik birikimden yararlanılmıştır.
Telmih İslâm ve Osmanlı kültüründe, konunun en temel eseri sayılan Hatîb el-Kazvînî’nin Telḫîṣü’l-Miftâḥ’ı ve bunun Teftâzânî tarafından yapılan şerhi el-Muṭavvel’den itibaren belâgat kitaplarında bedî‘ konuları arasında yer almıştır. Her iki eseri en-Nef‘u’l-muavvel fî tercemeti’t-Telhîs ve’l-Mutavvel (I, Saraybosna 1289; II, İstanbul 1290) adıyla Türkçe’ye çeviren Abdünnâfi İffet Efendi buradaki tarifi, “Bir kıssa veya beyne’n-nâs şâyi ve sâyir olan bir mesele bunlardan birini zikretmeyerek fehâvâ-yı kelâmda işaret olunmasıdır” cümlesiyle aktarmıştır (II, 234). Cevdet Paşa konuyu aynı anlayışla ve kısaca ele almış, “Bir kıssaya yahut bir mes’el-i meşhûra işaret olunmaktır” şeklinde tarif etmiştir. Telmihe Istılâhât-ı Edebiyye ’sinde yer vermeyen Muallim Nâci Lugat-ı Nâcî’de “kavlen îmâ, bir vak‘ayı telmih, bir sergüzeştin telmihi” dedikten sonra “söz arasında bir kıssaya, bir mesele, bir şiire işaret etmekten ibaret bir san‘at-ı edebiyye” tarifiyle klasik tanımı vermiştir. Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem telmihi tevriye ile aynı başlık altında ele almış, tevriye ile ilgili kısa bir açıklamadan sonra tanımı, “Tarihe, esâtîre, ahlâka, âdâta, efsaneye, durûb ve emsâle, vukūat ve havâtır-ı âdiyeye, velhasıl söylenen şeyle meyanlarında dakik ve müessir münasebet bulunabilecek olan her hale tevriye ve telmih olunabilir” şeklinde genişletmiş, sözlerini daha çok Nâmık Kemal, Ziyâ Paşa ve Abdülhak Hâmid’den aldığı mensur-manzum örneklerle desteklemiştir. Recâizâde ayrıca, tevriye ve telmihin birçok vak‘a ve şahsı ihtiva ederek müteselsil olması halinde istiâre-i temsîliyye şeklini alacağını belirtmiştir. Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem’in yolundan giden müelliflerin de kabul ettiği telmih-tevriye beraberliğine Hayâlî Bey’in şu beytindeki “şi‘r-i hasen-üslûb” tamlaması örnek verilebilir: “Ey Hayâlî yine bu şi‘r-i hasen-üslûba / Umarım Hüsrev-i Rûm’un sana tahsîni ola.” Burada “hasen” kelimesi tevriyeli kullanılmış ve şair kendini Hz. Peygamber’in şairi Hassân b. Sâbit’e, şiirini de onun şiirine denk tutarak bir telmihte bulunmuştur. M. Kaya Bilgegil telmihi “Bilginin Malzeme Olarak Kullanıldığı Sanatlar” alt başlığıyla ve aralarında yakın ilgi bulunan iktibas, tazmin, irsâl-i mesel arasında zikredip şöyle tarif etmiştir: “Temsil yoluyla bilinen bir kıssaya, meşhur bir fıkraya, yaygın bir nükteye, tarihî bir hadiseye, hale uygun bir mesele, ilmî bir bahse işaret etmektir.” Bu tarifteki unsurlar atasözleri dışında zamanla âyet, hadis ve kelâmıkibarları da içine almış, böylece telmih sanatının kapsamı genişlemiştir. Ali Nihad Tarlan, Şeyhî Divanını Tetkik adlı incelemesinde (İstanbul 1964) Şeyhî’nin şiirlerindeki âyet ve hadislere telmihler başta olmak üzere diğer telmihleri tesbit ederek açıklamıştır. Divan incelemelerine bu gözle bakıldığında Türk edebiyatının telmih malzemesi şeklinde kullandığı öğelerin çoğu ortaya çıkar.
İktibasla îrâd-ı mesel ve tazminin telmihten farkı ilkinde âyet veya hadisin ibaresinin bütünüyle veya kısmen metne aktarılması, ikincisinde atasözünün bazı değişiklerle zikredilmesi ve tazminde ise alıntının şiir olmasıdır. Telmihte ise bunların hepsine sadece işaret edilir. Ancak bu işaretlerin açık veya kapalı olmasına göre iki tür telmihten söz edilebilir. Birincisinde beyitte telmih edilen unsura delâlet eden uygun bir kelime yer alır. Neşâtî’nin, “Hâl-i dili ne yâr ü ne ağyâr ile söyleş / Ferhâd-ı belâkeş gibi kûhsâr ile söyleş” beytinde Ferhâd ve kûhsâr kelimeleri telmihin kaynağını göstermektedir: Aşkı uğruna dağları delen Ferhad’ın macerası. İkincisinde telmih edilen husus kapalı olduğundan okuyucunun onu bulmasıyla ortaya çıkar. Şeyhî’nin, “Zaîf ü acz ile sıkl-i tekellüfâta hamûl / Zalûm ü cehl ile himl-i emânete hammâl” beytinde Ahzâb sûresinin, “Biz emaneti taşımayı göklere, yere, dağlara teklif ettik. Onlar bunu yüklenmekten çekindiler. İnsan onu yüklendi. Çünkü insan pek zalim, çok cahildir” meâlindeki 72. âyetine telmih bulunduğunu Kur’an kültürüne vâkıf olan kişiler anlar. Ayrıca burada insanoğlunun emaneti kabul etmesinin cehaletinden kaynaklandığına işaret eden nükte vardır.
Telmihin belâgat kitaplarındaki Türkçe örneklerinden biri olan Nâbî’nin, “Ey nâme sen ol mâhlikādan mı gelirsin / Ey hüdhüd-i ümmîd Sabâ’dan mı gelirsin?” beytinde hüdhüd ve Sebe kelimeleri zikredilerek Süleyman-Belkıs kıssası hatırlatılmakta ve Kur’an’da yer aldığı gibi Hz. Süleyman’ın Sebâ (Sabâ) Melikesi Belkıs ile hüdhüd aracılığıyla haberleşmesine gönderme yapılmaktadır. Fuzûlî’nin “Su Kasidesi”ndeki, “Hayret ilen parmağın dişler kim etse istimâ / Parmağından verdiği şiddet günü ensâra su” beytinde ise Peygamber’in Tebük Gazvesi sırasında parmaklarından su akıtması mûcizesine telmih vardır. Ziyâ Paşa’nın terkibibendinde yer alan, “Bir abd-i Habeş dehre olur baht ile sultan / Dahhâk’in eder mülkünü bir Gâve perîşan // Tezkîr olunur la‘n ile Haccâc ile Cengiz / Tebcîl edilir Nûşirevân ile Süleyman” mısralarından birincisinde kölenin bile sultan konumuna yükselebileceğini ifade eden baht açıklığı deyimine yahut Hârûnürreşîd’in Mısır’ın idaresini siyahî bir köle olan Sühayb’e vermesi olayına; ikinci beyitte İran mitolojisindeki zalim hükümdar Dahhâk ile onu tahtından indirdiği için zulme baş kaldıran kahramanların timsali olan demirci Gâve’nin mücadelesine; üçüncü beyitte zulmüyle anılan Haccâc ile Cengiz’e; dördüncü beyitte İslâm’dan önce adaletle hükmeden İran Şahı Nûşirevân’a ve Hz. Süleyman’a telmih bulunmaktadır. Kırımlı Rahmî’nin, “Âbisten-i safâ vü kederdir leyâl hep / Gün doğmadan meşîme-i şebden neler doğar” beytinin ikinci mısraı “gün doğmadan neler doğar” atasözünün kısmî iktibası veya irsâl-i mesele örnek sayılabileceği gibi beytin tamamı “el-leyletü hublâ” (geceler gebedir) Arap atasözüne telmihtir. Divan şairleri arasında şiirlerinde telmihe en çok yer veren sanatkârlardan biri de Nâilî’dir (DİA, XXXII, 315).
Fars edebiyatında genel özellikleri pek değişmeyen telmih İslâmî ve millî-hamâsî olmak üzere iki tür malzemeye dayanmaktadır. Millî ve hamâsî telmih daha çok Şâhnâme kaynaklı olup Sâmânîler döneminden, hatta Gazneliler’in ilk yıllarından itibaren görülmeye başlanmıştır. Irak ekolüne bağlı şairler bu tip telmihlere fazla başvurmamakla birlikte Hint ekolü şairlerinin şiirlerinde millî ve hamâsî telmihler vardır. Sebk-i Horasânî’ye mensup şairler İslâmî telmihleri çok kullanmış, XII. yüzyıldan itibaren İslâmî ilimlerin gelişmesiyle bu kullanım artmıştır. Evhadüddîn-i Enverî, Senâî, Ferîdüddin Attâr, Sa‘dî-yi Şîrâzî ve Hâfız-ı Şîrâzî şiirlerinde İslâmî telmihlere yer veren isimlerin başında gelir. Bu hususta Fars edebiyatında Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’nin özel bir yeri vardır. Fars şiirinde İslâmî telmihler gazel ve mesnevilerde, millî ve hamâsî telmihler daha çok kasidelerde görülmektedir. Sîrûs Şemîsâ, Ferheng-i Telmîḥât, İşârât-ı Esâṭîr, Dâstânî, Târîḫî, Meẕhebî der Edebiyyât-ı Fârsî adıyla telif ettiği sözlükte (Tahran 1366) Arap, Fars ve Türk edebiyatında kullanılan telmihleri Farsça örneklerle derlemiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Muallim Nâci, Lugat-ı Nâcî, İstanbul, ts., s. 278; Abdünnâfi İffet, en-Nef‘u’l-muavvel, İstanbul 1290, II, 234; Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, Belâgat-ı Osmâniyye, İstanbul 1299, s. 176; Recâizâde Ekrem, Ta‘lîm-i Edebiyyât, İstanbul 1330, s. 273-278; Tâhirülmevlevî, Edebiyat Lügatı, İstanbul 1973, s. 159; Cem Dilçin, Örneklerle Türk Şiir Bilgisi, Ankara 1983, s. 461-464; Celâleddin Hümâî, Fünûn-ı Belâġat ve Ṣınâʿât-ı Edebî, Tahran 1363 hş., s. 328-331; M. Kaya Bilgegil, Edebiyat Bilgi ve Teorileri-Belâgat, İstanbul 1989, s. 267; Ahmet Talât Onay, Eski Türk Edebiyatında Mazmunlar ve İzahı (haz. Cemâl Kurnaz), Ankara 1992, s. 113-114, 210; Kâzım Yetiş, Talîm-i Edebiyat’ın Retorik ve Edebiyat Nazariyâtı Sâhasında Getirdiği Yenilikler , Ankara 1996, s. 267-269; İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1999, s. 389; Menderes Coşkun, Sözün Büyüsü Edebî Sanatlar, İstanbul 2007, s. 140-142; Haydar Kumrî, “Tesâmuḥ der Telmîḥ be Dâstânhâ-yi Ḥamâsî ve Millî der Şiʿr-i Fârsî”, Faṣılnâme-i ʿİlmî-Pejûheşî ʿUlûm-i İnsânî (Dânişgâh-i ez-Zehrâ), sy. 68-69, Tahran 1386-87, s. 169-180; Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme (Muîn), IV, 6087; Ayşegül Mine Yeşiloğlu, “Nâilî”, DİA, XXXII, 315; “Telmih”, TDEA, VIII, 303; Muhammed Nüvîd Bâzergân, “Telmîḥ”, DMBİ, XVI, 127-128; Bâbek Ferzâne, “Telmîḥ der Edebiyyât-ı ʿArab”, a.e., XVI, 128-129; Abbaspûr, “Telmîḥ”, Ferhengnâme-i Edeb-i Fârsî (nşr. Hasan Enûşe), Tahran 1381 hş., II, 403; Kâmil Ahmedinejâd, “Telmîḥ”, Dânişnâme-i Cihân-ı İslâm, Tahran 1383/2004, VIII, 135-137.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 408-409 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.