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TEMÎM (Benî Temîm) Skip to content Adnânîler’e mensup bir Arap kabilesi.
Kabilenin atası Temîm b. Mürr’ün nesebi Adnân’a kadar uzanır. Temîm’in Avrâ bint Dabbe adlı hanımından olan üç oğlu Zeyd Menât, Amr ve Hâris kabilenin ana kollarını oluşturur. Kabilenin diğer belli başlı alt kolları şunlardır. Anber, Mâlik, Hanzale b. Mâlik, Mâzin, Kâ‘b b. Sa‘d, Rebîa, Dârim b. Hanzale, Mücâşi‘, Nehşel, Avf, Sem‘ân. Yemâme çevresindeki Necid, İran körfezi, Basra, Bahreyn ve Kûfe bölgesindeki Uzheyb, Temîmliler’in yerleşim alanlarıydı. İslâm’dan önce Hîre bölgesine de yerleşen kabilenin bir kısmı Kûfe şehrinin kurulmasından sonra Kûfe’ye, Kuzey Afrika’ya ve Horasan’a gitmiştir. Göçebe olmaları sebebiyle kabilenin ekonomik hayatı hayvancılığa dayanmaktaydı. Arap yarımadasında ticarî hayatın merkezleri olan panayırlardan biri Temîm kabilesinin yerleşim bölgesi Muşakkar’da kuruluyordu. Büyük çoğunluğunu Mudar kabilelerinin oluşturduğu Ukâz panayırı da Temîmliler’in aktif biçimde görev aldıkları pazarlardandı. Bu pazarlarda çıkan anlaşmazlıklar Temîm ve kollarına mensup kişiler tarafından hallediliyordu. İslâm’dan önceki dönemde Temîm kabilesiyle Kelb kabilesi arasında siyasî ve ticarî bir ittifak söz konusuydu. Kabilenin bir diğer müttefiki Hîre’deki Lahmîler’di. Ancak Lahmîler’le iyi ilişkilerin, zamanla yerini kanlı savaşlara bırakması Temîm’i Hîreliler’in ticarî rakipleri Kureyş’e yaklaştırdı ve onlarla ittifak yapmalarına sebep oldu. Kureyş, Temîmliler’in mallarını pazarlarda satıyor ve onlara ihtiyaç duydukları malları temin ediyordu. Ayrıca evlilik yoluyla bu iki kabile arasında akrabalık bağı kuruldu.
İslâm’dan önce Temîm kabilesinin çoğu putperestti. Şems adlı bir putun Temîm’in özel putu olduğu, hac maksadıyla bu putu ziyaret ettikleri kaydedilir. Öte yandan Arabistan’ın doğusu ile Bahreyn’in Sâsânî egemenliğinde bulunması Temîmliler arasında Mecûsîliğin yayılmasına yol açtı; Hîre’ye göç eden Temîmliler ise Hıristiyanlığın etkisinde kaldılar. Temîmliler’in yoğun biçimde yaşadıkları Basra, Uman ve Bahreyn, II. Şâpûr zamanında Sâsânîler’in nüfuz alanına girdi. Temîmliler’le Sâsânîler arasında bazı gerginlikler yaşandı. Yemen’den Medâin’e giden Sâsânî ticaret kervanlarına saldıran Temîm kabilesi Muşakkar’da İranlılar tarafından kanlı bir şekilde cezalandırıldı. Benzer bir olay Hz. Ebû Bekir’in hilâfetinin ilk yıllarında meydana geldi. İran kisrâsı Temîmliler üzerine bir ordu gönderdi. Bu olayların ardından Temîm ile Sâsânîler arasındaki ilişkiler düzeldi ve Sâsânîler’in yıkılışına kadar bu şekilde devam etti. Temîmliler, Hîreliler’le de genellikle iyi ilişkiler içinde bulundu. Hîre melikleri yönetime katılmalarını sağlayarak bedevî Temîmliler’i kontrol altında tuttu; bu amaçla Ridâfe adıyla kral nâibliğine benzer bir kurum oluşturuldu.
Eyyâmü’l-Arab’da Temîm ile diğer Arap kabileleri arasında çok kanlı savaşlar cereyan etti. Rebîa, Hâris b. Kâ‘b, Bekir b. Vâil, Kays ve müttefiklerine karşı yapılan savaşlar bunların en önemlileridir. Temîm ile Kureyş arasındaki ticarî ilişkiler siyasî ilişkileri de etkiledi. Kabilenin atası Temîm b. Mürr’ün Kureyş kabilesinin dayıları oluşu (Temîm b. Mürr’ün kız kardeşi olan Berre bint Mür, Kureyş’in babası Nadr b. Kinâne’nin annesidir) bu ilişkilere katkıda bulundu. İslâm’dan önce Hz. Muhammed’in Temîm’den İyâz b. Hımâr gibi arkadaşları vardı. Hz. Hatice’nin Resûl-i Ekrem’le evlenmeden önceki eşi Ebû Hâle Temîm kabilesindendi. Kureyş kervanları Dûmetülcendel’e gitmek istediklerinde Temîm’e ait Hazn’e uğrardı. İran kisrâları Bahreyn valilerini Temîm kabilesinin Abdullah b. Zeyd boyundan seçerdi. Hz. Peygamber zamanındaki Bahreyn Valisi Münzir b. Sâvâ idi. Resûlullah, 9 (630) yılında Alâ b. Hadramî’yi Münzir b. Sâvâ’yı ve halkını İslâmiyet’e davet için Bahreyn’e gönderdi. Münzir İslâmiyet’i kabul edip valilik görevini sürdürdü. Onunla birlikte bölgedeki Araplar’la bir kısım İranlılar da müslüman oldu. Resûl-i Ekrem ile kendisinden kısa bir süre sonra ölen Münzir arasında bazı yazışmalardan söz edilmektedir.
Mekke’nin fethi sırasında İslâm ordusunda bazı Temîmliler’in de bulunduğu bilinmektedir. Akra‘ b. Hâbis başkanlığındaki Temîmliler, Resûlullah ile birlikte Huneyn ve Tâif seferlerine katıldılar. Huneyn Savaşı’nın ardından Temîmliler’in ellerindeki esirleri bırakmak istememeleri Hz. Peygamber’i üzdü. Kendileriyle bu meseleyi konuşmasına rağmen esirleri hâlâ ellerinde tuttuklarından esirler için fidye belirlendi. Akra‘ b. Hâbis de müellefe-i kulûbdan sayılarak kendisine 100 deve verildi. 9 (630) yılında Resûl-i Ekrem’in Huzâa kabilesinin yıllık vergilerini toplamak için gönderdiği memurun aynı yörede hayvan otlatan, henüz müslüman olmamış Temîm’in bir kolu olan Benî Anber’den de vergi istemesi üzerine karışıklık çıktı. Hz. Peygamber durumu öğrenince Uyeyne b. Hısn el-Fezârî kumandasında elli kişilik bir birliği Benî Anber üzerine gönderdi. Uyeyne on bir kadın, on bir erkek ve otuz kadar çocuğu esir alıp Medine’ye getirdi. Bu olayın ardından Temîm kabilesi bir heyet göndererek esirlerin iadesini istedi. Resûlullah esirleri serbest bırakınca heyettekiler İslâmiyet’i benimsedi. Temîmliler aynı yıl yetmiş seksen kişilik bir diğer heyeti Hz. Peygamber’e yolladı. İçlerinde Akra‘ b. Hâbis gibi müslümanlar yanında Utârid b. Hâcib, Zibrikān b. Bedr, Kays b. Âsım, Kays b. Hâris, Nuaym b. Sa‘d, Riyâh b. Hâris ve Amr b. Ehtem gibi kimseler vardı. Öğle vakti Medine’ye ulaşan heyet Resûl-i Ekrem’in evinin önüne gelince bedevîlere has kaba bir tavırla kendisine seslenip yanlarına çıkmasını istediler. Resûlullah onlarla görüştü, kendilerine hediyeler verdi ve esirleri iade etti. Bunun üzerine heyettekiler müslüman olduklarını bildirdiler. Hucurât sûresinin 2-5. âyetleri Temîmliler’in bu saygısız davranışı üzerine nâzil olmuştur. Temîm’den tek başına gelip İslâm’ı kabul edenler oldu. Temîm’in Benî Amr kolundan Süfyân b. Uzeyl ve Hz. Peygamber’in yakın arkadaşlarından kılıç imalât ustası Habbâb b. Eret bunlar arasındadır.
Resûl-i Ekrem birçok Temîmli’yi zekât âmili olarak kendi kabilelerine gönderdi. Onun vefatından sonra Safvân b. Safvân ve Zibrikān b. Bedr adlı âmiller topladıkları zekât mallarını Hz. Ebû Bekir’e teslim ederken bir kısmı irtidad hareketlerinin sonucunu bekledi. Mâlik b. Nüveyre ile Vekî‘ b. Mâlik ise kabileleriyle birlikte Temîm’in Yerbû‘ koluna mensup yalancı peygamber Secâh’a katıldı. Mâlik b. Nüveyre öldürülürken Vekî‘ b. Mâlik İslâm’a yeniden bağlılığını bildirdi. İrtidad hareketlerini bastırmak için Bahreyn’e gönderilen Alâ b. Hadramî bölgedeki Behrîler, Temîm ve onun bir kolu olan Ribâb’dan destek gördü. Temîmliler, ridde savaşlarının ardından başlatılan fetih hareketlerine katıldılar ve önemli yararlılıklar gösterdiler. Ahnef b. Kays, Ka‘kā‘ b. Amr, Akra‘ b. Hâbis ve Âsım b. Amr bu dönemde öne çıkan Temîmli kumandanlardır. Hz. Ömer döneminde Sa‘d b. Ebû Vakkās kumandasında Sâsânîler’e karşı yapılan savaşa Temîmliler 4000 kişilik bir kuvvetle katıldılar. Hz. Osman zamanında Ahnef b. Kays yönetiminde Horasan’ın fethinde önemli başarılar elde ettiler. Temîm kabilesi ve çeşitli kolları Basra ve Kûfe şehirleri kurulduktan sonra bu şehirlere iskân edildi, bir kısmı fethedilen İran topraklarına yerleşti. Emevîler zamanında da Orta Asya fetihlerinde bulundular.
Ebû Müslim-i Horasânî’nin kumandanları arasında yer alan Temîmli Ağleb b. Sâlim, 144 (761) yılında İfrîkıye’ye gönderilen Muhammed b. Eş‘as el-Huzâî’nin ordusunda görevlendirildi ve Zap valiliğine getirildi. Abbâsî Halifesi Mansûr döneminde İfrîkıye valiliğine tayin edilen Ağleb bu görevde iken Kayrevan’daki bir kuşatma esnasında öldürüldü (150/767). Bazı isyanları bastıran oğlu İbrâhim b. Ağleb 184’te (800) Hârûnürreşîd tarafından İfrîkıye valiliğine getirildi. Böylece İfrîkıye’de Ağlebîler hânedanının temelleri atıldı. 296 (909) yılında Fâtımîler’ce ortadan kaldırılıncaya kadar Ağlebîler’in Kayrevan’daki iktidarı devam etti. Temîmliler Cemel ve Sıffîn savaşlarında genellikle Hz. Ali’nin yanında yer aldılar. Sıffîn Savaşı’ndan sonra hakemlerin kararını askerler arasında okuyan Eş‘as b. Kays’a, “Hüküm ancak Allah’a aittir” diyerek Şebes b. Rib‘î kumandasında Hz. Ali’nin ordusundan ayrılan ve Kûfe yakınındaki Harûrâ’ya çekilip ilk Hâricî zümresini oluşturan 12.000 kişilik grup Temîm’in Rebîa b. Hanzale kolundan ibaretti. Hz. Ali’yi desteklemeleri ve daha sonra Hâricîler’e yaklaşmalarından dolayı Temîmliler’in Emevîler’le ilişkileri pek dostça olmamıştır. Ezârika reislerinden Katarî b. Fücâe, Sâlih b. Müserrih, İbâzî reislerinden Abdullah b. İbâz, Sufrî reislerinden Abdullah b. Saffâr, Ebû Bilâl Mirdâs b. Üdeyye, kardeşi Urve, Müstevrid, Sehm b. Gālib, Hâris b. Hilâl gibi pek çok Hâricî önderi Temîm kabilesine mensuptur. Bununla birlikte Emevî yönetimiyle iş birliği yapan Temîmliler de vardır.
Temîmli âlimler arasında Âmir b. Abdullah, Saîd b. Hıms b. Umâre, Îsâ b. Mugīre, Muâviye b. İshak b. Talha, Seyf b. Ömer, Süfyân es-Sevrî, Şebîb b. Şeybe, Ebû Amr b. Alâ, İbn Semâa, Abdülkerîm es-Sem‘ânî, Abdürrahîm es-Sem‘ânî, Ebü’l-Muzaffer es-Sem‘ânî, Muhammed b. Mansûr es-Sem‘ânî, Muhammed b. Abdülvehhâb anılabilir. Ayrıca Temîm kabilesine mensup meşhur hakemlerden Eksem b. Sayfî, Hâcib b. Zürâre, Akra‘ b. Hâbis, Rebîa b. Muhâşir, Damre b. Damre; ünlü hatiplerden Eksem b. Sayfî, Ahnef b. Kays, Hâcib b. Zürâre ve Kays b. Âsım’ı zikretmek gerekir. Alkame b. Abede, Esved b. Yağfur b. Abdülesved, Evs b. Hacer, Adî b. Zeyd, Selâme b. Cendel, Sühaym b. Vesîl b. Amr gibi Câhiliye dönemi Arap edebiyatının en meşhur şahsiyetleri Temîmlidir. Temîmliler’de bu gelenek İslâm’dan sonra da devam etti. İçlerinden Amr b. Ehtem, Accâc ve oğlu Rü’be, Mâlik b. Nüveyre, Cerîr b. Atıyye, Ferezdak, Baîs, Evs b. Mağrâ gibi şair ve edebiyatçılar yetişti.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 418-419 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.