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TEMÎM ed-DÂRÎ Skip to content Ebû Rukayye Temîm b. Evs b. Hârice (Hârise) ed-Dârî (ö. 40/661)
Sahâbî.
Filistin’de doğdu. Kahtânîler’e mensup Benî Dâr kabilesindendir. Bundan dolayı Dârî nisbesiyle meşhur olmakla birlikte İslâmiyet’i kabulünden evvel ibadet ettiği manastıra nisbetle Deyrî diye anıldığı zikredilmiştir (Nevevî, I, 138). Ticaret yaptığı söylenen Temîm, muhtemelen kendisi hakkında anlatılan cinler tarafından kaçırıldığına dair halk hikâyelerinden (aş.bk.) esinlenilerek “Muhtetaf” (Muhtetif) lakabıyla anılmıştır. Müslümanlığı benimsemeden önce ticaret maksadıyla Mekke’ye sık sık gitmiş, bazan uzun süre orada kalmış, hicretten sonra da Medine’ye gidip gelmeye başlamıştır (İbn Asâkir, XI, 82). Temîm’in İslâm’a girişiyle ilgili çeşitli rivayetler nakledilmektedir. Bunlardan birinde hicretten evvel altı kişilik bir heyetle Mekke’ye geldiği, burada Resûl-i Ekrem’e biat ettiği, ondan Şam bölgesindeki bazı arazilerin kendilerine verildiğine dair bir belge aldığı, hicretten sonra tekrar gelip bu belgeyi yenilettiği ve Resûlullah’ın bunu kendilerine teslim ederken, “İnsanların İbrâhim’e en yakın olanı ona uyanlarla şu peygamber (Muhammed) ve ona iman edenlerdir; Allah müminlerin dostudur” âyetini (Âl-i İmrân 3/68) okuduğu nakledilmiştir (İbn Asâkir, XI, 64-65). Ancak bu âyetin medenî olması, Akabe biatları dışında hicretten önce Hz. Peygamber’e geldiği söylenen heyetlerin zikredildiği kaynaklarda (meselâ bk. Nüveyrî, XVIII, 2) Dârîler’in yer almaması, iktâ uygulamasının özellikle 9 (630) yılından sonra yaygınlık kazanması gibi hususlar rivayetin tarihî gerçeklere uymadığını göstermektedir. Bu rivayeti kesinlikle reddeden Makrîzî, Temîm ed-Dârî ve beraberindeki heyetin Mekke’ye değil Medine’ye geldiğini söylemiştir (Ḍavʾü’s-sârî, s. 65).
Diğer bir rivayette, Temîm’in Medine’den Şam’a birlikte gittiği yol arkadaşı Büdeyl b. Ebû Meryem’in vefat etmeden önce kendisine verdiği bir emaneti zimmetine geçirdiği, bundan dolayı sorgulandığı ve suçunun affedilmesi için müslüman olduğu söylenmekteyse de bu hadisenin Temîm’in İslâmiyet’i kabulünden çok önce cereyan ettiği, fakat olayın İslâm’ın benimsenmesinden sonra itiraf edildiği anlaşılmaktadır (İbn Asâkir, XI, 71-73; Makrîzî, s. 83-86, 88-95). Onun Müslümanlığı benimsemesi, ileriki yıllarda efsaneye dönüşecek olan cinlerle temasına dair hikâyelerle de ilişkilendirilmiştir. Buna göre Temîm, Şam’da iken Resûl-i Ekrem’in peygamber olarak gönderildiğini bir cinden öğrenmiş ve ardından Medine’ye gidip İslâmiyet’i kabul etmiştir (İbn Asâkir, XI, 73). Ancak Temîm’in ihtidâ sürecinin, cinlerle ilişkilendirilmesi yerine, onun müslüman olmadan önce bir din arayışı içinde bulunduğunu belirten rivayetler çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi daha doğrudur. Buna göre Temîm, önce Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık üzerinde durmuş, daha sonra bir rahibin yönlendirmesiyle Resûlullah’ın yanına gelip İslâm’ı kabul etmiş, kabilesinden bir heyetle birlikte Medine’ye tekrar gelmesi tavsiye edilerek memleketi Şam’a gönderilmiştir (Makrîzî, s. 78-79). Temîm’in, aralarında kardeşi Nuaym’ın da bulunduğu on kişilik bir heyetle Medine’ye gelerek Hz. Peygamber’le yaptığı meşhur görüşmenin bu ilk buluşmanın ardından gerçekleştiği ve Tebük Savaşı (9/630) sonrasına rastladığı anlaşılmaktadır (İbn Sa‘d, I, 343; İbn Abdülber, I, 193-194; Zehebî, II, 442). Muteber kaynaklarda Cessâse hadisi diye yer alan, Resûl-i Ekrem’in deccâlle ilgili bir hutbesinin anlatıldığı rivayet de (Müsned, VI, 373-374, 413, 417-418; Müslim, “Fiten”, 119-123; Ebû Dâvûd, “Melâḥim”, 15) Temîm’in hicretten sonra 9 (630) veya 10 (631) yılında İslâmiyet’i kabul ettiği görüşünü desteklemektedir. 10 yılında irad edildiği anlaşılan bu hutbede Hz. Peygamber, Temîm’in Medine’ye gelip müslüman olduğu haberini ve kendisine anlattığı bazı maceralarını ashaba bildirmiştir. Medine’ye gelen Temîm ed-Dârî ve beraberindeki heyet Şam’a dönmeyip Resûl-i Ekrem’in vefatına kadar Medine’de kalmış (İbn Sa‘d, I, 344) ve kendilerine Hayber gelirlerinden tahsisat ayrılmıştır. Onların Medine’de kalması, memleketleri olan Kudüs ve Filistin’in İranlılar’ın elinden çıkıp Bizans’ın eline geçmesiyle ilişkilendirilmektedir (Cook, LXI/1 [1998], s. 22). Temîm’in Resûlullah’a yönelttiği, “Allah oraların fethini nasip ederse şimdi Rumlar’ın elinde bulunan yerleri bize bağışlar mısınız?” şeklinde soru da bu yorumu doğrular niteliktedir.
Temîm ve kardeşi Nuaym, bugün Filistin’de el-Halîl (Hebron) diye bilinen şehirle yakınlarındaki Beyt Aynûn ve Mertûm gibi birkaç köyün kendilerine bağışlanmasını istemiş, bu isteğin kabul edildiğine dair Hz. Peygamber’den bir belge almıştır. Söz konusu belgeyle ilgili rivayetlerin erken dönemlerden itibaren birçok kaynakta yer alması onun sıhhati hakkında ortaya atılan şüphelerin (Krenkow, I/4 [1925], s. 529-532) yersiz olduğunu göstermektedir (M. Hasan Şürrâb, s. 120-140). Temîm, Filistin bölgesinin fethinden sonra belgeyi Hz. Ömer’e göstermiş, zaman zaman yapılan bazı müdahalelere rağmen Dârîler bu belgeyle arazilerini ellerinde tutmuştur. Kudüs ve el-Halîl’in tarihine dair eser yazan Ebü’l-Yümn el-Uleymî, adı geçen belgenin Hz. Ali tarafından yazılan aslı ile Abbâsî Halifesi Müstencid-Billâh (1160-1170) tarafından bizzat istinsah edilen bir nüshasını gördüğünü ve o gün itibariyle arazilerin hâlâ Dârîler’in elinde bulunduğunu belirtmekte (el-Ünsü’l-celîl, II, 145-146; aynı konuda daha eski tarihli bir şahitlik için bk. Nüveyrî, XVIII, 104-107), belgelerin III. Murad veya IV. Murad tarafından Dârîler’in elinden alınıp saray kütüphanesine konulduğu söylenmektedir (İA, XII/1, s. 157). Dârîler’e iktânın yapıldığına dair İbn Hacer el-Askalânî el-Binâʾü’l-celîl bi-ḥükmi beledi’l-Ḫalîl ve Süyûtî el-Fażlü’l-ʿamîm fî iḳṭâʿi Temîm adıyla birer eser yazmıştır (Abdülhay el-Kettânî, I, 302). Hz. Osman’ın vefatına kadar Medine’de yaşadıktan sonra Mısır’ın fethine katılan, Hz. Ali döneminden itibaren Filistin’e yerleşen Temîm bir yandan deniz yoluyla ticaret yaparken diğer yandan deniz savaşlarına katılmış, bu savaşlarda esir alınan düşman askerlerine çok iyi davrandığına dair rivayetler nakledilmiştir (Makrîzî, s. 78-80). Hz. Ebû Bekir’in kız kardeşi Ümmü Ferve ve Nevfel b. Hâris’in kızı Ümmü’l-Mugīre ile (veya Ümmü Hakîm) evlenmiş, ancak künyesini kendisinden aldığı tek çocuğu Rukayye’nin hangi hanımından doğduğu kaynaklarda belirtilmemiştir. 40 (661) yılında Filistin’de vefat eden Temîm’in kabrinin Kudüs’le Gazze arasındaki Beytülcibrîn köyünde olduğu zikredilmektedir (İbn Hacer, I, 368).
Temîm ed-Dârî, İslâm tarihinde bazı konulardaki öncülüğüyle tanınmıştır. Hz. Peygamber henüz hayatta iken Şam bölgesinden getirdiği kandillerle Mescid-i Nebevî’nin aydınlatılmasını sağlamış (İbn Mâce, “Mesâcîd”, 9), mescidde iki veya üç basamaklı bir minberin yaptırılmasını teklif etmiştir (Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, III, 195-196; Makrîzî, s. 135). Temîm’in bu hizmetleri, yüzyıllar sonra onun soyundan gelip Mescid-i Nebevî’nin yazılarını yazan Osmanlı hattatı Abdullah Zühdi Efendi tarafından sürdürülmüştür (DİA, I, 147). Aynı zamanda iyi bir hatip olan Temîm, Hz. Ömer döneminde Mescid-i Nebevî’de vaaz etmek için izin istemiş, halife ona önce olumsuz cevap vermişse de samimiyetini anlayıp vaazlarının içeriğini öğrendikten sonra cuma namazlarından önce olmak şartıyla müsaade etmiş, zaman zaman kendisi de onu dinlemiş, Hz. Osman devrinde ise Temîm’in vaazları iki güne çıkarılmıştır. Temîm ibadete düşkünlüğünden dolayı “rahip” sıfatıyla anılmıştır. Onun cinler tarafından kaçırıldığına, dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerinde olağan üstü maceralar yaşadığına ve yıllar sonra ailesinin yanına döndüğüne dair birçok dilde efsaneler oluşmuş (Basset, IV [1890], s. 3-26; Alvarez, XIII/3 [2007], s. 566-601), kendisine olağan üstü güçler nisbet edilmiştir (Zehebî, II, 446-447).
Temîm ed-Dârî’nin kaynaklarda on sekiz rivayeti bulunmaktadır (a.g.e., II, 448). Bunlar Buhârî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ’i dışında Kütüb-i Sitte’de, Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned’i ve Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī’nin es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ’sı gibi eserlerde yer almıştır. Ebû Hüreyre, Abdullah b. Abbas, Enes b. Mâlik, Kesîr b. Mürre, Abdurrahman b. Ganm, Ravh b. Zinbâ‘, Kabîsa b. Züeyb, Zürâre b. Evfâ, Atâ b. Yezîd, Mûsâ b. Nusayr ve Vebere b. Abdurrahman kendisinden hadis rivayet etmiştir. Rivayetlerini İbn Nâsırüddin Müsnedü Temîm ed-Dârî adıyla bir araya getirmiştir (DİA, XX, 227). Makrîzî, onun hayatı hakkında bir eser kaleme almış (bk. bibl.), İbn Hilâl el-Makdisî de Cessâse olayında anlatılan seyahatiyle ilgili İfḥâmü’l-mümârî bi-aḫbâri Temîm ed-Dârî isimli bir çalışma yapmıştır (el-Mevsûʿatü’l-Filisṭîniyye, III, 370). Günümüz müelliflerinden Nâdir et-Temîmî’nin eṣ-Ṣaḥâbî Temîm b. Evs ed-Dârî ve ʿalâḳatühû bi’l-Arżi’l-muḳaddese adlı bir eseri bulunmaktadır (Amman 1991). Temîm ed-Dârî hakkında pek çok makale yazılmış olup Vedâa Tâhâ en-Necm’in “Temîm ed-Dârî evvelü ḳāṣṣın fi’l-İslâm” (Mecelletü külliyyeti’l-Âdâb, V [Bağdat 1962], s. 293-313), Adnân el-Hatîb’in “Ḳıṣṣatü Temîm ed-Dârî ve üsratü’l-meḥâsinî ed-Dımaşḳıyye” (MMLADm., LXV/1 [1990], s. 152-176), Avinoam Shalem’in “Temîm ed-Dârî: A Portrait of him as the First Muslim Artisan” (OM, XXIII/2 [2004], s. 507-515) ve Mahmut Yeşil’in “Temîm ed-Dârî ve Rivayetleri” (SÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, XXI [Konya 2006], s. 91-114) adlı makaleleri bunlar arasında sayılabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Müsned, VI, 373-374, 413, 417-418; Mukātil b. Süleyman, Tefsîru Muḳātil b. Süleymân (nşr. Abdullah Mahmûd eş-Şehhâte), Kahire 1979, I, 511-514; İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt, I, 343-344; Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ, Haydarâbâd 1347, III, 195-196; İbn Abdülber, el-İstîʿâb (Bicâvî), I, 193-194; İbn Asâkir, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ (Amrî), XI, 64-65, 71-73, 82; İbnü’l-Esîr, Üsdü’l-ġābe, I, 256-257; VI, 28; VII, 398; Nevevî, Tehẕîb, I, 138-139; Nüveyrî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb, II, 305; XVIII, 2, 104-107; Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ, II, 442-448; Makrîzî, Ḍavʾü’s-sârî fî maʿrifeti ḫaberi Temîm ed-Dârî (nşr. M. Ahmed Âşûr), Kahire 1392/1972, s. 65, 78-80, 83-86, 88-95, 98, 105, 135; İbn Hacer, el-İṣâbe (Bicâvî), I, 367-369; Ebü’l-Yümn el-Uleymî, el-Ünsü’l-celîl bi-târîḫi’l-Ḳuds ve’l-Ḫalîl (nşr. Mahmûd Avde el-Kaâbine), Amman 1420/1999, II, 145-146; M. Hasan Şürrâb, Temîm b. Evs ed-Dârî râhibü ehli aṣrih ve âbidü ehli Filisṭîn, Dımaşk 1410/1990, s. 120-140, 152; Abdülhay el-Kettânî, et-Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye (Özel), I, 302; el-Mevsûʿatü’l-Filisṭîniyye, Beyrut 1990, III, 370; R. Basset, “Les aventures merveilleuses de Temim ed Dâri”, GSAI, IV (1890), s. 3-26; F. Krenkow, “The Grant of Land by Muhammad to Tamîm ad-Dârî”, Islamica, I/4, Leipzig 1925, s. 529-532; D. Cook, “Tamîm al-Dârî”, BSOAS, LXI/1 (1998), s. 22; L. M. Alvarez, “Prophecies of Apocalypse in Sixteenth-Century Morisco Writings and the Wondrous Tale of Tamīm al-Dārī”, Medieval Encounters, XIII/3, Leiden 2007, s. 566-601; G. Levi Della Vida, “Temîmüd-Dârî”, İA, XII/1, s. 155-158; M. Lecker, “Tamīm al-Dārī”, EI2 (İng.), X, 176; M. Uğur Derman, “Abdullah Zühdi Efendi”, DİA, I, 147; Ahmet Önkal, “Dâr (Benî Dâr)”, a.e., VIII, 483; M. Yaşar Kandemir, “İbn Hacer el-Askalânî”, a.e., XIX, 529; a.mlf., “İbn Nâsırüddin”, a.e., XX, 227.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 419-421 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.