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TENKĪHU’l-FUSÛL Skip to content Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî’nin (ö. 684/1285) usûl-i fıkha dair eseri.
Karâfî’nin Mâlikî fıkhına dair eẕ-Ẕaḫîre adlı eserinin başına koyduğu iki mukaddimeden ikincisi olup müellifin kendi ifadesine göre aynı zamanda müstakil bir eser olarak tasarlanmıştır (eẕ-Ẕaḫîre, I, 55). Karâfî bu eseri eẕ-Ẕaḫîre’de Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl fî ʿilmi’l-uṣûl olarak, Şerḥu Tenḳīḥi’l-fuṣûl’ün mukaddimesinde Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl fi’ḫtiṣâri’l-Maḥṣûl şeklinde adlandırmıştır (s. 3). İkinci adlandırmadan dolayı eserin Fahreddin er-Râzî’ye ait el-Maḥṣûl’ün muhtasarı olduğu şeklinde yaygın bir kanaat oluşmuştur. Gerek tertip ve taksim gerekse içerdiği görüşler bakımından Râzî’nin el-Maḥṣûl’ünü esas almış olması da (Tûfî, I, 105) bu kanaati desteklemektedir. Sagīr b. Abdüsselâm’ın, eserin Karâfî’nin daha önce el-Maḥṣûl’den ihtisar ettiği el-Fuṣûl fi’l-uṣûl’ünün muhtasarı olduğu yönündeki iddiası ise ispata muhtaçtır (DİA, XXIV, 399). Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl’e usule ilişkin diğer eserlerinde atıfta bulunmasından hareketle (meselâ bk. Şerḥu Tenḳīḥi’l-fuṣûl, s. 3; Nefâʾisü’l-uṣûl, I, 333; el-ʿİḳdü’l-manẓûm, II, 69) bu eserin Karâfî’nin usule dair ilk eseri olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Müellifin bu eseri kaleme alırken el-Maḥṣûl’ün yanı sıra Kādî Abdülvehhâb’ın el-İfâde’si, Bâcî’nin el-İşâre’si ve İbnü’l-Kassâr’ın ʿUyûnü’l-edille’sinin usûl-i fıkha dair mukaddimesine dayandığını, daha çok bu eserlerdeki konuları özetlediğini, ayrıca bunlarda bulunmayan konuları ve kaideleri eklediğini belirtmesi (I, 55), Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl’ün el-Maḥṣûl ile sınırlı olmayan özgün bir ihtisar çalışması niteliği taşıdığını gösterir.
Eser terimler, hurûfü’l-meânî, lafızların muktezâlarının teâruzu, emir, nehiy, umum, ekallü’l-cem‘, istisna, şart, mutlak ve mukayyed, delîlü’l-hitâb, mücmel ve mübeyyen, Hz. Peygamber’in fiili, nesih, icmâ, haber, kıyas, teâruz ve tercih, ictihad, müctehidin dayandığı deliller ve mükelleflerin tasarrufları şeklinde sıralanan yirmi bölüm (bab) ve bunlarla ilgili 102 alt başlıktan (fasıl) oluşmaktadır. Çeşitli açılardan taksimler yapılarak terimlerin açıklandığı birinci bölüm Râzî’nin el-Maḥṣûl’ünün girişindeki dil bahislerinin bir özeti niteliğinde olmakla beraber vaz’isti‘mâl-haml arasındaki fark (I, 57) ve lafzın delâletiyle lafızla delâlet arasındaki fark (I, 58) gibi el-Maḥṣûl’de bulunmayan birtakım inceliklere dikkat çekmiştir. Eserde bazı önemli bilgiler faide, kaide, fer‘, tenbih, sual ve tefrî‘ gibi başlıklar altında verilmiştir. Diğer muhtasarlara göre eserin dili sade ve açıktır.
Karâfî, “Fürûda olduğu gibi usuldeki tercihlerinde de üstünlüğü ortaya çıksın diye Mâlik’in fıkıh usulündeki mezhebini açıkladım” diyerek (eẕ-Ẕaḫîre, I, 39) Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl’ü -İbnü’l-Kassâr’ın mukaddimesinde olduğu üzere- özellikle Mâlik’in fer‘î hükümlere ilişkin görüşlerinin dayandığı usul kurallarını belirleme amacıyla kaleme aldığını belirtmiş, ancak eserde Mâlikîler arasındaki görüş farklılıklarına işaret ettiği gibi Hanefîler’in, Şâfiîler’in ve Cübbâî, Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî gibi Mu‘tezile usulcülerinin görüşlerine de yer vermiştir. Eserde “imam” sözüyle genellikle Fahreddin er-Râzî, “kādî” sözüyle Bâkıllânî, “üstat” sözüyle Ebû İshak el-İsferâyînî kastedilmektedir.
Müellifin Eş‘arîliği kelâmî bağlantıları bulunan birçok konuya yansımıştır. Hükmün kadim hitap olduğu (I, 65), hüsün ve kubhun şer‘îliği (I, 71), vâki olmamakla birlikte güç yetirilemeyen şeyin teklifinin cevazı (I, 80), faydalı şeylerde müsaadenin, zararlı şeylerde yasağın kural olmasının akla değil şer‘î delillere bağlı bulunduğu (I, 155) gibi görüşleri bu eğilimini açıkça ortaya koyar. Nesih konusunda Allah’ın ilminin değişmesi sonucuna götürdüğü için Bâkıllânî ve Gazzâlî’nin görüşünü doğru bulmayarak neshin, hükmün müddetinin sona erdiğini beyan şeklinde Hanefîler’ce savunulan ve Ebû İshak el-İsferâyînî ile Fahreddin er-Râzî tarafından da benimsenen görüşü tercih etmiştir (I, 109).
Karâfî’nin ifadesine göre, usûl-i fıkhın temeli olan dört eseri (Cüveynî’nin el-Burhân, Gazzâlî’nin el-Müstaṣfâ, Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî’nin el-Muʿtemed ve Şerḥu’l-ʿUmed) esas alan Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin el-Maḥṣûl’ü (Nefâʾisü’l-uṣûl, I, 91) ve Âmidî’nin el-İḥkâm’ı mütekellimîn yöntemine göre yazılan eserlerin kemal seviyesini temsil eden son özgün eserlerdir. Bu yönteme göre telif edilen sonraki eserler daha ziyade bu iki eser üzerine yapılan muhtasarlar ve bunların şerhi mahiyetindedir. İbnü’l-Hâcib’in el-Muḫtaṣar’ı, Kādî Beyzâvî’nin Minhâcü’l-vüṣûl’ü ve Sübkî’nin Cemʿu’l-cevâmiʿi bu eserlerden özetlenen çalışmalardır. Karâfî’nin Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl’ü de bu şekilde kaleme alınmış bir muhtasardır. Ancak İbnü’l-Hâcib el-Muḫtaṣar’da Âmidî’nin el-İḥkâm’ını esas alırken Karâfî Râzî’nin el-Maḥṣûl’ünü esas almıştır. Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl’den sonra el-Maḥṣûl ve daha sonra Tenḳīḥ üzerine yazdığı şerhlerde el-Maḥṣûl’den büyük ölçüde istifade ettiği göz önüne alınırsa Karâfî’nin usul anlayışında Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin önemli ölçüde etkisinin bulunduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl’ün özellikle Mâlikî usulcüleri nezdinde, Sübkî’nin Cemʿu’l-cevâmiʿ ve Kādî Beyzâvî’nin Minhâcü’l-vüṣûl’ünün Şâfiîler, Nesefî’nin el-Menâr’ının Hanefîler arasındaki yerine eşdeğer bir yere sahip olduğu söylenebilir. Nitekim İbn Haldûn, el-Maḥṣûl üzerine yapılan çalışmalardan Karâfî’nin Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl’ünü (burada et-Tenḳīḥât şeklinde geçmektedir) ve Kādî Beyzâvî’nin el-Minhâc’ının mübtedîler tarafından özen gösterilen eserler olarak niteler ve birçoklarının bu iki eseri şerhettiğini ifade eder (Muḳaddime, s. 445).
Mâlikî mezhebine mensup olmakla birlikte yer yer farklı tercihlerde bulunması sebebiyle Mâlikî usulcülerinin yanı sıra Tâceddin es-Sübkî, İsnevî ve Bedreddin ez-Zerkeşî gibi Şâfiî usulcüleri, Tûfî, Merdâvî, İbnü’n-Neccâr gibi Hanbelî usulcüleri ve İbn Emîru Hâc gibi Hanefî usulcüleri Karâfî’nin Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl’ü ve şerhindeki görüş ve açıklamalardan yararlanmış ve atıfta bulunmuştur. Mâlikîler’den özellikle İbn Cüzey, Taḳrîbü’l-vüṣûl ilâ ʿilmi’l-uṣûl adlı muhtasar eserinde Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl ve şerhinden büyük ölçüde istifade etmiş, yer yer atıflar olsa da Karâfî’yi zikretmeden konu başlıklarına varıncaya kadar Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl’den birçok alıntı yapmıştır (örnek olarak krş., Taḳrībü’l-vüṣûl, s. 107 – Tenḳīḥ, I, 58; Taḳrîbü’l-vüṣûl, s. 129 – Tenḳīḥ, I, 57; Taḳrîbü’l-vüṣûl, s. 175-177 – Tenḳīḥ, I, 76; Taḳrîbü’l-vüṣûl, s. 178-179 – Tenḳīḥ, I, 78). Eser eẕ-Ẕaḫîre ile birlikte neşredilmiştir (nşr. Muhammed Haccî, Beyrut 1994, I, 55-161).
Şerh ve Hâşiyeleri. Tenḳīḥ üzerine özellikle Mâlikî usulcüleri tarafından yapılan şerh ve hâşiyelerin belli başlıları şunlardır: 1. Şerḥu Tenḳīḥi’l-fuṣûl. Karâfî, kendi eserine yazdığı bu şerhin mukaddimesinde eẕ-Ẕaḫîre’ye mukaddime şeklinde kaleme aldığı Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl’ü insanların eẕ-Ẕaḫîre’den ayırmaya yöneldiklerini ve onunla çok meşgul olduklarını görünce başka yerden nakil olmadığı için neredeyse sadece kendisi tarafından bilinen maksatlarını açıklamak üzere şerhetmeyi uygun gördüğünü ve bazı önemli kaideler ve faydalı bilgiler ilâve ettiğini belirtir. Daha sonraki usul eserlerine ve Tenḳīḥ’le ilgili diğer şerhlere kaynaklık eden bu eserin birçok baskısı yapılmıştır (Mahallî’nin el-Varaḳāt şerhi üzerine İbn Kāsım el-Abbâdî’nin yazdığı hâşiyesiyle birlikte, Kahire 1306; Şeyh Halûlû’nun et-Tavżîḥ adlı şerhi ile birlikte, Tunus 1328; Muhammed Cuayt’ın hâşiyesiyle birlikte, Kahire 1912; M. Tâhir b. Âşûr’un hâşiyesiyle birlikte, Tunus 1341; nşr. Tâhâ Abdürraûf Sa‘d, Kahire 1393/1973, 1399/1978, 1414/1993). Eser, Ümmülkurâ Üniversitesi’nde Saîd b. Sâlih, Hasan b. İbrâhim ve Nâsır b. Ali el-Gāmidî tarafından yüksek lisans ve doktora tezi olarak tahkik edilmiştir. 2. Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Abdurrahman Halûlû, et-Tavżîḥ şerḥu’t-Tenḳīḥ. Bu şerhin en belirgin özellikleri usul meseleleriyle ilgili görüşlerin nakline Karâfî’den daha geniş yer verilmesi, bilhassa Mâlikî usulcülerinden nakilde bulunulması ve Mâlikî mezhebinin daha fazla ön plana çıkarılması, Karâfî’nin metin ve şerhte değinmediği birtakım konuların ele alınmasıdır. Karâfî’nin şerhiyle birlikte basılan eser (Tunus 1328), Ümmülkurâ Üniversitesi’nde iki bölüm halinde Belkāsım b. Zâkir b. Muhammed ez-Zebîdî tarafından yüksek lisans ve Gāzî b. Mürşîd b. Halef el-Uteybî tarafından doktora tezi olarak tahkik edilmiştir (1425/2004). 3. Ebû Zekeriyyâ Yahyâ b. Ebû Bekir el-Fâsî, Şerḥu Tenḳīḥi’l-fuṣûl. Karâfî’nin şerhinin özetlendiği ve Nefâʾisü’l-uṣûl’den, Âmidî’nin el-İḥkâm’ından ve Bâcî’nin İḥkâmü’l-fuṣûl’ünden birtakım bilgilerin eklendiği bir şerhtir (Hizânetü’l-câmii’l-kebîr, nr. 314, 352). 4. Ahmed b. Abdurrahman et-Tâdilî el-Fâsî, Taḳyîdât ʿale’t-Tenḳīḥ (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. 805). 5. Ebû Ali Hüseyin b. Ali er-Recrâcî eş-Şûşâvî, Refʿu’n-niḳāb ʿan Tenḳīḥi’ş-Şihâb. Başta Karâfî’nin ve Ebû Zekeriyyâ el-Fâsî’nin şerhleri olmak üzere daha önceki şerhlerden büyük ölçüde istifade edilen ve Tenḳīḥ üzerine yapılan şerhlerin en kapsamlısı olan eserde müellif Mâlikîler’in tercihlerine özen göstermiştir. Eser, İmam Muhammed b. Suûd Üniversitesi’nde Ahmed es-Serrâh ve Abdurrahman b. Abdullah el-Cibrîn tarafından yüksek lisans tezi olarak tahkik edilmiştir (Riyad 1407). 6. Muhammed Cuayt, Menhecü’t-taḥḳīḳ ve’t-tavżîḥ li-ḥalli ġavâmiżi’t-Tenḳīḥ. Karâfî’ye yönelik bazı eleştirileri ve düzeltmeleri içeren, İbn Rüşd, Ebyârî, İbnü’l-Hâcib ve Rahûnî gibi usulcülerden yapılan nakillerle Mâlikî mezhebinin ön plana çıkarılmaya çalışıldığı bir hâşiyedir (I-II, Tunus 1340-1345; Kahire 1912). 7. Muhammed Tâhir b. Âşûr, Ḥâşiyetü’t-Tavżîḥ ve’t-taṣḥîḥ li-müşkilâti Kitâbi’t-Tenḳīḥ (Tunus 1341). Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl’ün ayrıca Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Yûnus el-Hevvârî et-Tûnisî, İbnü’l-Bennâ el-Merrâküşî, Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Sâbit b. Saîd el-Kureşî el-Ümevî, Ebü’l-Kāsım Muhibbüddin Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Ali en-Nüveyrî, Dâvûd b. Ali b. Muhammed el-Kaltâvî el-Ezherî, Ebû Fâris Abdülazîz b. Muhammed es-Sûsî tarafından şerhedildiği kaynaklarda zikredilir.
Tenḳīḥ’i Burhâneddin İbn Ferhûn İḳlîdü’l-uṣûl adıyla ihtisar etmiştir (M. Mazhar Bekā, I, 38). Mecmûʿu mütûnin uṣûliyye li-eşhüri meşâhîri ʿulemâʾi’l-meẕâhibi’l-erbaʿa ismiyle yayımlanan eserde yer alan Tenḳīḥ muhtasarının (s. 51-100) müellifi ise bilinmemektedir. Muhtasarın sonundaki kayıtta Dımaşk’ta yazıldığı belirtilmektedir. Bu muhtasar Cemâleddin el-Kāsımî’nin ta‘likleri ile birlikte basılmıştır (Hindistan 1404; Kahire 1413). Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl ayrıca Mevlûd b. Ahmed el-Cevâd el-Ya‘kūbî tarafından eş-Şümûsü’ṭ-ṭâliʿa ismiyle 460 beyitte manzum hale getirilmiş ve şerhedilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî, Tenḳīḥu’l-fuṣûl (a.mlf., eẕ-Ẕaḫîre içinde, nşr. M. Haccî), Beyrut 1994, I, 39, 55-161; a.mlf., Şerḥu Tenḳīḥi’l-fuṣûl, Kahire 1306, s. 3; a.mlf., Nefâʾisü’l-uṣûl fî şerḥi’l-Maḥṣûl (nşr. Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd – Ali M. Muavvaz), Beyrut 1420/1999, I, 91, 333; a.mlf., el-ʿİḳdü’l-manẓûm fi’l-ḫuṣûṣ ve’l-ʿumûm (nşr. Ahmed Hatm Abdullah), Kahire 1420/1999, II, 69; Tûfî, Şerḥu Muḫtaṣari’r-Ravża (nşr. Abdülmuhsin et-Türkî), Beyrut 1990, I, 105; İbn Cüzey, Taḳrîbü’l-vüṣûl (nşr. Muhammed el-Muhtâr), Medine 1423/2002, s. 107, 129, 175-179; Burhâneddin İbn Ferhûn, ed-Dîbâcü’l-müẕheb (nşr. Me’mûn b. Muhyiddin el-Cennân), Beyrut 1417/1996, s. 129, 138; İbn Haldûn, Muḳaddime, Beyrut 1989, s. 445; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, I, 499; Mahlûf, Şeceretü’n-nûr, I, 216, 243, 252, 258; Brockelmann, GAL Suppl., I, 666, 921; Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn, I, 99; Zirikli, el-Aʿlâm, IV, 27; Mahfûz, Terâcimü’l-müʾellifîn, V, 110; Menderes Gürkan, Karafî’nin Fıkıh Usulü Görüşleri (yüksek lisans tezi, 1990), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Mecmûʿu mütûnin uṣûliyye li-eşhüri meşâhîri ʿulemâʾi’l-meẕâhibi’l-erbaʿa, Kahire 1413, s. 51-100; İyâze b. Nâmî es-Sülemî, Şihâbüddîn el-Ḳarâfî: Ḥayâtühû ve ârâʾühü’l-uṣûliyye, Riyad, ts. (Mektebetü’r-Rüşd); M. Mazhar Bekā, Muʿcemü’l-uṣûliyyîn, Mekke 1414, I, 38; II, 101; Sagīr b. Abdüsselâm el-Vekîlî, el-İmâmü’ş-Şihâbü’l-Ḳarâfî: Ḥalḳatü vaṣl beyne’l-meşriḳ ve’l-maġrib fî meẕhebi Mâlik, Muhammediye 1417/1996, I, 283.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 453-454 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.