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TERCİİBEND Skip to content Arap, Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarında bentlerden oluşan nazım şekli.
Sözlükte tercî‘ “geri çevirmek, tekrar etmek”, terkîb “birkaç şeyi birleştirerek yeni bir şey elde etmek” anlamındadır. Farsça olan bend “bağlama” mânasına gelir, ayrıca manzum yahut mensur metin parçaları için kullanılır. Terciibend ve terkibibend in aslı vasf-ı terkîbî olarak tercî‘-bend ve terkîb-bend dir. İlki “tekrarlanan vâsıta beyitleriyle bentleri birbirine bağlanan şiir”, ikincisi “her bendin sonunda değişerek yer alan vâsıta beyitleriyle bentleri birbirine bağlanan şiir” demektir. Zamanla iki kelime arasında Türkçe’de bir “i” sesi türemiş ve terkip Farsça tamlama gibi tercî-i bend , terkîb-i bend şeklinde yazılmıştır. Bendlere tercî‘-hâne veya terkîb-hâne yahut kısaca hâne adı verilir. Her bendin sonunda yer alan ara beyit önceleri tercî‘-bend , daha sonra vâsıta veya bendiyye olarak anılmıştır. Fars edebiyatında olduğu gibi eski Türk edebiyatında da bendlerden meydana gelen nazım türlerinden musammatlar arasında oldukça rağbet gören terciibend ve terkibibend nazım birimi beyit olan divan şiiri formlarındandır. Aynı vezinde ve farklı kafiyelerde bendlerle bunları birbirine bağlayan ve bağımsız kafiyelenen vâsıta beyitlerinden oluşur.
Terciibend. Fars edebiyatında ilk terciibend örneklerinin IX-X. yüzyıllarda Sâmânîler devrinde ortaya çıktığı kabul edilmekle beraber musammat şekli daha çok Gazneliler zamanında (X-XI. yüzyıllar) kullanılmıştır. Fakat aralarındaki benzerlik yanında her iki dönemin birbirine yakın olması dolayısıyla konuya daha fazla açıklık getirmek zor görünmektedir. Terciibend Türk edebiyatında XIV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren kullanılmıştır. Tesbit edilebilen en eski örnekler Ahmedî (ö. 1412) ve Nesîmî’ye (ö. 1417) aittir. Recai Yıldız başlangıçtan XVII. yüzyıla kadar doksan üç terciibend yazıldığını belirlemiş, İbrahim Yavuz XVII. yüzyıldan sonra kaleme alınan terciibend sayısını elli üç olarak göstermiştir. Bu formu toplamı yetmiş bir şair kullanmıştır. Başlangıçtan XX. yüzyıla kadar terciibend yazan başlıca şairler şunlardır: Ahmedî, Nesîmî, Ahmed-i Dâî, Şeyhî, Bursalı Ahmed Paşa, Cem Sultan, Hamdullah Hamdi, Dede Ömer Rûşenî, Tâcîzâde Câfer Çelebi, Darîr, Lâmiî Çelebi, Kemalpaşazâde, Hayretî, Fuzûlî, Hayâlî Bey, Dukakinzâde Ahmed, Âşık Çelebi, Taşlıcalı Yahyâ, Bâkî, Nev‘î, Âlî Mustafa, Rûhî-yi Bağdâdî, Cevrî, Fehîm-i Kadîm, Nâilî, Birî Mehmed Dede, Edirneli Kâmî, Nevres-i Kadîm, Osman Nevres, Sâlim Bey, Seyyid Vehbî, Sâbit, Şeyh Galib, Nazîm, Ziyâ Paşa. Terciibend şeklinde şiir söylemek kafiye bulmadaki güçlük sebebiyle terkibibendlere göre daha zordur. Her bendin sonunda vâsıta beyitlerinin tekrar edilmesinden ötürü şair, hem bendin anlam bütünlüğünü göz önünde bulundurmak hem de kafiye ve rediflerle şiirin âhengini sağlamak zorundadır.
Terciibendlerin hâne sayısı ve her hânedeki beyit sayısı beş ile on arasında değişmekte, daha az veya daha çok hâneli örneklere de rastlanmaktadır. Türkçe terciibendlerde iki bendli bir manzume ile (XVII. yüzyıl Fasîh Ahmed Dede) yirmi iki bendli bir manzume (XVIII. yüzyıl Ayıntablı Aynî) tesbit edilmiştir (Yavuz, s. 235). Bu formun en tanınmış örneklerinden olan Ziyâ Paşa’nın terciibendi vâsıta beyti dahil on birer beyitlik on iki hâneden meydana gelmektedir. Ancak terciibendlerde en çok beş hâneli manzumelerin tercih edildiği görülür. Fars edebiyatında ise iki üç bend halinde yazılmış az sayıda örneğe rastlanmaktadır. Sa‘dî-yi Şîrâzî gibi birkaç şaire ait örnekler dışında bir terciibendin hâneleri genellikle aynı sayıda beyitlerden oluşmaktadır. Yedi bendden meydana gelen tercî ve terkiplere Fars edebiyatında “heft-bend” adı verilir.
Türkçe terciibendlerde en sık kullanılan vezin remel bahrinin “feilâtün feilâtün feilâtün feilün”, “fâilâtün fâilâtün fâilâtün fâilün” ve “feilâtün mefâilün feilün” kalıplarıdır. Terciibendin hâneleri çoğunlukla gazel gibi kafiyelenir. Ancak her bendin mesneviler gibi kendi arasında kafiyelendiği örnekler de vardır. Bu şekilde kafiyelenmiş terciibendlere Fars edebiyatında “tercî‘-bend-i musammat” denilir. Terciibendin yapısı kafiyeleniş tarzına göre: 1. aa xa xa xa xa (hâne veya bend) bb (bendiyye) 2. cc xc xc xc xc (hâne veya bend) bb (bendiyye) 3. ee xe xe xe xe (hâne veya bend) bb (bendiyye) 4. vd. veya 1. aa aa aa aa aa (hane veya bend) bb (bendiyye) 2. cc cc cc cc cc (hâne veya bend) bb (bendiyye) 3. ee ee ee ee ee (hâne veya bend) bb (bendiyye) 4. vd. şeklinde gösterilebilir.
Terciibendler ekseriyetle “mersiye-i tercî‘-bend” gibi şiirin konusunu anlatan başlıklar taşır. Bu tür manzumeler divanlarda kasideler bölümünün sonunda ve “tercîât” başlığı altında bulunur. Terciibendlerde mahlas diğer musammatlarda olduğu gibi genellikle son bendde yer alır, çok az sayıda mahlassız olanlarına da rastlanır. Arap, Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarında terciibendlerde tevhid, münâcât, na‘t, methiye, mersiye yanında kâinatın sonsuzluğu, bunun karşısında insanın aczi, hayatın zorlukları, felekten ve dünyadan şikâyet, varlık-yokluk-ölüm hakkında hikmetli düşüncelerle tasavvufî meseleler gibi soyut konuların işlendiği görülmektedir. Fars edebiyatında tercîât zaman içinde değişiklik göstermekle birlikte Horasan mektebi mensupları methiyelerini daha çok terciibend şeklinde yazmışlardır. Irak mektebi şairleri ise bu manzumelerde ârifane ve âşıkane mevzularla fikrî konuları işlemişlerdir. Hint mektebine mensup olanların tercîleri ise ârifane uzun şiirlerdir.
Eski Türk edebiyatında şairlerin sanat kudretlerini ortaya koymak amacıyla kaleme aldıkları nazım şekilleri arasında terciibend ve terkibibendlerin ayrı bir yeri vardır. Bazı tezkirelerde görülen, “Öyle bir tercî kaleme almıştır ki Rum’da buna kimse nazîre yazmamıştır” şeklindeki kayıtlardan terciibend yazmanın ve buna nazîre söylemenin şairlerin sanattaki gücünü gösterme vesilesi kabul edildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Şeyh Galib’in meşhur tercîindeki, “Hoşça bak zâtına kim zübde-i âlemsin sen / Merdüm-i dîde-i ekvân olan âdemsin sen” ve Ziyâ Paşa’nın tercîindeki, “Sübhâne men tehayyere fî sun‘ihi’l-ukūl / Sübhâne men bi-kudretihî yu‘cizü’l-fühûl” (En mükemmel şekilde yarattıklarıyla akıl sahiplerini hayrette bırakan Allah’ın yüce şanını tesbih ederim; kudretiyle seçkin ilim adamlarını bile acze düşüren Allah’ın yüce şanını tesbih ederim) vâsıta beyitleri çok beğenildiğinden Osmanlı kültüründe bir tür vecîze özelliği kazanmıştır.
Terkibibend. Arap edebiyatında ortaya çıkmasına rağmen Arap şairleri bu nazım şekliyle şiir söylemeye pek rağbet etmemiş, Fars edebiyatında ise bu türde güzel örnekler ortaya konmuştur. Türk şairleri de bu türde manzume söylemeyi ustalık kabul etmişlerdir. Anadolu sahasında Ahmedî’nin Germiyan beylerinden Süleyman Şah için yazdığı terkibibend bu şeklin bilinen ilk örneğidir. Türün en güzel örnekleri ise XVI. yüzyılda kaleme alınmıştır. Özellikle Rûhî-yi Bağdâdî’nin terkibibendi çok rağbet görmüş, buna yapılan nazîreler aynı zamanda nazîre geleneğinin gelişmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Nitekim Cevrî, Mustafa Sâmi Bey, Şeyh Galib ve Ziyâ Paşa’nın terkibibendleri bu alanda en tanınmış nazîreler kabul edilmektedir. Recai Yıldız ve İbrahim Yavuz terkibibend nazım şekliyle XIV. yüzyılda yedi, XV. yüzyılda on, XVI. yüzyılda altmış altı, XVII. yüzyılda otuz altı, XVIII. yüzyılda otuz beş, XIX. yüzyılda yirmi bir şiir tesbit etmiştir.
Başlangıçtan XX. yüzyıla kadar terkibibend yazan şairler arasında şu isimler zikredilebilir: Ahmedî, Şeyhî, Cem Sultan, Bursalı Ahmed Paşa, Necâtî Bey, Mesîhî, Dede Ömer Rûşenî, Lâmiî, Hayretî, Zâtî, Fuzûlî, Âşık Çelebi, Taşlıcalı Yahyâ, Âlî Mustafa, Bâkî, Nev‘î, Rûhî-yi Bağdâdî, Abdülahad Nûri, Azmizâde Hâletî, Cevrî, Fasîh Ahmed Dede, Fehîm-i Kadîm, Ganîzâde Nâdirî, Nâilî, Nâbî, Neşâtî, Riyâzî, Mustafa Sâmi Bey, Birrî Mehmed Dede, Edirneli Kâmî, Esrar Dede, Haşmet, Sâlim Bey, Seyyid Vehbî, Şeyh Galib, Nef‘î, Nazîm, Âdile Sultan, Enderunlu Fâzıl, Enderunlu Vâsıf, Keçecizâde İzzet Molla, Leylâ Hanım, Şeref Hanım, Yenişehirli Avni Bey, Ziyâ Paşa. Türk edebiyatında bu alanın en güzel örneği sayılan Bağdatlı Rûhî’nin terkibibendine yazılan nazîreler arasında Mustafa Sâmi Bey ve Ziyâ Paşa’nın şiirleri başta gelmektedir; hatta Ziyâ Paşa’nın terkibibendinin Rûhî’nin şiirinden daha güçlü olduğu söylenmektedir.
Farsça’da Ferruhî-yi Sîstânî (ö. 429/1037-1038) ve Katrân-ı Tebrîzî’de ilk örnekleri görülen terkibibendin daha gelişmiş örnekleri Mes‘ûd-i Sa‘d-i Selmân’ın biri mersiye, diğeri methiye tarzındaki eserleriyle bir na‘t olan Cemâleddîn-i İsfahânî’nin terkibibendidir. Molla Câmî, kardeşinin ölümü üzerine yazdığı terkibibendde vâsıta bendini kardeşinin bir gazelinden tazmin etmiştir. Vahşî-i Bâfkī’nın terkibibendleri de bu türün güzel örneklerindendir. Safevîler döneminde Muhteşem-i Kâşânî’nin Kerbelâ şehidlerinin matemini dile getirdiği on iki bendi kendisinden sonraki şairleri etkilemiştir. Onun ardından Sürûş-i İsfahânî, Visâl-i Şîrâzî, Ferâhânî, Celâleddin Hümâî ve Emîrî Fîrûzkûhî terkibibend yazan şairler arasında yer almıştır. Son dönemde ise Meliküşşuarâ Mirza Muhammed Takī Bahâr’ın terkibibendleri meşhur olmuştur.
Terciibendde olduğu gibi terkibibendde de beyit sayısı beş ile on arasında değişmekte, çoğunlukla yedi-dokuz beyitli bendler tercih edilmektedir. Nitekim Rûhî-yi Bağdâdî’nin eseri vâsıta beyti dahil sekizer beyitlik on yedi, Ziyâ Paşa’nın şiiri ise vâsıta beyti dahil on birer beyitlik on iki bendden oluşmaktadır. Tesbit edilebilen bend sayısı en az manzume XVII. yüzyıl şairlerinden Fasîh Ahmed Dede’ye ait olup iki bendden, bend sayısı en çok olan şiir ise XVIII. yüzyıl şairi Haşmet’e ait olup on sekiz bendden meydana gelmektedir (Yavuz, s. 11).
Terkibibendde vâsıta beytinin kafiyesi her defasında değişmekle birlikte ilk vâsıta beytinin birbiriyle kafiyeli, ikinci ve sonrakilerin ilk mısralarının serbest, ikinci mısralarının ilk vâsıta beytiyle kafiyeli olduğu bazı örnekler de vardır. Terkibibendler, terciibendlerde görüldüğü gibi genelde gazel şeklinde kafiyelense de mesnevi tarzında düzenlenenleri de mevcuttur. Vâsıta beytinin kafiyesi değiştiğinden terciibendlere göre terkibibendlerin kafiyelenişi daha kolaydır. Terkibibendin hâne veya kıtalarının çoğunlukla gazel gibi kafiyelenmesi sebebiyle şair her bendde kafiye değiştirme imkânını elde eder; dolayısıyla bu tür daha da çok rağbet görmüştür. Terkibibendin yapısı: 1. aa xa xa xa xa (hâne veya bend) bb (bendiyye) 2. cc xc xc xc xc (hâne veya bend) dd (bendiyye) 3. ee xe xe xe xe (hâne veya bend) ff (bendiyye) 4. vd. veya 1. aa aa aa aa aa (hâne veya bend) bb (bendiyye) 2. cc cc cc cc cc (hâne veya bend) dd (bendiyye) 3. ee ee ee ee ee (hâne veya bend) ff (bendiyye) 4. vd. şeklinde gösterilebilir.
Bu şiirlerde genellikle iki vezin kullanılmıştır. Tasavvufî, fikrî, felsefî ve içtimaî konularda yazılan manzumelerde Rûhî, Sâmi, Ziyâ Paşa, Muallim Nâci gibi şairlerin eserlerinde “mef‘ûlü mefâîlü mefâîlü feûlün” kalıbı benimsenmiş, mersiye türündeki örnekler ise çoğunlukla “mef‘ûlü fâilâtü mefâîlü fâilün” vezniyle yazılmıştır. Terkibibendlerde şairler mahlaslarını genellikle son hânede söyler. Bazı eserlerde mahlas yer almadığı gibi Rûşenî gibi birkaç şairin mahlaslarını ilk hânede, hatta ilk beyitte yazdıkları da görülmektedir.
Terkibibendlerde münâcât, na‘t, methiye, hicviye gibi türler yanında içtimaî, dinî, tasavvufî ve felsefî konular da ele alınmaktadır; ancak başlıca konunun mersiye olduğu söylenebilir. Bunun yanında cemiyet hayatının aksaklıklarına, türlü dertlerine temas eden şiirler de yazılmıştır. Terkibibend, bölümlerden ibaret kuruluşu ile eski Türk edebiyatındaki diğer nazım şekillerine göre şairin dünyaya, olaylara, hayata bakışını aksettirmeye, onun zihniyetini ortaya koymaya en uygun şiir türüdür. Bütün bu özellikleri Bağdatlı Rûhî’nin terkibibendinde bulmak mümkündür.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 487-489 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.