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TERCÜMÂN-ı AHVÂL Skip to content Osmanlı Devleti’nde bir Türk vatandaşının çıkardığı ilk özel Türkçe gazete.
Âgâh Efendi tarafından İstanbul’da 1277-1282 (1860-1866) yılları arasında 792 sayı yayımlanmıştır. Devletten yardım almadan ilk defa bir müslüman Türk vatandaşı tarafından çıkarılması dolayısıyla Türk basınının başlangıcı kabul edilmektedir. Âgâh Efendi, Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ’i neşretmek için Meclis-i Maârif’e verdiği dilekçede ülkede yerli ve yabancı tebaanın Arapça, Türkçe ve diğer dillerde gazete çıkardığını, kendisinin de bütün gider ve gelirleri şahsına ait olmak üzere Türkçe bir gazete çıkarmak istediğini bildirmiştir. Dilekçesi Meclis-i Maârif’te görüşülerek hazırlanan raporda, Osmanlı Devleti “bende”lerinden bir zatın gazete yayımlamaya heves göstermesinin övgüye değer bulunduğu ve basılmasından hoşnutluk duyulacak bu gazete için ruhsat verilmesinin uygun olduğu belirtilmiştir. Âgâh Efendi, Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ’in ilk sayısını 6 Rebîülâhir 1277 (22 Ekim 1860) tarihinde neşretmiştir. İlk sayılarında başmuharrirlik yapan Şinâsi aslında gazetenin kimliğini belirleyen kişidir. Nitekim gazetenin çıkarılmasında ve içeriğinin oluşturulmasında Şinâsi’nin yeri birinci sayıda önemle vurgulanmıştır. Gazetenin amacını ve yayın politikasını açıklayan “Mukaddime” de Şinâsi tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. Böylece Türk basınında imzalı başyazı geleneğini ilk başlatan gazete Tercümân-ı Ahvâl olmuştur. Şinâsi mukaddimede bir düşünce ve tartışma gazetesi çıkarmayı amaçladıklarını söyleyerek uygar ülkelerin gazetelerini örnek göstermiş, halkı bilgilendirmek adına iç ve dış haberlerin yanı sıra herkesin anlayabileceği bir dilde eğitici ve faydalı yazılara yer verileceğini belirtmiştir. Yazının sonunda yer alan, “Değil mi Tanrı’nın ihsanı akl ü kalb ü lisan / Bu lutfu etmelidir fikr ü şükr ü zikr insan” mısralarıyla insanların düşünce ve kanaatlerini açığa vurma haklarını kullanmaları gerektiğini söylerken nasıl bir yayın politikası izleyeceklerini de ortaya koymuştur. Yalnız pazar günleri 40 × 55 cm. ebadında çıkan gazete dil, habercilik ve içerik bakımından yeni bir gazetecilik anlayışı sergilemesinden dolayı büyük ilgiyle karşılanmış, bunun üzerine 25. sayısından itibaren ebadı küçültülerek (20,5 × 31 cm.) haftada üç, daha sonra beş ve 740. sayıdan itibaren cuma hariç her gün yayımlanmıştır.
Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ’de kişilerin düşünce ve kanaatlerini açığa vurma özgürlükleri, fikrî tartışmalar, devletin hantal yapısı, eğitim sistemindeki bozukluklar, ülkenin malî sorunları gibi konular ele alınmıştır. Bunların yanı sıra iktisat ilminin tarifi, bankacılık, sanayi ve ticaretten hangisine öncelik verilmesi gerektiği gibi tartışmalara, inceleme ve edebî yazılara, iç ve dış haberlerle birlikte resmî haberlere, nizamnâme ve antlaşmalara, tevcîhata, piyasa ve borsa haberlerine, meskûkâtın rayiç bedellerine, ansiklopedik bilgilere, padişahın doğum ve tahta çıkış yıl dönümlerine düşürülen tarihlere, dünya nüfusuna, İstanbul’da yaşayan müslüman ve gayri müslim nüfusla şehirdeki aylık ölüm istatistiklerine, ilân ve reklamlara da yer verilmiştir. Daha önce çıkan gazetelerden çok farklı bir anlayışla neşir hayatına başlaması, şüphesiz Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ’in Yeni Osmanlılar’a ait fikirlerin yayın organı olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu açıdan bakıldığında birçok alanda basın hayatına yenilikler getiren gazete özellikle Şinâsi’nin önderliğinde ilk defa haberlerde halkın anlayacağı bir dil kullanmayı ve halkın diliyle düşünceleri halka aktarmayı ilke edinmiştir. Bundan dolayı resmî ilânların dışındaki yazılarda mümkün olduğu kadar Arapça ve Farsça tamlamalar içermeyen, o günün şartlarında nisbeten sade bir Türkçe’nin benimsenmesine çalışılmıştır. İçeriği ve düzeni bakımından önceki gazetelere göre çok gelişmiş, haberler ve diğer yazılar birbirinden ayrılmıştır. Haberler “havâdis-i dâhiliyye” ve “havâdis-i hâriciyye” diye iki ana başlıkta toplanmış, altında “İstanbul vukuatı, taşra vukuatı”, bunun da altında “Anadolu, Rumeli, Arabistan, Akdeniz” gibi bölgelere “askeriye, mülkiye” gibi konulara göre tasnifler yapılmıştır. Ayrıca haberlere yorum katılarak Türk gazeteciliğinde yeni bir gelenek başlatılmıştır. Bunların yanı sıra ilginç ve merak uyandıran haberlerle içeriğini zenginleştiren gazete resmî ve özel ilânlarla da büyük ilgi görmüştür. Yine Türk basınında ilk defa Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ilân ücretlerini her sayıda birinci sayfada yayımlayan gazete olmuştur. Gazetede basın hayatına getirilen yeniliklerden belki de en önemlisi haber kaynaklarının yazılmış olmasıdır. Özellikle iç haberlerde bölge gazeteleri, gelen mektuplar, telgraflar, tahrirat ve bazı haberlerde İstanbul’daki yerli ve yabancı gazeteler kaynak gösterilmiş, dış haberlerde ise daha çok Times , La Patrie , Levant Herald , Nouvelles de Marseille gibi gazetelerden çeviriler yapılmıştır.
Âgâh Efendi, Şinâsi, Ahmed Vefik Paşa, Sarı Tevfik Bey, Mehmed Şerif Bey, Refik Bey, Hasan Subhi Efendi gibi devrin önemli yazarlarının bulunduğu gazetede siyasî yazıların yanı sıra eğitim ve ekonomi alanlarında ilk eleştiri makaleleri yer almış, Mehmed Şerif Bey’in tarıma karşı sanayileşmeyi savunan yazıları büyük ilgi görmüştür. Ziyâ Paşa’ya atfedilen ve eğitimdeki aksaklıkları konu alan, politik yanı da bulunan 34. sayıdaki “Maarife Dair Bend-i Mahsûstur” başlıklı yazı üzerine Türk basın tarihinde ilk defa bir gazete kapatılmıştır (12 Mayıs – 17 Haziran 1861). Bu olay, basın alanında yirmi yıl tek başına faaliyet gösteren Cerîde-i Havâdis tarafından memnuniyetle karşılanmış ve 153. sayıda okuyucularına Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ’in yazarının yetkisi dışında hareket etmesi yüzünden Bâbıâli’ye çağrılarak kendisine matbaasının kapatıldığının tebliğ edildiğini haber vermiştir. Cerîde-i Havâdis ’in bu tutumu, yayın hayatına tekrar başlayan Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ’in 44. sayısında eleştirilmiş ve Cerîde-i Havâdis ’in umduğu tek başına kalma zevkini fazla sürdüremediği belirtilmiştir. İki gazete arasındaki rekabetin öncesi de vardır. Şinâsi’nin görücü usulüyle evlenmeyi eleştiren “Şâir Evlenmesi” adlı manzum oyununun Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ’in ilk sayılarından itibaren tefrika edilmesi, okuyucunun ilgisini çekmiş ve gazetenin tirajını arttırmıştır. Bunu çekemeyen Cerîde-i Havâdis oyunu okuyucularına kocakarı masalı diye tanıtmıştır (11 Aralık 1860). Ardından Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ’de yer alan bir haberde (26 Aralık 1860) Cerîde-i Havâdis sahibinin bir İngiliz, Tercümân-ı Ahvâl sahibinin “ehl-i İslâm” olduğu kaydedilmiştir. Bu tartışma ve polemikler uzun süre devam etmiş, her iki gazete saray tarafından uyarılarak rekabet yüzünden haddi aşan söylemlerden kaçınılması istenmiş, bunun üzerine Tercümân-ı Ahvâl 51. sayısında okuyucudan özür dilemiştir. Ancak devletten destek alan Cerîde-i Havâdis ’in müslüman bir gazetecinin çıkardığı Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ’e patavatsızca saldırması Âgâh Efendi’yi öfkelendirmiştir. Âgâh Efendi, muhalefetine engel olmak için 1861’de 5000 kuruş maaşla Postahâne-i Âmire nâzırlığına tayin edilmiş, daha sonra Vapurlar Nezâreti ile Ereğli Kömür Madeni Nezâreti de uhdesine verilmiştir. Bu imtiyazlar doğrudan gazete için verilmemiş görünse de temelde Cerîde-i Havâdis ’e sağlanan maddî imkânların bir Türk gazetesine de sağlanarak basın yoluyla saraya karşı kamuoyunda oluşturulmaya çalışılan muhalefetin önüne geçme ve gazeteyle bir nevi barışma amaçlanmıştır. Bu açıdan bakıldığında Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ’in de devletten yardım aldığı söylenebilir. Hatta Âgâh Efendi başına getirildiği nezâretlerle ilgili ilânları gazetesine vermekten çekinmemiştir. Bu imtiyazlara rağmen Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ’de gazetecilikte en önemli şartın tarafsızlık olduğu vurgulanmış, gazetenin yayımı süresince doğru haber vermeye dikkat edilmiş, yanlış haber yazıldığında bunu tekzip ederek doğrusunu yazmaktan çekinilmemiştir. Bu arada diğer gazetelerin kamuoyunu yanıltmalarına da fırsat verilmemiştir. Yayın hayatına başka gazetelerin girmesi zaman içerisinde Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ’in önemli ölçüde tiraj kaybına uğramasına sebep olmuş ve altı yıl gibi bir süre çıktıktan sonra kapanmıştır (23 Şevval 1282/11 Mart 1866).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ve Cerîde-i Havâdis koleksiyonları.
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Server R. İskit, Hususî İlk Türkçe Gazetemiz Tercümân-ı Ahvâl ve Agâh Efendi , Ankara 1937.
a.mlf., Türkiye’de Matbuat Rejimleri , İstanbul 1939, Tahlil ve Tarihçe, s. 14-16.
Hasan Refik Ertuğ, Basın ve Yayın Hareketleri Tarihi , İstanbul 1970, I, 165-178.
Hıfzı Topuz, 100 Soruda Türk Basın Tarihi , İstanbul 1973, s. 10-11.
M. Nuri İnuğur, Basın ve Yayın Tarihi , İstanbul 1982, s. 184-192.
Alpay Kabacalı, Başlangıçtan Günümüze Türkiye’de Basın Sansürü , İstanbul 1990, s. 25-28.
Ali Gevgilili, Türkiye’de Yenileşme Düşüncesi, Sivil Toplum, Basın ve Atatürk , İstanbul 1990, s. 40.
Orhan Koloğlu, Osmanlı’dan Günümüze Türkiye’de Basın , İstanbul 1992, s. 31-33.
Hamza Çakır, Osmanlı Basınında Reklam , Ankara 1997, s. 38-39.
a.mlf., Osmanlıda Basın-İktidar İlişkileri , Ankara 2002, s. 32-33.
Hasan Duman, Başlangıcından Harf Devrimine Kadar Osmanlı-Türk Süreli Yayınlar ve Gazeteler Bibliyografyası ve Toplu Kataloğu, 1828-1928 , Ankara 2000, II, 840-841.
İlhan Yerlikaya, “Tercümân-ı Ahvâl Gazetesi ve Hükümet Destekli Habercilik Anlayışı”, Toplumsal Tarih , IV/21, İstanbul 1995, s. 57-64.
Aysun Köktener, “Fikir Gazeteciliği ve İlk Türk Fikir Gazetesi: Tercüman-ı Ahval”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi , sy. 11, İstanbul 2001, s. 203-217.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 495-497 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.