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TERCÜME ODASI Skip to content Osmanlı Devleti’nde 1821 Rum İsyanı’ndan sonra kurulan ve devletin tercüme işlerini yürüten birim.
Bâbıâli Tercüme Odası, Osmanlı Devleti’nde bazı iç ve dış siyasî gelişmeler neticesinde ortaya çıktı. 1793 yılına kadar devletin dış ülkelerde dâimî elçileri yoktu. Cülûs, doğum, savaş ilânı, barış ve dostluk teklifleri gibi vesilelerle zaman zaman diğer ülkelere elçiler gönderilir ve görevlerini tamamlayıp geri dönen bu kişilere “fevkalâde elçi” denilirdi. Milletlerarası ilişkilerdeki gelişmelerle birlikte Osmanlı Devleti de bu dışa kapalı siyaseti değiştirmek zorunda kaldı. III. Selim 1793 yılından itibaren Londra, Paris, Berlin, Viyana gibi önemli Avrupa başşehirlerine dâimî elçiler gönderdi. Yabancı dil bilmeyen bu elçilerin yanına birer tercüman verildi. Ancak bunların görevlerinde başarı gösterememesi üzerine bir süre sonra yerlerine daha alt seviyedeki maslahatgüzârlar tayin edildi.
Osmanlı hükümetine diğer devletlerden gelen veya hükümetin yabancı devletlere gönderdiği yazıları tercüme etmekle görevli Dîvân-ı Hümâyun tercümanları öteden beri Fenerli Rumlar arasından seçilirdi. 1821’de Mora’da Rum isyanı çıkınca Eflak ve Boğdan’daki isyancılara yazdığı mektupları ele geçirilen Dîvân-ı Hümâyun tercümanı Constantine Mourouzi ve ardından derya tercümanı Hançerlizâde Mihayilaki ile Aleksandr Mavrokordato idam edildi (16 Nisan 1821). Ayrıca Rum maslahatgüzârlarının Bâbıâli’yi yanlış bilgilendirdikleri anlaşıldı ve hepsi azledildi. Bu durum hem Fenerli Rumlar’a hem diğer Rumlar’a devletin güvenini sarstı. Tercüme işlerini yürütmek amacıyla Mühendishâne hocalarından Bulgarîzâde Yahyâ Nâci Efendi ile oğlu Rûhuddin Mehmed Efendi Bâbıâli’ye getirildi ve Divan Kalemi’nden alınan kâtipler bunların hazırladığı Rumca ve Fransızca yazıları temize çekmekle görevlendirildi. Kısa süren bu deneme de Yahyâ Efendi’nin Fransızca’sının siyasî metinler için yeterli olmadığı anlaşılınca divan ve sadâret kethüdâsı kalemlerinden seçilen kâtipler Yahyâ Efendi’den Rumca ve Fransızca dersleri almaya başladı. Bu arada, dil sorunu yanında dış politika deneyim ve geleneğine sahip müslüman bürokratların yokluğu sebebiyle, tarafsız görünen Rumlar’dan Stavraki Aristarchi tercüman vekâletine tayin edildi. Yahyâ Efendi ile diğer kâtiplerden Aristarchi’nin yaptığı çevirileri denetlemeleri ve onun görevi dışında bir şey öğrenmesini önlemeleri istendi (BA, HH, nr. 48823). Bu güvensizlik ortamında görev yapmaya çalışan Aristarchi kısa bir süre sonra azledilerek Bolu’ya sürüldü ve yolda kimliği meçhul kişilerce öldürüldü; yerine Yahyâ Efendi getirildi. Böylece Rumlar’a işten el çektirilmesi ve tercüman yetiştirmek için ders verilmeye başlanması ile Tercüme Odası kurulmuş oldu.
Yahyâ Efendi’nin ölümü üzerine 14 Temmuz 1824’te bazı Avrupa dillerinden başka Grekçe ve Latince de bilen Başhoca İshak Efendi, Mühendishâne-i Berrî-i Hümâyun’daki hocalığı yanında tercümanlığa ve Dîvân-ı Hümâyun Kalemi kâtiplerinden damadı Halil Esrar Efendi yardımcılığına getirildi. Tercüme Odası bu dönemde biri dil öğrenecek memurların devam ettiği Lisan Odası, diğeri buradan mezun olan mütercimlerin çalıştığı Tercüman Odası şeklinde iki kısımdan meydana geliyordu. Kâtiplerin birbirleriyle Fransızca konuşup pratiklerini ilerletmeleri ve Tercüman Odası’ndan ayrılan bir memurun yerine Lisan Odası’ndan birinin alınması kararlaştırıldı (BA, MD, nr. 241, s. 392). Odanın önceleri yıllık tahsisatı vardı; ancak bu kalemlerden olan Eflak ve Boğdan’da karışıklıkların çıkması üzerine 1825’ten itibaren ödemeleri hazine karşıladı. Bu sırada Zenob adlı bir Ermeni’nin hocalık ettiği Lisan Odası’na on kişi devam etmekteydi. Tercüme Odası’nda ilk yıllarda pek başarılı çalışmaların yapılamadığı ve Zenob’un derslerine devam edenlerin istenilen derecede dil öğrenemedikleri anlaşılmaktadır. Sadrazam, bu sırada yeni kurulan tıbbiyede zaten Fransızca öğretildiğini ileri sürerek odadaki derslerin kaldırılmasını önerdiyse de II. Mahmud bunu kabul etmedi; ancak Bâbıâli’ye gelip gitmesi zararlı bulunan Zenob görevinden alınarak İstanbul’dan sürüldü (BA, HH, nr. 24621). Öte yandan Başhoca İshak Efendi’nin gayretleri de bu başarısızlığa çare olamadı. Reîsülküttâb Pertev Mehmed Said Paşa, 1830 yılının sonlarına doğru kendine muhalif olan İshak Efendi’yi azledip yerine Halil Esrar Efendi’yi getirdi. Böylece Mühendishâne kökenli tercümanlar dönemi sona erdi ve Tercüme Odası’nda bürokrasiden yetişen memurlar iş başına gelmeye başladı.
1833 yılına kadar Tercüme Odası’nda eğitim görüp ön plana çıkabilenler Mehmed Nâmık ile (Paşa) Yûsuf Hâlis Efendi’dir. Bu tarihte odanın mevcudu Dîvân-ı Hümâyun tercümanı ile iki maiyetinden ibaretti. Ancak Mısır’da devam eden Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa isyanı yüzünden Rusya ile Hünkâr İskelesi Antlaşması’nın imzalanması ve bu gelişmelere bağlı olarak dış ilişkilerin giderek artması odanın önemini arttırdı. Kadroya yeni memurlar alındığı gibi Tecellî Mehmed Efendi burada ders vermekle görevlendirildi. 1835’te Esrar Efendi’nin vefatı üzerine yerine Tecellî Mehmed Efendi getirildi. Mısır meselesinin devletin varlığını tehdit edip uluslararası siyasetin bir parçası haline gelmesi diplomasiye daha çok önem kazandırdı. II. Mahmud 1834’ten itibaren Paris, Londra, Viyana gibi Avrupa başşehirlerine sefirler gönderdi ve bunların maiyetine Tercüme Odası’ndan memurlar verdi. Bu memurlar gittikleri ülkelerde dillerini geliştirme ve tecrübelerini arttırıp diplomatik çevrelerle ilişkiler kurma imkânına kavuştu. II. Mahmud, gittikçe karmaşık bir durum alan dış ilişkilerin daha sağlıklı biçimde yürütülmesi amacıyla 11 Mart 1836 tarihinde reîsülküttaplığı Hariciye Nezâreti’ne dönüştürdü. Tercüme Odası nezâret bünyesine nakledildi. Bütün bu gelişmelerle dil bilen diplomatlara ihtiyaç çoğalınca personel sayısı artmaya başladı. Âkif Paşa, 18 Kasım 1837’de Tecellî Mehmed Efendi’nin yerine Mehmed Emin Âlî Efendi’yi (Paşa) Dîvân-ı Hümâyun tercümanlığına getirdi.
21 Mart 1838’de dahiliye ve hariciye memurlarının ayrılması esnasında Dîvân-ı Hümâyun tercümanının maiyetindeki memurlar ûlâ, sânî ve sâlis şeklinde üç sınıfa ayrıldı ve bunlara nişanlar verildi (Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘, nr. 163, 11 Muharrem 1254, s. 2-3). Cevdet Paşa, II. Mahmud zamanında kendisinin de yetiştiği Hariciye Nezâreti’ndeki memur ve halifelerin hepsinin müslüman olduğunu, Tercüme Odası’nda Sarafin adlı bir hıristiyanın ders verdiğini, ayrıca odada Mârûnî bir Arapça müterciminin bulunduğunu ve bu durumun Reşid Paşa’nın iktidarında devam ettiğini belirtmektedir. 20 Şubat 1841 tarihli bir belge odanın kadro ve teşkilât bakımından tam anlamıyla gelişimini tamamladığını göstermektedir; bu tarihte odanın mevcudu tercümanla birlikte otuz kişidir (BA, Cevdet-Hariciye, nr. 441). Fuad Efendi’nin (Paşa) göreve getirilmesiyle tercümanlığın rütbesi rütbe-i ûlâ sınıf-ı evveli seviyesine yükseltildi (Cerîde-i Havâdis, nr. 271, 9 Rebîülevvel 1262, s. 1). Kırım savaşı yıllarında Hariciye Nezâreti’nin, dolayısıyla Tercüme Odası’nın işleri arttı. 19 Ocak 1855’te odaya büyük devletlerin sefirleriyle ilgili yazışmaları yürütmekle görevli bir mümeyyiz alındı (BA, İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 20079). Hariciye Nezâreti’nin çeşitli dillerde yaptığı yazışmaların çoğalması neticesinde evrak muamelelerinin kolaylaştırılması ve evrakın arandığında bulunabilmesi için Tercüme Odası’na bağlı Tahrîrât-ı Ecnebiyye Odası kuruldu. Oda müdürlüğüne tayin edilen Rüstem Efendi’nin maiyetine Tercüme Odası’ndan iki mübeyyiz, iki defterci, bir müstahfız verildi (25 Mart 1856). Cevdet Paşa, buradan yetişecek müslümanların kendisine rakip olacağı endişesiyle Âlî Paşa’nın Tahrîrât-ı Ecnebiyye Odası’na Ermeniler’i doldurduğunu belirtmektedir.
Tercüme Odası, 26 Ağustos 1856’da Dîvân-ı Hümâyun tercümanı Mehmed Kabûlî Efendi’nin önerileri doğrultusunda esaslı bir düzenlemeye tâbi tutuldu. Öte yandan burada verilen dil dersleri bir iki yıldan beri terkedilmişti. Oda tam bir dil okuluna dönüştürüldü ve derslere katılım kuralları ayrıntılı biçimde tesbit edildi. Odadaki memurlar dört sınıfa ayrıldı ve Emin Efendi ile Tiryaki Bogos bunlara hoca tayin edildi. Fransızca okutulacak dört sınıfın yanında ilk defa bir İngilizce sınıfı açıldı. Bu dönemde diplomasi ve uluslararası yazışma dili genellikle Fransızca idi. Fransızca sınıflarında gramer yanında coğrafya, tarih, hesap vb. derslerin, İngilizce sınıfında ise gramer, tercüme ve konuşma derslerinin okutulması kararlaştırıldı. Odadaki memurların seviyelerine uygun dört sınıftan birine devam etmesi ve dersleri tamamlayıp dil öğrenenlerin maaşlarının yükseltilmesi öngörüldü (BA, İrade-Hariciye, nr. 6900). İngilizce, Tercüme Odası müfredatına İngiltere’nin bu dönemde dünya siyasetindeki etkin konumu dolayısıyla girdi. 8 Haziran 1857’de odaya iki İngilizce mütercimi alındı. Memur adayları ve memurların odaya girebilmek için büyük çaba göstermeleri üzerine Dîvân-ı Hümâyun tercümanı Ahmed Ârifî Efendi’nin (Paşa) önerisiyle odaya memur alınırken imtihan yapılması kararlaştırıldı.
Zamanla dil bilen memurlara olan ihtiyaç çoğaldığından Tercüme Odası artan ihtiyacı karşılayamadı. 1866’da Mekteb-i Aklâm’ın bünyesinde bir lisan mektebi açıldı. Burada önceleri Fransızca, daha sonra Rumca ve Bulgarca öğretilmeye başlandı; ancak 1870’ten sonra bilinmeyen bir sebeple mektep kapatıldı. 20 Ağustos 1869’da Tercüme Odası’nın iç tüzüğü hazırlandı. Burada görev yapan aday memurlar güzel yazı, kompozisyon ve dil dersleri almak üzere üç sınıfa ayrıldı. 11 Haziran 1878’de gelen evrakın önemli ve önemsiz ayırımını yapmak amacıyla Tercüme Odası’na bağlı bir mühimme müdürlüğü kuruldu. Bu arada bazı memurların değişik yerlerde görevlendirilmesi neticesinde hem odada hem Hariciye Nezâreti’nde nitelikli personel azaldı. Odada ve Hariciye Mektûbî Kalemi’nde görev yapan genç memurlar dil öğrenmek için Ekim 1883’te yeniden açılan Lisan Mektebi’ne gönderildi. Eğitim süresi beş yıl olan ve Fransızca öğretilen mektepteki bazı derslerin hocalığını Tercüme Odası’nın kıdemli memurları yapıyordu. Mektep 1892 Ağustosuna kadar faaliyetini sürdürdü.
16 Nisan 1883’te Tercüme Odası ve Evrak Odası’nın iç tüzükleri yeniden düzenlendi. Buna göre Tercüme Odası Dîvân-ı Hümâyun tercümanı, mütercim-i evvel, müdür, iki muavin, serhalife, mümeyyiz ve mülâzımlardan oluşmaktaydı. 1885’te mülâzımlar dahil odadaki toplam memur sayısı yetmiş beşe ulaştı. Buradaki belgelerin kopyalanması, muhtevalarının ifşa edilmesi ve odaya misafir kabulü yasaktı. Gelen-giden evrakın takibiyle görevli Evrak Odası’nda müdür, müdür yardımcısı ve iki memur vardı. Yine bu tarihte Hariciye Nezâreti’ne alınacak memurları seçecek bir komisyon teşkil edildi. Daha sonra Tercüme Odası’na Fransızca bilen mektep mezunlarının alınmasına özen gösterildi. Bu arada mütercim sayısı arttırıldı; odaya Arapça ve Almanca tercümanlarının yanı sıra Rusça, Sırpça ve Bulgarca için birer mütercim alındı. Dîvân-ı Hümâyun tercümanının nezareti altında bulunan Tercüme Odası’nda işler mütercim-i evvel tarafından yürütülmekteydi.
Tercüme Odası varlığını devletin yıkılışına kadar sürdürdü. Bunun yanında seraskerlikte 1837’de Avrupa’daki askerî literatürün tercümesi için bir oda açıldı. Bu oda üstesinden gelemediği evrakı Bâbıâli Tercüme Odası’na gönderirdi. Odada diplomatik evrak dışında mahkemelerin gönderdiği belgeler, yabancı gazete yazıları ve devleti ilgilendiren bazı kanun ve tüzüklerle yabancı basında yayımlanması istenen haberler tercüme edilirdi. Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘in Fransızca’sı olan Le moniteur ottoman’ı tercüme eden Alexandre Blacque’ın 1836’da ölümü üzerine gazetenin Fransızca nüshası uzun yıllar Tercüme Odası’nda hazırlandı. Bunun yanında oda mensupları, ülkeye gelen yabancılarla yapılan diplomatik müzakerelerde tercüman olarak istihdam edilir, teftiş, soruşturma vb. görevlerle taşraya gönderilir, gelen evrak ve kitapların denetimi için gümrüklerde görevlendirilirdi. Tercüme Odası mensuplarının ön plana çıktığı bir alan da telgraftır. Tercüme Odası’ndan Mustafa Efendi, Vuliç Efendi ve Remzi Efendi 1855’te Fransa’dan getirtilen uzmanlardan telgraf konusunu öğrenmekle görevlendirildi. Mustafa Efendi Fransızca olan telgraf yazışma dilini Türkçeleştirdi ve buna “Mustafa tarzı muhabere” denildi. Tercüme Odası’nda ne zaman kurulduğu tam olarak tesbit edilemeyen ciddi bir kütüphane mevcuttu. Burada ağırlıklı şekilde Fransızca ve Türkçe, az sayıda Arapça, İngilizce, Almanca ve İtalyanca sözlükler, ansiklopediler, tarih, coğrafya, hukuk vb. alanlara dair kitaplar vardı. Tercüme Odası aynı zamanda iç ve dış siyasette etkili olacak bürokratların yetişmesi için iyi bir ocak vazifesi gördü. Bu yönüyle hem ıslahatları yönlendiren bürokratların yetiştiği bir mektep hem de çeşitli dillerde Bâbıâli’ye gelen yazışmaların tercüme edildiği bir memuriyetti. Mehmed Emin Âlî Paşa, Keçecizâde Fuad Paşa, Sâdık Rifat Paşa, Mehmed Nâmık Paşa, Saffet Mehmed Esad Paşa, Ahmed Vefik Paşa, Ahmed Ârifî Paşa gibi devrin önemli bürokratları ve Nâmık Kemal, Âgâh Efendi, Ziyâ Paşa, Sâdullah Paşa, Münif Mehmed Paşa, Musâhibzâde Celâl gibi aydınlar hep Tercüme Odası’ndan yetişmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, İrade-Hariciye, nr. 6560; BA, Bâb-ı Âlî Evrak Odası, Ayniyat Defteri, nr. 766, s. 91; nr. 798, s. 15; BA, Cevdet-Hariciye, nr. 2268; Şânîzâde Mehmed Atâullah Efendi, Târih (haz. Ziya Yılmazer), İstanbul 2008, II, 1125-1127; Hâriciye Nezâreti Celîlesi Salnâmesi, İstanbul 1306, s. 245; Cevdet, Ma‘rûzât, s. 1-2; a.mlf., Târih, XI, 145-146, 162, 166; XII, 91; Lutfî, Târih, IV, 99; V, 105, 108-109; Cengiz Orhonlu, “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Tercümanlık”, Atatürk Konferansları V: 1971-1972, Ankara 1975, s. 14-23; a.mlf., “Tercüman”, İA, XII/1, s. 175-181; C. V. Findley, Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte 1789-1922, Princeton 1980, s. 132-139, 186-187, 243-244, 257, 259, 320; a.mlf., “The Foundation of the Ottoman Foreign Ministry”, IJMES, sy. 3 (1972), s. 395-408; Ali Akyıldız, Tanzimat Dönemi Osmanlı Merkez Teşkilâtında Reform: 1836-1856, İstanbul 1993, s. 72-78; Sezai Balcı, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Tercümanlık ve Bab-ı Ali Tercüme Odası (doktora tezi, 2006), AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; a.mlf., “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Modernleşme Girişimlerine Bir Örnek: Lisan Mektebi”, TAD, XXVII/44 (2008), s. 85-98; Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘, nr. 163, İstanbul 11 Muharrem 1254, s. 2-3; Cerîde-i Havâdis, nr. 271, İstanbul 9 Rebîülevvel 1262, s. 1; Cahit Bilim, “Tercüme Odası”, AÜ Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi: OTAM, sy. 1, Ankara 1990, s. 29-43; C. E. Bosworth, “Tard̲j̲umān”, EI2 (İng.), X, 237-238.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 504-506 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.