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TERSÂNE-i ÂMİRE Skip to content
Dârüssınâa-i Âmire de denilen Tersâne-i Âmire, Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluşuyla birlikte Gelibolu’da teşekkül eden ve sonraları devletin genişlemesine paralel olarak İstanbul Haliç’te esaslı bir teşkilâta kavuşan Osmanlı denizcilik faaliyetinin merkez üssüdür. Osmanlılar tersane yerine önceleri “liman” kelimesini kullanırken XVI. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren daha çok İtalyanca “darsena” kelimesine benzeyen “tershâne”yi (tersâne) kullanmaya başlamıştır. Tersane kelimesi, Arapça “dârü’s-sınâa” terkibinin birçok Akdeniz ülkesi tarafından uzun süre değişik biçimlerde kullanıldıktan sonra Türkçe’ye geçmiştir. İspanyolca’da “ataruzana, arsenal, darsena”; Portekizce’de “darsanale, drasena”; Malta dilinde “tarzna, tarznar”; İtalyanca’da “arsenale, darsena” şekline girmiştir (Lingua Franca, s. 428-430). Osmanlı belgelerinde “gemi inşa edilen gözler” mânasına ilk defa 920’de (1514) “tershâneler” (BA, Müteferrik Defterler, nr. 36806, s. 272) ve Pîrî Reis’in Kitâb-ı Bahriyye’sinde Alanya Tersanesi için “dershâneler” biçiminde geçmiş ve çok geçmeden (1527) Galata’daki gemi inşa üssüne “tershâne” adı verilmiştir. Galata Tersanesi, Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa zamanında Tershâne-i Âmire olmuştur. Osmanlılar, sahillere ulaştıktan kısa bir süre sonra gerek Bizans’tan intikal eden gerekse denizci Anadolu beyliklerinden kalan İzmit, Gemlik, Edincik, Gelibolu ve İstanbul’daki Kadırga Limanı gibi eski tersanelerden yararlanmış, Sinop ve bugün hâlâ varlığını koruyan Alanya gibi Selçuklu tersaneleri de Osmanlılar tarafından kullanılmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin ilk teşekküllü tersanesi 1390’da Yıldırım Bayezid tarafından Gelibolu’da Bizans’tan kalan tersanenin yerinde kurulmuştur. Bu dönemde burası liman diye geçer.
Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in ilk nüvesini oluşturduğu Galata Tersanesi’ne II. Bayezid’in birkaç ilâvesi dışında asıl şekil veren hükümdar Yavuz Sultan Selim’dir. Güçlü bir donanmaya sahip olmak amacıyla daha Çaldıran seferi öncesinde tersane inşası için bazı kararlar alındı. Venedik’in İstanbul balyosu Nicolò Giustinian’ın 30 Haziran 1513 tarihli raporuna göre tahta çıkışının ertesi yılı Yavuz Sultan Selim, Gelibolu ve İstanbul’da her biri 100 gözlü 200 kadırga kapasiteli büyük tersanelerin yapılması için emir verdi. 200.000 duka altın tahsis edilen bu tersane gözlerinin inşaatı, 1513-1514 yılı kış mevsiminde Galata surlarının batısındaki koyda eski Ceneviz Tersanesi’nin olduğu yerde başladı. Buradaki yamaçta bulunan kabirler nakledilip açılan alan tersane yapımına tahsis edildi. 1513 sonbaharında ilk dört gözü tamamlanan tersanenin yapımı Gelibolu sancak beyi İskender Bey tarafından sürdürüldü; 1514 baharında bir ayda elli ve yaz sonuna kadar 100 tersane gözü bitirildi. Böylece gemi inşası için olduğu kadar donanmanın seferden dönüşünde gemilerin kış mevsimini karada ve korunaklı bir şekilde geçirmesi, gerektiğinde bakımlarının yapılması için iki tarafı duvar, üstü kapalı tezgâhlar/gözler hazırlandı. Bu tersane gözleri kıyıda bitişik nizam yapılmıştı ve kalın duvarlarına karşılık çatıları kiremit kaplıydı. Bir veya iki kadırga alabilecek kapasitede olan gözlerin yanında kürek vb. gemi donanım malzemesinin konulduğu taştan yapılmış, üstü kurşun kaplı ambarlar bulunuyordu. Tersane gözlerinin arkasında kadırga yapım malzemelerinin muhafaza edildiği, üzerleri düz ve kurşunla kaplı birer mahzen vardı. Tersane gözlerinin kara ve deniz tarafı açık bırakılmıştı. Tarihçi Âlî Mustafa Efendi’ye göre tersane gözleri Frenk ülkelerindeki gibi inşa edilmişti.
Osmanlı kaynaklarına göre Galata’dan Kâğıthane deresine kadar uzanan yerde 500 göz olarak yapılması tasarlanan tersane 1515’te 160 göz olarak tamamlandı. Böylece daha önce Gelibolu’da üslenen tersane faaliyetleri İstanbul’a taşındı. İnebahtı’dan (1571) sonra donanmanın güçlendirilmesi için başlanan faaliyetler arasında Tersâne-i Âmire’ye yapılan ilâveler önemli yer tutmaktadır. Mevcut tersanenin yakınındaki Hasbahçe’den bir miktar yer ayrıldı; sekiz gemi inşasına uygun sekiz kemerli bir tersane kurulup Tersâne-i Âmire genişletildi. XVII. yüzyılın ortalarında tersane gözlerinin sayısı kullanılır halde 140 kadardı. Bu arada tersane müştemilâtına bazı ekler yapıldı. Tersane gözleri zaman zaman tamir ediliyordu. 1659’da hasar gören üç göz tamir edildi ve bu esnada gözler arasındaki duvarın üstünde bulunan oluklar kurşunla kaplatıldı. Tersane gözlerinde en çok tamir edilen kısımlar, gemilerin üzerine alındığı kızaklarla gemileri denize indirip kızağa çekmek için kullanılan ve felenk denilen yuvarlak ağaç kütüklerdi.
Sokullu Mehmed Paşa’nın kaptan-ı deryâlığı zamanında (1546-1549) kadırgaların malzemelerini muhafaza maksadıyla her gözün arkasına bir mahzen yapıldı; tersanenin kara tarafı dışarıdan görünmeyecek biçimde bir duvarla çevrildi. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devrinde Tersane binaları arasında Baruthâne Kulesi, yetmiş kapudan mahzeni, kürekhâne, yedi kurşunlu mahzen, yeni divanhâne, Sanbola Zindanı, Cirit Meydanı Kasrı, Şahkulu Kapısı ve Meyyit İskelesi Kapısı yer alıyordu. XVI. yüzyılın sonlarında tersanede gemi inşası ve tersanenin levazımatı için gerekli demir, çivi, bakır kap, kurşun levha, lenger, kendir, halat, varil, yelken, tente, top ve fanusların korunduğu Mahzen-i Sürb ile (Kurşunlu Mahzen) kerestelerin korunduğu Mahzen-i Çûb müstakil mahzenler halinde ikiye ayrıldı.
Osmanlı Devleti’nin büyük tersaneleri dışında Karadeniz ile Akdeniz kıyılarında, Süveyş ve Basra gibi uzak denizlerde, Tuna ve Fırat gibi nehirler üzerinde, gemi inşa edilebilir bütün sahillerde Tersâne-i Âmire’ye bağlı tersaneler mevcuttu. XVIII. yüzyılın başlarına kadar Karadeniz sahillerinde kırk dört, Tuna nehri üzerinde altı, Marmara ve Ege kıyılarında on beş olmak üzere toplam altmış beş tersane ve gemi inşa tezgâhı bulunduğu tesbit edilmektedir. Bunlar arasında Gelibolu, Sinop, Samsun, İzmit, Kefken, Süveyş, Birecik, Basra, Rusçuk önemli yer tutmaktadır. Savaş gemileri bu tersanelerde tekne halinde inşa edildikten sonra donanımları için Tersâne-i Âmire’ye getiriliyordu. Bu özellikleri sebebiyle Tersâne-i Âmire XVI-XVII. yüzyıllarda Akdeniz dünyasındaki emsalleri arasında tekti ve bir benzeri yalnız Venedik’te bulunuyordu. Öte yandan Tersâne-i Âmire Osmanlı sanayiinin değişimine öncülük etmiş ve modernleşme gelişmelerine sahne olmuştur. Kuruluşundan itibaren kürekli ve yelkenli her çeşit geminin inşa edildiği, donanım ve tamirlerinin yapıldığı bu kurum zaman içinde bütün Haliç kıyılarına yayıldı. Tersâne-i Âmire gemi inşa tezgâhları, havuzları, malzemenin korunduğu mahzenleri, iplikhâne, demirhâne, lengerhâne gibi imalâthaneleri, cami, çeşme, hastahane ve zindan gibi sosyal tesisleriyle tam bir bütün oluşturuyordu.
Tersâne-i Âmire’de inşa edilen gemilerin teknolojik özellikleri yüzyıllar içinde değişim gösterdiği gibi tersane kurumlarında da değişim gerçekleşti. Bu sebeple üç ayrı dönemin izlerini bulmak mümkündür. Birincisi imparatorluğun kuruluşundan XVII. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar devam eden kürekli gemiler, ikincisi XIX. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar süren yelkenli gemiler, üçüncüsü imparatorluğun yıkılışına ve günümüze kadar gelen buharlı gemiler dönemidir. Tersane’de inşa edilen kürekliler arasında yer alan kadırga, mavna, baştarda, kalyata, pergende, firkate, karamürsel, şayka, üstü açık, çekeleve, kayık, kancabaş vb. gemiler oturak sayısına ve büyüklüklerine göre değişiyordu. Bu tür savaş gemileri içinde en çok kullanılanı ve asıl vurucu gücü teşkil edeni kadırga idi. Osmanlılar, esas itibariyle Venedik gemi inşa tekniklerini benimsemekle birlikte Barbaros Hayreddin Paşa kadırgalarda bazı değişiklikler yaptı ve bir Türk kadırga tipi meydana getirdi.
Yelkenliler arasında kalyon, burtun, barça, ağribar, firkateyn, kapak, şalope gibi gemiler bulunuyordu. XVII. yüzyılın sonlarında kadırga yapımı azalırken kalyon inşasına hız verildi ve XVIII. yüzyılda üç ambarlı büyük kalyonlar ortaya çıktı. Kalyonculuğun gelişmesiyle birlikte Osmanlı donanması Çeşme yenilgisine (1770) kadar Akdeniz’de üstünlüğü elinde tuttu. Bu dönemde donanmada gerçekleşen modernleşme çabaları arasında yeni tekniklerle Tersâne-i Âmire’de kalyon yapılmasına başlandı. Fransız gemi mühendisi Brun ve ekibi Tersane’de ve diğer taşra tersanelerinde pek çok kalyon ve firkateyn inşa etti. Navarin savaşı (1827) yelkenli gemilerin âdeta sonu oldu. Osmanlı donanmasında İngiliz yapımı ilk buharlı geminin Sürat adıyla 1827’de kullanılmasıyla yeni bir dönem başladı. 1830’dan itibaren Osmanlı gemi inşa teknolojisinde Amerikalı uzmanlar ön plana çıktı. Rhode’in planlarına göre Tersâne-i Âmire’de yapılan savaş gemileri Türk denizcileri tarafından beğenildi ve 1837’de Eser-i Hayr adlı ilk Osmanlı buharlı gemisi Tersane’deki Aynalıkavak’ta inşa edildi. Tanzimat’la birlikte bu tür gemiler yavaş yavaş yelkenlilerin yerini almaya başladı. Kısa sürede sayıları on sekizi bulan buharlı gemilerin makineleri, çarkçı ve makinistleri dışarıdan getirtiliyordu. En önemlileri Mecidiye, Tâif ve Eser-i Cedîd olan bu gemiler daha çok deniz ticareti ve posta işleriyle asker ve eşya taşımada kullanılıyordu.
Osmanlı donanmasının kürekli ve yelkenli dönemindeki gemi sayısında önemli iniş çıkışlar görülür. Bunda özellikle XVI ve XVII. yüzyıllardaki büyük deniz savaşları etkili oldu, donanma için sürekli biçimde yüzlerce gemiyi hazır tutmak gerekiyordu. Nitekim İnebahtı yenilgisinin ardından kış döneminde tersanelerde 200’den fazla kadırga ve baştarda inşa edildi. Kemankeş Kara Mustafa Paşa’nın kaptanıderyâlığı zamanında (1635-1638) her yıl kırk kadırganın Tersane’de hazır bulundurulması kanunnâmede yer aldı. 1701 tarihli Bahriye Kanunnâmesi’nde bu madde kalyonlar için de korundu. Donanmanın sefer hazırlığı içinde bulunduğu yıllarda Tersâne-i Âmire’de büyük bir faaliyet görüldüğü halde barış dönemlerinde ancak ihtiyaç nisbetinde gemi inşa edilmekteydi. XVII. yüzyılın ilk yarısında birkaç deniz seferi dışında savaş için donanma sevkedilmediğinden gemi yapımı barış zamanına uygun miktarda tutuldu. Girit seferiyle birlikte (1645-1669) gerek İstanbul’daki Tersâne-i Âmire’de gerekse taşra tersanelerinde hummalı bir faaliyet başladı. Gemilerin savaşlar sırasında yara alarak veya şiddetli fırtınalarda alabora olarak batması yahut düşman eline geçmesi sonucu sayılarının azalması yüzünden donanma mevcudunu tamamlamak için gemi yapım ve tamir faaliyetleri sürdürülmekteydi. XVII. yüzyıl boyunca İstanbul’daki Tersane’de 300 gemi inşa edildi, 800 gemi onarıldı; ince donanma ve kayık türü gemiler bu sayının dışındadır. Osmanlı deniz tarihindeki en büyük gemi zayiatı İnebahtı’da en az yetmiş beş, Girit seferi sırasında (1655) yetmişten fazla idi; Çeşme’de (1770) otuza, Navarin’de (1827) elli yediye ulaştı. Fırtınalar yüzünden kaybedilen gemiler arasında 1675’te Kaptanıderyâ Köse Ali Paşa idaresindeki Karadeniz filosundan yedi, ertesi yıl Seydizâde Mehmed Paşa idaresindeki donanmadan yirmi ve ondan sonraki yıl yirmi iki geminin battığı tesbit edilmektedir. Bu zayiatların hemen ardından başta Tersâne-i Âmire’de ve diğer tersanelerde yoğun bir gemi inşa faaliyeti yürütülüyordu.
Tersâne-i Âmire’nin idarî yapısı kaptan paşanın nezareti altında Tersane ricâli ve Tersane halkı diye ikiye ayrılıyordu. Daha çok idareci konumunda olan Tersane kethüdâsı, Tersane ağası, Tersane emini ve onun maliye dairesinde çalışan kâtip, rûznâmçeci, ücret kâtibi, kereste ve kurşun mahzenleri kâtipleri, liman ve zindan kâtipleriyle evrak dairesinde çalışan Tersane reisi, defter emini, defter kethüdâsı ve liman reisi, başçavuş, Tersane çavuşları, gümiler, odabaşılar, saka ve demircibaşı, kalafatçıbaşı gibi sanat gruplarının sorumluları bulunuyordu. Kalyon döneminden sonra kalyon nâzırı, kalyon defterdarı ve kalyon kâtibi Tersane idarecileri arasında yer aldı. Tersane halkı gemi reisleri, azebler, marangoz, kalafatçı, kürek yontucu, demirci, tamirci, makaracı, üstüpücü, kumbaracı, vardiyan, gümi, nöbetçi ve mütekāid gibi tersane görevlilerinden meydana geliyordu. Tersane halkının sayısı 1570’lerde 2650’ye ulaştı. XVII. yüzyılın sonlarında bu sayının 800 civarına düşmesi Tersane’nin idarî yapısındaki değişiklikten kaynaklanan bir azalma olduğunu düşündürmektedir.
Tersane’deki bütün işler kaptan paşanın nezaretinde ve Tersane emini tarafından yürütülüyor, yapılan harcamalar Tersane emini tarafından bir muhasebe defterine kaydediliyordu. Tersane emininin muhasebesi başdefterdarın onayından sonra sadrazama sunuluyordu. Gemi inşası için lüzumlu bütün malzemenin teminiyle Tersane emini görevli idi. Özellikle Tersane’ye yakın veya uzak, ocaklık denilen orman bölgelerinden kereste, sütun, ayrıca demir, çivi, kurşun, katran, zift, balık yağı, don yağı, bal mumu, boya, keten, üstüpü, kürek, lenger, pusula, yelken, tente, çuka ve makara gibi malzemenin getirtilmesi veya üretilmesi işini Tersane emini yürütüyordu. Kürekli gemiler döneminde gemilere kürekçi ve halatçı temini yine Tersane emininin görevleri arasında idi. Zaman zaman deniz hizmetine ayrılan vilâyetlerden on binlerce kürekçinin ocaklık olarak toplanması ve gemilere teslim edilmesi büyük bir sorumluluk gerektiriyordu. Gemilerdeki mürettebatın ve savaşçıların yiyecek ve giyecek ihtiyaçları da Tersane emini tarafından sağlanıyordu. Tersane Eminliği 1804’te kaldırılarak yerine Umûr-ı Bahriyye Nezâreti kuruldu. 1805’te denizcilikle ilgili ıslahat masraflarını karşılayabilmek için Tersane Defterdarlığı ve müstakil Tersane Hazinesi ihdas edildi. 1845’te Tersâne-i Âmire Nezâreti kuruldu.
En önemli askerî ve sivil eğitim kurumlarından olan Mühendishâne ve Mekteb-i Tıb Tersane içinde kurulmuştu. Tersane’de denizcilik eğitimi vermek üzere Hendese Odası adıyla, darağacının bulunduğu yerde eski gemilerin çekildiği bir hangar içinde 1189’da (1775) açılan Tersane Mühendishânesi, 1784’te Tersane Zindanı yanında üç ambarlı kalyonların yapıldığı bölgede birkaç odalı yeni bir binaya taşındı. 1795’te Hasköy’de Mühendishâne-i Berrî-i Hümâyun’un kurulmasıyla birlikte ikiye ayrıldı ve Mühendishâne-i Bahrî-i Hümâyun gemi yapım mühendisliği ve harita-coğrafya (seyr-i sefâin) eğitimine tahsis edildi.
Tersâne-i Âmire’de kalyonların kolayca tamir edilmesine ve bakımına imkân sağlayan Büyük Havuz, III. Selim devrinde 1797-1800’de tamamlandı. Zaman içinde geçirdiği tamirler dışında 1874-1876 yılları arasında kara yönünde genişletildi. İkinci havuz II. Mahmud döneminde 1821-1825’te, üçüncü havuz Abdülmecid-Abdülaziz devrinde 1857-1870’te tamamlandı. Tersane Bahçesi ve Aynalıkavak Sarayı padişahlar için dinlenme yeri olarak tahsis edildi. 1805’te ahşaptan yapılan bir hastahane Tersane’de hizmete girdi; yanında 1806’da bir Tıbhâne açılarak ilk defa tıp tahsiline başlandı. Tersâne-i Âmire 1913’te bölünerek Taşkızak Tersanesi donanmaya, Camialtı ve Haliç tersaneleri İnşâât-ı Bahriyye Şirket-i Osmâniyye’sine devredildi. I. Dünya Savaşı sonunda imzalanan Mondros Mütarekesi ile Tersane’de gemi inşa faaliyetleri tamamen durdu. Nihayet 1925’te yapılan yeni bir düzenlemeyle Taşkızak Tersanesi Deniz Kuvvetleri’ne, Camialtı ve Haliç tersaneleri Türkiye Seyrisefâin İdaresi’ne devredildi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Lingua Franca, s. 428-430; Topkapı Sarayı Arşivi H. 951-952 Tarihli ve E-12321 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri (nşr. Halil Sahillioğlu), İstanbul 2002, s. 70-74, 114, 146-149, 161-162, 163-164, 206; Âlî Mustafa Efendi, Künhü’l-ahbâr, İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 5959, vr. 184b -185b ; Ali İhsan Gencer, Bahriye’de Yapılan Islahât Hareketleri ve Bahriye Nezareti’nin Kuruluşu (1789-1867) , İstanbul 1985; W. Müller-Wiener, “Zur Geschichte des Tersâne-i Âmire in İstanbul”, Türkische Miszellen: Robert Anhegger Armağanı, İstanbul 1987, s. 253-273; İdris Bostan, Osmanlı Bahriye Teşkilâtı: XVII. Yüzyılda Tersâne-i Âmire, Ankara 2002; a.mlf., Kürekli ve Yelkenli Osmanlı Gemileri, İstanbul 2005; a.mlf., “İmparatorluk Donanmasına Doğru: Tersâne-i Âmire’nin Kuruluşu ve Denizlerde Açılım”, Başlangıçtan XVII. Yüzyılın Sonuna Kadar Türk Denizcilik Tarihi (ed. İdris Bostan – Salih Özbaran), İstanbul 2009, I, 122; Kemal Beydilli, “Savaş Eğitiminde Okullaşma (1775-1807)”, a.e. (ed. Zeki Arıkan – Lütfü Sancar), İstanbul 2009, II, 274-279; C. Imber, “Tersāne”, EI2 (İng.), X, 420.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 513-516 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.