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TESBİH Skip to content Allah’ın noksan sıfatlardan münezzeh ve yüce olduğuna inanıp bunu sözleri ve davranışlarıyla belirtme anlamında terim.
1/3 Müellif: METİN YURDAGÜR Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “suda hızla yüzüp mesafe almak” mânasındaki sebh (sibâha) kökünden türeyen tesbîh, terim olarak Cenâb-ı Hakk’ı ulûhiyyetle bağdaşmayan her tü…
2/3 Müellif: MEHMET BOYNUKALIN Bölüme Git
FIKIH. Güneş doğmadan ve batmadan önce, gece ve gündüzün değişik saatlerinde Allah’ı tesbih etmenin emredildiği âyetlerde (Âl-i İmrân 3/41; Tâhâ 20/13…
3/3 Müellif: ERDOĞAN ATEŞ Bölüme Git
MÛSİKİ. “Sübhânallah” kelimesini söylemek suretiyle “Allah’ı noksan sıfatlardan tenzih ederek ululamak, yüceltmek” anlamında olan tesbîh bu maksatla h…
Sözlükte “suda hızla yüzüp mesafe almak” mânasındaki sebh (sibâha) kökünden türeyen tesbîh, terim olarak Cenâb-ı Hakk’ı ulûhiyyetle bağdaşmayan her türlü eksiklik ve noksanlıktan tenzih etmeyi ifade eder. Aynı kökten sübhâne kelimesine lafza-i celâlin eklenmesiyle oluşturulan sübhânallah terkibi tesbihle aynı anlama gelir. Her iki terim de Allah’tan başkasına nisbet edilemez. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de seksen dokuz yerde geçen “sebh” kavramı ikisi Mekkî, beşi Medenî yedi sûrenin (İsrâ, Hadîd, Haşr, Saf, Cum‘a, Tegābün, A‘lâ) başında farklı şekillerde yer alır. Bu sûrelerden Mekke’de nâzil olan İsrâ ve A‘lâ dışındakiler “Müsebbihât” diye anılır. Söz konusu sûrelerde ilk âyetlerin muhtevası tesbih ve tenzih kavramlarının âdeta birer gerekçesi niteliğindedir. Râgıb el-İsfahânî, tesbihin terim anlamının kelimenin kökündeki “hızlı biçimde yüzme” mânasıyla alâkalı olduğuna dikkat çekerek bu kavrama “kulun Allah’a ibadet etme niyetiyle her türlü kötülükten hızla uzaklaşması” anlamı verir (el-Müfredât, “sbḥ” md.). Buradan hareketle tesbihe “insanın sürekli biçimde ilâhî kontrol altında bulunduğunu bilmesi, daima iyi ve yararlı işler yapmaya çalışması” şeklinde daha kapsamlı bir içerik belirlemek mümkündür.
Birçok âyette evrenin ve ondaki her şeyin, meleklerin, dağların, taşların, kuşların, yıldızların, hayvanların, gök gürültüsünün … Allah’ı tesbih ettiği, ancak insanların bunu tam anlayamadıkları ifade edilir (meselâ bk. er-Ra‘d 13/13; el-İsrâ 17/44; el-Hac 22/18; en-Nûr 24/41; er-Rahmân 55/6; el-Haşr 59/24). Bu âyetlerin tefsiri bağlamında İslâm düşünürleriyle İslâm âlimleri dikkat çekici açıklamalar yapmıştır. Ya’kūb b. İshak el-Kindî, âyetlerdeki tesbihin sözü edilen varlıkların tabiatın işleyişi için kendilerine verilen görevi yerine getirmeleri şeklinde anlamıştır. Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî, Kindî’ye benzer şekilde naslarda bütün varlıklara nisbet edilen secde ve tesbih ifadelerinin onların yaratılış ve işleyişindeki mükemmelliğin Allah’ın birliğine delâlet etmesi mânasına geldiğini belirtmiş, ayrıca söz konusu âyetlerde yer alan, “Siz onların tesbihini anlayamazsınız” beyanına dayanarak nesnelerin kendilerine has bir çerçeve içinde tesbihte bulunabileceğini söylemiştir. Râgıb el-İsfahânî de Mâtürîdî’nin bu yorumları paralelinde açıklamalar yapmıştır (el-Müfredât, “sbḥ” md.).
Tesbih kavramı hadislerde geniş biçimde yer alır. Wensinck’in el-Muʿcem’inde bu kavrama dokuz sütun hacminde bir yer ayrılmıştır (II, 390-395). Bu rivayetlerin incelenmesinden tesbihin asıl anlamı yanında zikir, dua ve hamd gibi mânalara geldiği ve nâfile namaz yerine de kullanıldığı anlaşılır. Tesbih hadislerde istiğfar, tekbir, tehlîl ve takdisle birlikte geçmektedir. Birçok rivayette görülen “sübha” kelimesi de tesbihle eş anlamlıdır. “Sübbûhun kuddûs” (her türlü ayıp ve kusurdan arınmış) kelimeleri Resûl-i Ekrem’in rükû esnasındaki tesbihatı arasında zikredilmiştir (Müsned, VI, 35, 94; Müslim, “Ṣalât”, 223). Hadislerde namazdan sonra otuz üç defa tekrarlanması tavsiye edilen tesbih, tahmîd ve tekbirlere de yer verilmiş (Müsned, V, 196; Buhârî, “Eẕân”, 155, “Daʿavât”, 17; Müslim, “Mesâcid”, 142, 144-146, “Ẕikir”, 80), ayrıca söz konusu lafızlarla on defa, 100 defa tesbihte bulunulması öğütlenmiştir. Namazlarda iftitah tekbirinden sonra okunan Sübhâneke ile rükû ve secdedeki tesbihler de el-Muʿcem’de yer alan çeşitli rivayetlerde görülmektedir.
Gerek namazların sonunda gerek başka münasebetlerle yapılan tesbih ve zikirlerin tesbih taneleri vb. şeylerle sayılması Asr-ı saâdet’te ve ashap döneminde pek hoş karşılanmamış, bunun yerine parmakla sayılması tavsiye edilmiştir. Hz. Peygamber, hurma çekirdeği veya çakıl taşıyla tesbih ve zikirlerini sayan kadınlara bunu yapmaktansa, “Yaratıkları sayısınca Allah’ı yüceltir, tenzih ederim” demelerini öğütlemiş (Tirmizî, “Daʿavât”, 103), bir defasında, “Ey kadınlar topluluğu! Tesbihlerinizin hesabını parmaklarınızla tutun, çünkü âhirette onlar da sorguya çekilecek ve konuşturulacaktır” buyurmuştur (Tirmizî, “Daʿavât”, 71; krş. Ebû Dâvûd, “Vitir”, 24). Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd bazı kimselerin camide toplanıp ellerindeki çakıl taşları sayısınca tekbir, tehlîl ve tesbihte bulunduklarını haber alınca, bunların yanına gidip, “Bu taşlarla günahlarınızı sayın, sevaplarınızın kaybolmayacağına ben kefilim” demiş ve onları bundan şiddetle menetmiştir (Dârimî, “Muḳaddime”, 23). Ancak bu uygulama daha sonraları âdet haline geldiğinden, riyaya vesile kılınmaması ve dinî bir renge büründürülmemesi şartıyla kullanılmasında sakınca görülmemiş, bid‘attan sayılmamıştır (M. Revvâs Kal‘acî, II, 1787-1788).
Tesbih tevhid inancını pekiştiren bir kavramdır, tenzih ve takdis de aynı mahiyettedir. Kur’an âyetleriyle hadis rivayetlerinde tesbihe yapılan atıflar bu kavrama daha geniş bir içerik kazandırmıştır. Buna göre tesbihin tam anlamıyla gerçekleşebilmesi için duygu ve düşüncenin yanı sıra davranışların ve dilin de buna göre bir işlev üstlenmesi gerekir. Evreni yaratan ve yöneten varlığın yüce ve münezzeh oluşu bilgisine öncelikle düşüncenin ulaşması, gönlün de buna katılması tesbih eyleminin birinci aşamasını oluşturur. Ardından kişinin bütün kötülüklerden süratle kaçıp Allah’a sığınması aşaması gelir. Üçüncü aşamada hem iç etkilenmeyi sağlamak hem bu psikolojiyi sürdürmek için tesbih lafızlarının dille tekrarlanması söz konusudur. Bu kademelerin aşılması sonunda, “Biz, her birimizin sahip bulunduğu makamda saf saf durur ve Allah’ı tesbih ederiz” diyen meleklerin (es-Sâffât 37/164-166) itaat ve tesbih makamına yaklaşmak mümkün olur.
Tesbih kavramıyla ilgili eserlerden bazıları şunlardır: Ebû Dayf Mücâhid, et-Tesbîḥ fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm (Kahire 1987); Hasan eş-Şeyh el-Fâtih eş-Şeyh Karîbullah el-Hüseynî, es-Sübḥa: Meşrûʿiyyetühâ ve edilletühâ (Beyrut 1412/1992); Muhammed b. İshak Kendû, et-Tesbîḥ fi’l-Kitâb ve’s-Sünne ve’r-red ʿale’l-mefâhîmi’l-ḫâṭiʾeti fîh (I-II, Riyad 1426); Ahmed Şevkī İbrâhim, Tesbîḥu’l-kevn (Kahire 2003). Songül Şimşek Kur’an’daki Tesbih Kavramının Semantik Analizi (2004, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) ve Gezim Dungaj Kur’an’da Tesbih Kavramı (2006, MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) adıyla birer yüksek lisans çalışması yapmışlardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye, “sbḥ” md.; Tehânevî, Keşşâf (Dahrûc), I, 427; Kāmus Tercümesi, I, 894-895; Wensinck, el-Muʿcem, II, 390-395; Müsned, V, 196; VI, 35, 94; Kindî, Resâʾil, I, 245-248; Mâtürîdî, Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Halil İbrahim Kaçar), İstanbul 2006-2007, VIII, 282-283; X, 180-182; bk. a.e., “Fihrisü’l-muṣṭalaḥât”, “tesbîḥ” md.; Elmalılı, Hak Dini, I, 301, 313; VII, 4729-4730, 4953-4955; VIII, 5737-5743; IX, 6241-6253; R. A. Nicholson, eṣ-Ṣûfiyye fi’l-İslâm (trc. Nûreddin Şerîbe), Kahire 1371/1951, s. 22; M. Revvâs Kal‘acî, el-Mevsûʿatü’l-fıḳhiyyetü’l-müyessere, Beyrut 1421/2001, II, 1787-1788; Bekir Topaloğlu – İlyas Çelebi, Kelâm Terimleri Sözlüğü, İstanbul 2010, s. 313-314; S. M. Zwemer, “The Rosary in Islam”, MW, XXI/4 (1931), s. 329-343; M. S. Belguedj, “Le chapelet islamique et ses aspects nord-africains”, REI, XXXVII (1969), s. 291-322; Winifred S. Blackman, “Rosaries”, ERE, X, 852-853; [Nihad M. Çetin], “Sebbih”, İA, X, 289; A. J. Wensinck – [T. Yazıcı], “Sübha”, a.e., XI, 79-81; a.mlf., “Subḥa”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 741-742; Fr. Buhl, “Sübhân Allah”, İA, XI, 81; L. Gardet, “al-Asmāʾ al-Ḥusnā”, EI2 (İng.), I, 714; D. Gimaret, “Subḥān”, a.e., IX, 742-743; Mehdî Mutî‘, “Tesbîḥ”, DMBİ, XV, 287-289; Mâlik Hüseynî – Muhsin Muînî, “Tesbîḥ (1)”, Dânişnâme-i Cihân-ı İslâm, Tahran 1382/2003, VII, 293-296; Pervâne Urûcniyâ, “Tesbîḥ (2)”, a.e., VII, 296-299.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 527-528 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
FIKIH. Güneş doğmadan ve batmadan önce, gece ve gündüzün değişik saatlerinde Allah’ı tesbih etmenin emredildiği âyetlerde (Âl-i İmrân 3/41; Tâhâ 20/130; er-Rûm 30/17-18; el-Feth 48/9; Kāf 50/39-40) tesbihin “namaz” anlamında kullanıldığı birçok âlim tarafından ifade edilmiş ve bu yorum namaza Sübhâneke duasıyla başlanması, rükû ve secdelerde yapılan tesbihlerin namazın bir parçası olması, namazın bir bütün halinde Allah’ı tenzih ve yüceltme anlamına gelmesi gibi delillerle desteklenmeye çalışılmıştır. Yine “sübhâne” lafzının “sübhânallah, sübhânehû, sübhâneke, sübhâne rabbî” vb. şekillerde geçtiği âyetlerin bir kısmında Cenâb-ı Hak kendisini tesbih edip O’na nasıl tesbih edileceğini öğretmiş, bazılarında da peygamberlerin, meleklerin ve sâlih kullarının bu ifadelerle O’nu zikrettiğini bildirmiştir (el-Bakara 2/32, 116; Yûsuf 12/108; el-İsrâ 17/1, 93, 108; er-Rûm 30/17). Birçok hadiste Allah’ı tesbih için farklı lafızlarla yapılan zikir ve dualar yer almakta, “sübha” kelimesi “nâfile namaz” anlamında kullanılmakta, bazı hadislerde teşehhüd, zikir ve tesbih esnasında Allah’ın birliğine işaret amacıyla kullanılan işaret parmağından “sebbâha” (tesbih eden) diye söz edilmektedir. Sübhânallah vb. tesbih ifadelerini zikir amacıyla söylerken abdestli olmak gerekmemekle birlikte Allah’ı zikrederken abdestli bulunmanın efdal olduğu belirtilmiştir. Tesbihin sayısını belirlemek için namaz dışında iken parmakların, taş ve tesbih gibi araçların kullanılması câizdir. Namazda iken tesbihi içinden ya da parmak uçlarıyla saymak bazı fakihlerce mekruh, bazılarınca câiz görülmüştür.
Zikir için uygun sayılmayan yer ve zamanlar hariç Allah’ı tesbih etmek herhangi bir vakitle sınırlı değildir. Mutlak anlamda Allah’ı tesbih etmenin fazileti bir hadiste şöyle ifade edilir: “Bir kimse gün içinde yüz defa ‘Allah’ı hamd ile tesbih ederim’ (sübhânallāhi ve bi-hamdihî) derse deniz köpüğü kadar da olsa günahları affolunur” (Müslim, “Ẕikir”, 28). Ancak bazı âyet ve hadislerde belirli zamanlarda tesbihatta bulunulması teşvik edilmiştir (bu âyetlerde geçen tesbihin namaz anlamına geldiği görüşü de vardır). Meselâ vakit namazlarından sonra yapılan tesbihat (Müslim, “Mesâcid”, 142-146), sabah akşam yüzer defa “sübhânallahi ve bi-hamdihî” denilmesi (Müslim, “Ẕikir”, 29) gibi. Ayrıca namaza başlarken Sübhâneke duasının okunması konuyla ilgili hadislere dayanan Hanefî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezheplerine göre sünnet, bu hadisleri zayıf gören Mâlikîler’e göre mekruhtur. Rükûda “sübhâne rabbiye’l-azîm” denilmesi Hanefî, Mâlikî ve Şâfiîler’e göre sünnet, Hanbelîler’e göre bir defa söylenmesi vâcip, üç defa söylenmesi sünnettir. Cemaatle kılınan namazlarda bu tesbihin üç defadan fazla söylenmemesinin daha uygun olduğu, tek başına kılınan namazlarda daha çok söylenebileceği kaydedilmektedir. Secdede “sübhâne rabbiye’l-a‘lâ” şeklinde yapılan tesbih için de aynı hükümler geçerlidir. İmamın namazda yanılması durumunda cemaatin onu “sübhânallah” deyip uyarması dört mezhebe göre müstehaptır. Mâlikîler kadınların da bu kapsamda olduğu kanaatindedir; çoğunluğa göre ise onlar el çırparak uyarıda bulunmalıdır (ilgili hadisler için bk. Müslim, “Ṣalât”, 102-106). Namaz kılarken kapıyı çalan birine namazda olduğunu bildirmek, tehlikeli bir durumu farketmeyen kimseyi uyarmak veya farkına varmadan bir şeye zarar vermek üzere olan kişinin dikkatini çekmek amacıyla “sübhânallah” denilebilir. Bayram namazlarındaki zevâid tekbirleri arasında tesbih vb. zikir sözlerini söylemek Mâlikîler dışındaki çoğunluğa göre müstehaptır. Şaşırma, hayret etme gibi durumlarda Hz. Peygamber’in “sübhânallah” dediği rivayet edilmiştir (Müslim, “Ḥayıż”, 116; “Ḳasâme”, 24). Gök gürültüsü işitildiğinde, “Gök gürültüsünün kendisini hamd ile tesbih ettiği, meleklerin de heybetinden dolayı kendisine tesbihatta bulunduğu Allah’ı tesbih ederim” duasını okumak müstehaptır (yakın anlam içeren bir âyet için bk. er-Ra‘d 13/13). Abdurrahman b. Abdullah es-Süheyli Risâle fî kelâmihî ʿalâ “sübḥânallāh” bi-iʿrâbihâ ve şerḥihâ, Mekhûl b. Fazl en-Nesefî Kitâb fî fażli sübḥânallāh, Niftaveyh Mesʾeletü sübḥân adıyla birer eser yazmışlardır. Ayrıca Kur’an ve Sünnet’te tesbih kavramı hakkında bazı çalışmalar yapılmıştır (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât, “sbḥ” md.; İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye, “sbḥ” md.; Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “sbḥ” md.; et-Taʿrîfât, “Tesbîḥ” md.; Mâtürîdî, Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Halil İbrahim Kaçar), İstanbul 2006, VIII, 282-284; Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî (nşr. Abdullah b. Abdülmuhsin et-Türkî – Abdülfettâh M. el-Hulv), Kahire 1406/1986, II, 178-180, 192, 240, 397, 412, 414; Hattâb, Mevâhibü’l-celîl, Beyrut 1398, II, 29; Buhûtî, Keşşâfü’l-ḳınâʿ, I, 347-348, 367, 380, 381; II, 48; Kalyûbî, Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi Minhâci’ṭ-ṭâlibîn, Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-fikr), I, 147, 155, 189-190, 317-318; el-Fetâva’l-Hindiyye, I, 99, 147; Muhammed b. Ahmed ed-Desûkī, Ḥâşiye ʿale’ş-Şerḥi’l-kebîr, Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-fikr), I, 248; Şevkânî, Fetḥu’l-ḳadîr , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-ma‘rife), V, 272-273; İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr, I, 320, 328, 332, 551, 559, 568; Muhammed b. İshak Kendû, et-Tesbîḥ fi’l-Kitâb ve’s-Sünne ve’r-red ʿale’l-mefâhîmi’l-ḫâṭiʾe fîh, Riyad 1426, I-II; D. Gimaret, “Subḥān”, EI2 (İng.), IX, 742-743; “Tesbîḥ”, Mv.F, XI, 280-292.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 528-529 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
MÛSİKİ. “Sübhânallah” kelimesini söylemek suretiyle “Allah’ı noksan sıfatlardan tenzih ederek ululamak, yüceltmek” anlamında olan tesbîh bu maksatla her vakit namazının sonunda otuz üçer defa “sübhânallah”, “elhamdülillâh” ve “Allâhüekber” sözlerini terennüm etmekten ibarettir. Bu adın verilmesi namazın sonunda tekrarlanan üç kelimeden birincisinin “sübhânallah” olmasından dolayıdır.
Dinî mûsikinin cami mûsikisi bölümü eserlerinden bir form olup cumhur müezzinliği içerisinde mütalaa edilen tesbih, camilerde namazdan sonra müezzin mahfilinde bir veya birkaç müezzin tarafından bölüm bölüm ve bazan nöbetleşe cemaatin dua etmesine zemin hazırlamak için irticâlen değişik makamlardan ve usulsüz olarak icra edilir. Her bir tesbih sözü ilk defa müezzin tarafından yüksek sesle, geri kalan kısımlar cemaatin gizli tekrarı ile okunur. Dinî mûsiki açısından bu icrada dikkat edilmesi gereken husus müezzinler arasındaki melodi uyumu olup bu da cümleler arasındaki perdelerin uyuşması şeklinde izah edilebilir. Tesbih esnasında bir müezzinin bir önceki ifadede bıraktığı perdeden diğer müezzin uyumlu biçimde devam etmelidir. İcrada tesbih sözleri uzun cümlelerden oluşmadığı için makam geçkisi yapılmamalı, eğer yapılacaksa geçkinin de uyumlu olmasına dikkat edilmelidir. Türk dinî mûsikisinde ayrıca ramazan ayında ve kutsal gecelerde sabaha doğru müezzinler tarafından minarelerde okunan ve “sübhâne’l-melikü’l-mevlâ” veya “sübhâne’l-melikü’l-a‘lâ” sözleriyle başlayan eserlere “tesbih ilâhisi” adı verilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Suphi Ezgi, Nazarî-Amelî Türk Musikisi , İstanbul, ts., III, 67; M. Ekrem Karadeniz, Türk Mûsikîsinin Nazariye ve Esasları , Ankara, ts. [1983] (Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları), s. 167, 169; M. Nazmi Özalp, Türk Mûsikîsi Beste Formları, Ankara 1992, s. 55; Recep Tutal, Türk Din Musikisinde Na‘t, Tesbih ve Temcidler (yüksek lisans tezi, 1994), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, tür.yer.; Pakalın, III, 471-472; Öztuna, BTMA, II, 391.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 529 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.