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TE’SÎSÜ’n-NEZÂİR Skip to content Müctehidler arasındaki görüş ayrılıklarını konu alan, yazarı tartışmalı eser.
Eserin adı ve müellifi konusundaki görüş ayrılıkları farklı müelliflere ait benzer eserler bulunduğu gibi bir intiba uyandırsa da kaynaklarda yapılan iktibaslar ve Teʾsîsü’n-neẓâʾir yahut Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar adıyla Ebü’l-Leys es-Semerkandî ve Ebû Zeyd ed-Debûsî’ye atfedilen yazmalarla Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar adıyla Debûsî’ye nisbet edilerek basılan eser incelendiğinde hepsinin bir tek kitaptan ibaret olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Matbu nüshada Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar adının verilmesine karşılık yazmalarda ve esere yapılan atıflarda çoğunlukla Teʾsîsü’n-neẓâʾir diye anılmaktadır. Nüshalar arasında görülen bazı farklılıklar, eksiklikler veya fazlalıklar bunların ayrı birer eser şeklinde değerlendirilmesini gerektirecek nitelikte değildir. Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi ile (Fâtih, nr. 1501, Kitâbü’t-Teʾsîsi’n-neẓâʾir fi’l-fıḳh ʿalâ meẕhebi’l-İmâmi’l-Aʿżam Ebî Ḥanîfe; Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 709, Kitâbü Teʾsîsi’n-neẓâʾir fi’l-ḫilâf beyne Ebî Ḥanîfe ve aṣḥâbih ve beyne’ş-Şâfiʿî ve Mâlik; Karaçelebizâde Hüsâmeddin, nr. 101) Afyon Gedik Ahmed Paşa İl Halk Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 17381, Kitâbü’t-Teʾsîs fi’l-fıḳh) kayıtlı nüshalar kapak sayfalarında ve mukaddimelerinde Ebü’l-Leys es-Semerkandî’ye nisbet edilmektedir. Şehid Ali Paşa nüshasının ilk paragrafı diğer bütün nüshalardan farklı olmakla birlikte eserin geri kalan kısmı aynıdır. İstanbul Üniversitesi (AY, nr. 2064) ve Manisa İl Halk (nr. 1216) kütüphanelerindeki nüshaların kapak sayfalarında ise Ebû Zeyd ed-Debûsî’ye izâfe edilmekte, mukaddimede müellif ismi verilmemektedir. Âtıf Efendi Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 660/2) Ebû Zeyd ed-Debûsî’nin Taḳvîmü’l-edille adlı eseriyle aynı mecmuada yer alan, müellifi belirtilmeyen ve kütüphane kaydında Kitâbü’t-Taʿlîḳa fî mesâʾili’l-ḫilâf beyne’l-eʾimme adıyla geçen yazma yukarıda anılan nüshalarla aynı muhtevaya sahip olup sonunda “Teʾsîs tamam oldu” cümlesi bulunmaktadır. Selâhaddin en-Nâhî, Şam Zâhiriyye Kütüphanesi’nde Semerkandî’ye nisbet edilen bir nüshanın da matbu nüsha ile aynı olduğunu kaydetmektedir (en-Naẓariyyetü’l-ʿâmme, s. 87).
Hanefî biyografi yazarları ve bu esere atıfta bulunan Hanefî fakihleri eseri farklı müelliflere nisbet etmiştir. Teʾsîsü’n-neẓâʾir’i Ebü’l-Leys es-Semerkandî’ye izâfe eden İbn Kutluboğa, Debûsî’nin böyle bir eserinden söz etmezken Takıyyüddin et-Temîmî sahasında benzeri bulunmadığını söylediği aynı isimli eseri Debûsî’ye nisbet eder (Tâcü’t-terâcim, s. 276; eṭ-Ṭabaḳātü’s-seniyye, IV, 177). Kâtib Çelebi, Zeynüddin el-Mergīnânî’nin el-Fuṣûlü’l-İmâdiyye adlı eserinin hastaların hükümleri bölümünden naklen Teʾsîsü’n-neẓâʾir fi’l-fürûʿ adlı eserin Kādî Ebû Ca‘fer es-Sürmârî’ye ait olduğunu, ancak İbnü’ş-Şıhne’nin eserin Ebü’l-Leys es-Semerkandî’ye nisbet edildiğini söylediğini belirterek bu eserin imamlar arasındaki ihtilâfları sekiz kısımda ele alan, ilk kısımda Ebû Hanîfe ile iki öğrencisi arasındaki ihtilâfların zikredildiği muhtasar bir kitap diye kaydeder. Bu tanımlama Debûsî’ye izâfe edilerek basılan eserle örtüşmekle birlikte Kâtib Çelebi aynı yerde Debûsî’ye Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar fi’ḫtilâfi’l-eʾimme adıyla bir eser nisbet eder ve içeriği hakkında bilgi vermez (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, I, 334). Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Hamevî bir kaide ve ona ait bir örnek naklettiği eseri Ebü’l-Leys’e nisbet ederek Teʾsîsü’n-neẓâʾir adıyla zikreder (Ġamzü ʿuyûni’l-beṣâʾir, I, 437; ayrıca bk. IV, 232; krş. Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar, s. 10-11). Zâhidî esere müellif adı belirtmeden Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar adıyla atıfta bulunur (el-Ḳunyetü’l-münye, s. 39; krş. Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar, s. 98; İbn Âbidîn, I, 551). Mecdüddin el-Üstrûşenî de müellif ismi vermeden Teʾsîsü’n-neẓâʾir fi’l-fıḳh adlı eserden iktibaslarda bulunmuştur (el-Fuṣûl, vr. 210b -211a , 344b , 463b ; krş. Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar, s. 41, 60).
Zahîrüddin el-Buhârî’nin el-Fetâva’ẓ-Ẓahîriyye adlı eserinde (vr. 42b ) fakih Ebû Ca‘fer’in Teʾsîsü’n-neẓâʾir’inden yaptığı bir iktibas (krş. İbn Nüceym, IV, 391) Debûsî’ye nisbet edilerek basılan Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar’da aynıyla mevcuttur (s. 46). Daha sonra esere Teʾsîsü’n-neẓâʾir fi’l-fıḳh adıyla atıfta bulunup bir kaideyi ve ona ilişkin fürû meselelerini bütünüyle nakleden Zeynüddin el-Mergīnânî müellif olarak Kādî İmam Ebû Ca‘fer eş-Şîrmârî’yi zikreder ve dört ayrı yerde müellif ismi vermeden aynı isimle eserden nakil yapar (el-Fuṣûlü’l-İmâdiyye, vr. 282b ; ayrıca bk. vr. 6a-b , 143b , 255a , 270b ; krş. Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar, s. 37, 41, 46, 54, 60, 80). Teʾsîsü’n-neẓâʾir adıyla Ebü’l-Leys es-Semerkandî’ye nisbet edilen Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlı nüshanın (Fâtih, nr. 1501) hem kapağında hem sonunda müstensih, bu kitabın gördüğü bir nüshasının başında eserin Ebû Ca‘fer Ahmed b. Abdullah eş-Şîrâzî’ye izâfe edildiğini belirtir (vr. 71b ). Hanefî biyografi eserlerinde bu isim ve künyeyi taşıyan ve dedesinin adının Kāsım olduğu belirtilen, ancak Sürmârî nisbesiyle zikredilen bir âlimden ve bu âlimin Ebû Hanîfe’yi müdafaa eden el-İbâne adlı bir eserinden söz edilmektedir (Kureşî, I, 183-184; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, I, 1). el-İbâne’nin mevcut yazmalarında müellifin künyesi, öğrencisi Hatîb Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Abdülmelik b. Ali tarafından aynı şekilde kaydedilmiş olmakla birlikte nisbesi Şîrmârî diye verilmiş ve Şîrmâr’ın Belh’in bir kasabası olduğu belirtilmiştir (vr. 1b ); Sürmârâ ise Buhara köylerindendir. Tabakat kitaplarında Sürmârî’ye nisbet edilerek bölüm başlıkları kaydedilen el-İbâne’nin müellifi hakkında başka bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Ancak Sem‘ânî’nin Hatîb Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Abdülmelik b. Ali el-Mâsekânî şeklinde kaydettiği (ö. 475/1082) kişi (el-Ensâb, XII, 38) el-İbâne’yi rivayet eden kişiyle aynı ve el-İbâne’de müellifin hocası olarak zikredilen Ebû Ya‘kūb Yûsuf b. Ya‘kūb da Necîremî (ö. 423/1031) nisbesiyle bilinen dil âlimi ise Şîrmârî’nin V. (XI.) yüzyılın ortalarında öldüğü tahmin edilebilir. Müellifin Teʾsîsü’n-neẓâʾir’de zikrettiği hocası Kādî Ebû Muhammed Zeyd b. İlyâs hakkında ise bir bilgiye ulaşılamamıştır. Ancak Kureşî’nin kayıtlarına göre Burhâneddin el-Mergīnânî’nin el-Meşyeḫa’sında, hocaları arasında kendisinden fıkıh ve hilâf ilmi okuduğunu belirttiği Ebü’l-Meâlî Zahîrüddin Ziyâd b. İlyâs adında Ebü’l-Usr el-Pezdevî’nin öğrencisi olan bir âlimden söz edilmektedir (el-Cevâhirü’l-muḍıyye, II, 213-214). Eğer ismin yazılışında hata yapılmışsa, dolayısıyla bu âlimle Şîrmârî’nin hocası aynı kişi ise Teʾsîsü’n-neẓâʾir müellifi VI. (XII.) yüzyıl ortalarından sonra vefat etmiş olmalıdır. Fakat Zeyd b. İlyâs’ın kimliği ya da müellifin vefat tarihi tesbit edilmeden eserin yazıldığı yüzyılı kesin biçimde belirleme imkânı bulunmamaktadır. Mevcut yazma nüshaları ve Ortadoğu menşeli bazı eserlerdeki atıflar eserin Ebü’l-Leys es-Semerkandî’ye aidiyeti izlenimi doğurmakla birlikte gerek yazıldığı Mâverâünnehir ilim çevrelerindeki eski kaynaklarda Semerkandî veya Debûsî’ye böyle bir eser nisbet edilmemesi, gerekse oldukça erken sayılabilecek dönemde muhitin ilim hayatına vâkıf bulunan en az iki büyük âlimin ve bir müstensihin eseri Ebû Ca‘fer’e nisbet etmesi ve ortada aynı adı taşıyan birden çok farklı eser bulunmaması kitabın Ebû Ca‘fer’e ait olduğu ihtimalini güçlendirmektedir.
Müellifin metnin içinde bir yerde fakih olarak anılması ve bu unvanın Semerkandî’nin eserlerinde sıkça kullanılması, Selâhaddin en-Nâhî tarafından ona ait olabileceğinin bir işareti gibi sunulmuşsa da eserin matbu nüshada yer almayan kısmında (Teʾsîsü’n-neẓâʾir, vr. 25b ) müellifin kadı şeklinde zikredilmesi, bu unvanla hiç anılmayan Semerkandî’nin böyle bir görevde bulunduğunun bilinmemesi ve eserin üslûbunun onun eserlerinin üslûbuna benzememesi ona nisbetin doğru sayılmadığını göstermektedir. Kitabı Semerkandî’ye izâfe ederek Taḥḳīḳu maḫṭûṭi Teʾsîsi’n-neẓâʾiri’l-fıḳhiyye adıyla yüksek lisans tezi olarak yayıma hazırlayan Ali Muhammed Muhammed Ramazan’ın (1981, Câmiatü’l-Ezher külliyyetü’ş-şerîa ve’l-kānûn) bu eserin Debûsî’ye nisbet edilen matbu Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar’dan farklı olduğu iddiası da gerçeği yansıtmaz. Çağdaş araştırmacılardan Bâhüseyin de iki eserin ayrı, fakat metotlarının aynı olduğunu, kaideler ve bunlarla ilgili örneklerde önemli bir fark bulunmadığını, sadece Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar’ın kaideler ve örnekler bakımından sınırlı sayıda ilâveler içermesine ve bazı ifade farklılıklarının yer almasına karşılık Debûsî’nin eserinin seksen altı, Semerkandî’nin eserinin yetmiş dört kaide içerdiğini belirtmektedir (et-Taḫrîc, s. 108-110). Fakat bütün bunlar mevcut nüshaların ayrı eserler olduğunu ortaya koymaya yeterli değildir. Zira Bâhüseyin’in işaret ettiği hususların nüsha farklılığından ve onun da belirttiği Semerkandî’ye nisbet edilen nüshayı tahkik eden Ali M. Muhammed Ramazan’ın yaptığı yanlışlardan kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde Debûsî’ye nisbet edilen nüshada sondan yirmi bir kaide yer almadığı halde yazmanın sonunda eserin tamam olduğu kaydı bulunmakta, Semerkandî’ye nisbet edilen Türkiye’de mevcut diğer nüshalar ise Debûsî’ye izâfe edilen matbu nüsha ile örtüşmektedir. Bununla birlikte bütün yazma nüshalar matbu nüshadaki son kaideyi içermemekte ve matbu nüshada bir kaideyle ilgili örnekler daha az sayıda iken bütün bu nüshalarda bazı örnekler daha eklenmiş ve müellif hocasının ismini Ebû Muhammed Zeyd b. İlyâs diye kaydetmiştir (krş. Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 1501, vr. 25b -26a ; Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar, s. 38). Bu isim künyesiz olarak daha sonra hem matbu hem yazma nüshalarda tekrar edilmektedir.
Eserin mukaddimesinde belirtildiğine göre kitabın yazılış amacı, fıkıh öğrencilerinin müctehidler arasında görüş ayrılığı bulunan konuları ezberlemelerini kolaylaştırmak, bu ayrılıkların dayandığı esaslar hakkında onları bilgilendirmek ve diğer tartışmalı konuların anlaşılmasında emsal teşkil etmesini sağlamaktır. Mezhep imamları arasındaki ihtilâfları onların esas aldıkları fıkıh kaidelerinden hareketle izah eden kitap, müctehidleri ikili gruplar halinde tasnif ederek sekizi belli bir müctehidle bir başka müctehid veya müctehidler arasındaki ihtilâfları, biri de karma ihtilâfları konu alan dokuz bölüme ayrılmıştır. Kitaba Ebû Hanîfe ile iki öğrencisi Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed arasındaki ihtilâfların zikredildiği kısımla başlanmış, Hanefî imamlarından Züfer b. Hüzeyl ve Hasan b. Ziyâd el-Lü’lüî ile İbn Ebû Leylâ, İmam Mâlik ve İmam Şâfiî’nin diğer Hanefî imamlarıyla ihtilâflarına yer verilmiştir. İbrâhim en-Nehaî, Süfyân es-Sevrî, Evzâî ve Şa‘bî gibi müctehidlerin görüşlerine eseri uzatmamak için yer verilmediği belirtilmekte, Ahmed b. Hanbel’in görüşlerine müstakil bir yer ayrılmaması dikkat çekmektedir. İmamlar arasındaki ihtilâfın bu tür bir tasnifle verilmesi, Ebü’l-Leys es-Semerkandî’nin Alâeddin el-Üsmendî tarafından düzenlenen Muḫtelifü’r-rivâye adlı eseriyle Necmeddin en-Nesefî’nin el-Manẓûmetü’n-Nesefiyye’sinde de görülmekle birlikte bu eserlerde hilâf meseleleri her fıkıh bölümü veya faslı içinde sistematik biçimde sıralanmış, Teʾsîsü’n-neẓâʾir’de ise imamların ihtilâfları onların esas aldıkları var sayılan kaideler çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Eser, isminden de anlaşılacağı üzere (benzer meselelerin esaslarının belirlenmesi) imamlar arasında fıkhî konulardaki görüş ayrılıklarını belli esaslar çerçevesinde açıklamayı hedeflemektedir. Eserin kendisine ait olduğundan yola çıkılarak hilâf ilminin kurucusu kabul edilen Debûsî’nin söz konusu ilmi bu eserle kurduğu şeklindeki yaygın kanaat doğru görünmemektedir (bk. HİLÂF). Bir hilâf kitabı olarak değerlendirilen eser, fıkhî görüşlerin dayandığı kaidelerin ortaya konması açısından Şehâbeddin ez-Zencânî’nin Taḫrîcü’l-fürûʿ ʿale’l-uṣûl’ü şeklinde bir tahrîcü’l-fürû eserini andırmaktadır.
Kitapta her biri için farklı sayıda örnek verilen, müctehidler arasında ihtilâflı seksen altı kaide ele alınmıştır. Ancak bu kaideler kavâid eserlerinde görüldüğü gibi kaide ve zâbıt adı altında değil “asıl” adıyla kaydedilmiştir. Birçoğu Mecelle’nin küllî kaidelerini andıran bu kaidelerin bir kısmı teyemmüm, namaz, oruç, hac, zekât gibi ibadetleri, bir kısmı kölelik, tazminat, zimmîlik statüsü, boşanma, miras ve dava gibi hukukun özel dallarını ilgilendirmektedir. Eserde bazı usûl-i fıkıh kaideleri de mevcuttur (s. 65, 75, 87, 106). Eserin kendisinden sonraki kavâid literatürünü etkilediği düşünülebilirse de bu etkinin çoğu zaman doğrudan olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim bu eserdeki birçok kaide Mecelle’nin kaideleriyle örtüşmekle birlikte Mecelle mazbatasında, birtakım kaide ve temel meseleleri toplayarak bunların ışığında fıkhî teferruatı muhtasar olarak bir araya getirme çığırını Zeynüddin İbn Nüceym’in açtığı belirtilmektedir. Mecelle tedvin edilirken başvurulduğu tahmin edilen kaynaklar arasında bu eserin ismi geçmemektedir (Mardin, s. 167-169). Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar adıyla Ebû Zeyd ed-Debûsî’ye nisbet edilerek birçok defa basılan eser (Kahire 1320/1902, 1928; nşr. Zekeriyyâ Ali Yûsuf, Kahire 1972; Beyrut, ts.) ayrıca bazı çalışmalara konu olmuştur (bk. bibl.). Şükrü Özen tarafından hazırlanan yüksek lisans tezi içinde (bk. bibl.) kitapta yer alan kaideler ve her kaideyle ilgili birer örnek, Ferhat Koca tarafından ise kitabın tamamı Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Ebü’l-Leys es-Semerkandî, Teʾsîsü’n-neẓâʾir, Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 1501, vr. 25b , 71b ; Debûsî, Teʾsîsü’n-naẓar (nşr. Zekeriyyâ Ali Yûsuf), Kahire, ts. (Matbaatü’l-İmâm), tür.yer.; a.mlf., Mukayeseli İslam Hukuk Düşüncesinin Temellendirilmesi (trc. Ferhat Koca), Ankara 2002, tercüme edenin girişi, s. 60-70; Ebû Ca‘fer Ahmed b. Abdullah eş-Şîrmârî, el-İbâne, Süleymaniye Ktp., Kılıç Ali Paşa, nr. 697, vr. 1b , 17b; Sem‘ânî, el-Ensâb, XII, 38; Zahîrüddin el-Buhârî, el-Fetâva’ẓ-Ẓahîriyye, İstanbul Müftülüğü Ktp., nr. 56, vr. 42b ; Mecdüddin el-Üstrûşenî, el-Fuṣûl, İstanbul Müftülüğü Ktp., nr. 94, vr. 210b -211a , 344b , 463b; Zâhidî, el-Ḳunyetü’l-münye li-tetmîmi’l-Ġunye, Kalküta 1245, s. 39; Zeynüddin Abdürrahîm b. Ebû Bekir el-Mergīnânî el-İmâdî, el-Fuṣûlü’l-İmâdiyye, İstanbul Müftülüğü Ktp., nr. 370, vr. 6a-b , 143b , 255a , 270b , 282b ; Kureşî, el-Cevâhirü’l-muḍıyye, I, 183-184; II, 213-214; İbn Kutluboğa, Tâcü’t-terâcim fî men ṣannefe mine’l-Ḥanefiyye (nşr. İbrâhim Sâlih), Beyrut 1412/1992, s. 276; İbn Nüceym, el-Baḥrü’r-râʾiḳ, IV, 391; Temîmî, eṭ-Ṭabaḳātü’s-seniyye, I, 365, 370; III, 267-268; IV, 177; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, I, 1, 334, 721; II, 1838; Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Hamevî, Ġamzü ʿuyûni’l-beṣâʾir, Beyrut 1405/1985, I, 437; IV, 232; İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (Kahire), I, 551; III, 203, 411; İsmail Hakkı İzmirli, İlm-i Hilâf, İstanbul 1330, s. 4-7, 188-190, 214; Ebül’ulâ Mardin, Medenî Hukuk Cephesinden Ahmed Cevdet Paşa (İstanbul 1946), Ankara 1996, s. 7, 167-169, 179; Selâhaddin Abdüllatîf en-Nâhî, en-Naẓariyyetü’l-ʿâmme fi’l-ḳānûni’l-muvâzen ve ʿilmi’l-ḫilâf, Bağdad 1388/1968, s. 87; Ahmet Akgündüz, Ebû Zeyd ed-Debbûsî ve İlm-i Hilâf (mezuniyet tezi, 1979), Atatürk Üniversitesi İslâmî İlimler Fakültesi; a.mlf., “Karahanlılar’ın Büyük Hukukçusu Ebû Zeyd ed-Debbûsî ve Mezheplerarası Mukayeseli Hukuka Te’sirleri”, SÜ Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi , II/2, Konya 1989, s. 89-108; Sezgin, GAS (Ar.), III, 125; Şükrü Özen, İlm-i Hilâfın Ortaya Çıkışı ve Ebû Zeyd ed-Debûsî’nin Te’sîsü’n-nazar Adlı Eseri (yüksek lisans tezi, 1988), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 43-86; a.mlf., “Ebû Hanîfe’nin Usûl ve Furû Anlayışının İtikâdî Temelleri”, İmâm-ı A‘zam Ebû Hanîfe ve Düşünce Sistemi: Sempozyum Tebliğ ve Müzakereleri, Bursa 2005, II, 129-131; Ya‘kūb b. Abdülvehhâb el-Bâhüseyn, et-Taḫrîc ʿinde’l-fuḳahâʾ ve’l-uṣûliyyîn, Riyad 1414/1994, s. 68, 79, 108-120; Yusuf Kılıç, “Ebû Zeyd ed-Debûsî’nin Te’sisu’n-Nazar Adlı Eserinin İslâm Hukuku Bakımından Ehemmiyeti”, İslâm Medeniyeti, V/3, Ankara 1982, s. 45-88.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 545-547 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.