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TEŞRİFAT Skip to content TEŞRİFAT (تشريفات) Osmanlı Devleti’nde protokol anlamında kullanılan terim.
Müellif: Filiz Karaca
Sözlükte “şereflendirme, bir kimsenin ziyaretiyle bir yeri veya kişiyi şereflendirmesi” anlamındaki teşrîf kelimesinin çoğulu olup “protokol/merasim” mânasını XVIII. yüzyılda kazanmıştır. Bazı İslâm devletlerinde hil‘atle aynı anlama gelen teşrif kelimesi Osmanlı Devleti’nde de benzer şekilde kullanılmıştır. Eflak ve Boğdan voyvodalarına, Kırım hanına, elçiler ve bazı muteber misafirlere ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak üzere veya sadece taltif maksadıyla yapılan nakdî ve aralarında hil‘atin de yer aldığı aynî harcamalarla vezîriâzamlara bazı durumlarda giydirilen hil‘atler teşrif diye isimlendirilmiştir. Teşriflerle ilgili görevleri bulunan Hazîne-i Âmire kâtibine II. Bayezid zamanında önce teşrîfî, ardından teşrifatî denilmiştir. Bu kâtibin görevlerinde ve konumunda XVII. yüzyıl sonları ile XVIII. yüzyıl başlarında meydana gelen değişim isminin ifade ettiği mânayı da etkilemiştir. Değişim sürecinin tamamlanmasından sonra teşrifatî artık başdefterdara bağlı bir hazine kâtibi değil doğrudan sadrazama bağlı ve protokol işlerinden sorumlu Bâbıâli görevlisi haline gelmiştir. Teşrifat kelimesinin protokol anlamı da bunun ardından ortaya çıkmıştır.
Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devrinde oluşturulan ve divana bağlanan Teşrifat Kalemi teşrifatî (teşrifatçı/teşrîfâtî-i Dîvân-ı Hümâyun/teşrîfâtî-i Dîvân-ı Âlî) yönetiminde malî bir büro iken başdefterdarlığa bağlıydı ve görev yeri defterdarın konağı idi (defterdara bağlı diğer kalemler gibi Teşrifat Kalemi çalışanları da, “… mutlak her gün sabah namazından sonra gelip akşama değin defterdar olanların evlerinde oturup onların fermanlarına muntazır olup icrasında ihtimam ederler”, Teşrifatîzâde Mehmed, vr. 91a ). Ayrıca Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’un toplandığı günler teşrifatî halife ve şâkirdleriyle birlikte hazır bulunur, gerektiğinde malî işlemlerle ilgilenirdi. Diğer hazine kâtipleri gibi hâcegândan sayılan teşrifatî divanda onlarla birlikte otururdu. Başlangıçta teşriflerle ilişkili görevleri bulunduğu anlaşılan teşrifatî Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman zamanında pîşkeşle ilgili gelirlerle teşrif, in‘âm, âdet ve tasadduk denilen giderlerin günlük kayıtlarını tutardı. Gelirlerle ilgisi daha kısa sürmüş, masraflar hususundaki görevi ise XVII. yüzyılın sonlarına kadar devam etmiş, bu görev 1098-1105 (1687-1694) yılları arasında hemen tamamen rûznâmçe ve başmuhasebe kalemlerine devredilmiştir. Teşrifatînin görevleri arasına girmeden önce bu giderlere ait defterler rûznâmçeci tarafından tutulmuş ve içlerinde yer alan harcama türleriyle adlandırılmıştır (defter-i in‘âmât, teşrîfât, âdât ve tasaddukat gibi). Görevin teşrifatîye geçişinden sonra adlandırmalarda teşrifat ilk sırada yer almış ve zamanla diğerleri terkedilerek sadece teşrifat kalmıştır. Böylece teşrifatînin tuttuğu masraf rûznâmçelerine “defter-i teşrîfât” denilmiştir. Teşrifat defterleri giderler dışında padişaha gelen hediyelerin, bayram günlerinde huzura çıkacak ulemânın, tevcîhat sebebiyle arza girecek olanların padişaha sunulmak üzere teşrifatçı tarafından yapılmış listeleri de kaydedilmiştir. Hem bu kayıtlar hem de ihtiva ettikleri masrafların büyük kısmının resmî günler ve merasimlerle ilgili oluşu sebebiyle defterlerden protokolle alâkalı bilgi edinmek mümkündür; bundan dolayı sonraki tarihlerde bu amaçla da kullanılmıştır.
Kuruma adını vermiş olan teşrif kelimesi XVI. yüzyıldan sonra bu giderlerin farklı isimler almasıyla birlikte ve zamanla ortadan kalkmıştır. Sadece padişah tarafından çeşitli hükümdarlar, Kırım hanı ve serdarlara bir nâme veya hatt-ı hümâyunla gönderilen hil‘at ve bunun tamamlayıcısı olan sorguç, kılıç gibi şeyleri ifade için teşrifat kelimesi “hümâyun, şâhâne, mülûkâne, seniyye” gibi sıfatlarla birlikte tamlama halinde devam etmiştir. Teşrifatın maliye kalemi olduğu dönemde protokol kuralları örfî kanunlar içinde yer alıyordu ve nişancının sorumluluğundaydı. Bu husustaki bir ihtilâfın çözümünde ve nihaî kanunun tesbitinde merci nişancılık makamıydı (Tevkiî Kanunnâmesi’nde nişancının bu husustaki görevi, “Ve kavânîn-i Osmâniyye ve merâsim-i sultâniyye nişancılardan sual olunagelmiştir; sâbıkta bunlara ‘müftî-i kānûn’ ıtlâk olunmuştur” ifadesiyle yer almıştır [s. 516]). Dolayısıyla bu dönemde kurallar kanun diye nitelenmiştir.
Merasime dair kurallar ilk defa Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devrinde teşkilâtla beraber bir kanunnâmede toplanmıştır. Padişahın emriyle, dönemin nişancısı Leyszâde Mehmed Efendi tarafından o zamana kadar oluşan kurallar yeni ihtiyaçlarla tamamlanmak suretiyle derlenmiş ve padişahın ağzından yazılmıştır. Üç bölüm halinde düzenlenen kanunnâmede protokole dair mâlûmat ilk iki bölümde yer almıştır. İlk bölümde merkez ve taşra üst düzey görevlilerinin bürokrasi içerisindeki konumları ve protokoldeki yerleri, ikinci bölümde arz, divan, bayram ve sefere çıkışa dair temel kurallar belirlenmiştir. Bilhassa XVI. yüzyıla kadar ilmiye mensupları arasından seçilen nişancı hukukî donanımı sayesinde örfî kanunlarla ilgili yorum yapabilme yeterliliğine sahipti. Ayrıca protokol kurallarının dayanağı olan teşkilât kanunlarını da iyi bildiğinden ihtilâf halinde sağlıklı çözümler üretebiliyordu. Dolayısıyla bu dönemde merasim tafsilâtlı şekilde yazılmayıp sadece temel kuralların belirlenmesiyle yetinilmiştir. Fakat daha sonra ayrıntılı kayıtlara ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. XVII. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren merasimlere dair kanunlardan bir kısmının kanun bilenlerin kalmaması yüzünden uygulamadan düşüp unutulmasından sıkça şikâyet edilmiştir. Bu sebeple IV. Mehmed zamanında Vezîriâzam Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa’nın emriyle Tevkiî (Nişancı) Abdurrahman Abdi Paşa, muhtemelen 1676-1678 yılları arasında teşkilât kanunlarından tamamen arınmış olmasa da ilk müstakil Osmanlı protokol mecmuası sayılabilecek bir kanunnâme hazırlamıştır. Divanlar, arz, bayram, mevlid, sefere çıkış, elçi kabulü, ulûfe dağıtımı ile devlet ricâli ve üst düzey görevlilerle ilgili kanunların yer aldığı Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa Kanunnâmesi protokole dair bir nişancının yaptığı son kanunnâme olmuştur. Dönemin nişancıları tarafından derlenmiş Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in teşkilât kanunnâmesiyle Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa Kanunnâmesi yürürlük kaynağı olarak kullanılmıştır. Fâtih’in teşkilât kanunnâmesinin XVII. yüzyıl başlarında Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’da bir nüshasının bulundurulmasına devam edildiği bilinmektedir. Benzer şekilde Tevkiî Kanunnâmesi, teşrifat defteri adı altında ilk merasim vekāyi‘ defterlerinin ortaya çıkışından sonra bir süre daha uygulamalara esas olmuştur.
Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa Kanunnâmesi’nin yazılışının ardından nişancının protokol hususundaki sorumluluğu malî görevlerinin önemli kısmı üzerinden alınmış olan teşrifata devredilmiştir. Görev değişimiyle birlikte teşrifatçının tuttuğu defter-i teşrîfâtların içeriği değişmiş ve protokole dair derlemelere dönüşerek kanunnâmelerin yerini almıştır. Protokol konusunda nişancılığın yerini alan Teşrifat Kalemi’nden beklenen görev uygulamalara esas olmak üzere ayrıntılı kayıtların oluşturulmasıdır (protokol hizmetlerine dair görevlerin teşrifatta toplanması tedrîcî olmuş ve geniş ölçüde Tanzimat’tan sonra tamamlanmıştır; bu tür hizmetler çoğunlukla çavuşbaşı ve kapıcılar kethüdâsı ile kendilerine bağlı çavuş ve kapıcılara aitti; ayrıca Dârüssaâde ağasının padişahın hususi teşrifatçılığı sayılabilecek görevleri vardı). Kısa sürede bu görev günlük olayların yazılması şeklini almıştır. Kalemdeki görev değişimi uzun süre teşrifatçılık yapan Ni‘metî Ahmed Efendi zamanına rastlamaktadır. Değişimin ardından Teşrifat Kalemi, III. Ahmed’in saltanatında 1713 yılı öncesinde Bâbıâli’ye geçerek doğrudan sadrazama bağlanmıştır.
Ni‘metî Ahmed Efendi zamanına ait merasim vekāyii üslûbunda evrak mevcutsa da bunların düzenli olmadığı ve henüz defter halinde toplanmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim oğlu Teşrifatîzâde Mehmed Efendi tarafından derlenen Defter-i Teşrîfât’ın muhtevası kanunnâmelere yakındır. Kaynakları arasında Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’un kanunları iyi bilen mensupları, kanunnâmeler ve tarih kitapları ile birlikte Ni‘metî Ahmed Efendi’nin teşrifatçılık dönemi evrakının da yer aldığı bu çalışmada vekāyi‘ üslûbuyla bazı kayıtlar yer almışsa da bunlar azdır (bk. DEFTER-i TEŞRÎFÂT). Ayrıca Ni‘metî Ahmed Efendi’ye ait olup İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’nın yaptığı nakillerden muhtevasının Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa Kanunnâmesi’ne benzerlik gösterdiği anlaşılan derleme de kanunnâme diye isimlendirilmiştir. Bu ikisi hem isim hem muhtevalarıyla geçiş dönemini aksettirmesi bakımından önemlidir. Bundan sonra günlük olaylar düzenli biçimde kaydedilmiştir.
Teşrifat Kalemi’ndeki bu yenilik, vekāyi‘nüvislik müessesesinin ortaya çıkışı ile aynı zamanda ve aynı ihtiyaçla olmuştur. Tevkiî Abdurrahman Abdi Paşa, nişancılıktan önce IV. Mehmed’in sırkâtipliği görevinde iken onun emriyle 1648-1682 yılları arasını içeren bir vekāyi‘nâme (Abdurrahman Abdi Paşa Vekāyi‘nâmesi) kaleme almıştır. Kanunnâme merasim vekāyiinin, vekāyi‘nâme de siyasî hadiselerin resmen ve düzenli biçimde yazılmaya başlanmasında bir ön hazırlık teşkil etmiş, hem vak‘anüvislik hem teşrifat müessesesinin bu görevlerle ortaya çıkışı bu iki eserin ardından gerçekleşmiştir. Diğer taraftan vak‘anüvislik görevine ilk defa tayin edilen Mustafa Naîm (Naîmâ) Efendi 7 Şubat 1709 – 28 Ocak 1712 tarihlerinde teşrifatçılık görevinde bulunmuştur. Muhtemelen günlük vekāyi‘ tahrir görevinin verildiği ilk teşrifatçı Naîmâ’dır. Onun görev dönemine ait merasim vekāyii tesbit edilememekle beraber görevden ayrılışından sonra 1713 yılından itibaren günlük vekāyi‘ defterleri mevcuttur.
Önceleri bizzat teşrifatçıların tuttuğu vekāyi‘ defterleri XVIII. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar oldukça düzenli biçimde sürmüş, fakat kayıtlar arttıkça uygulamalara esas alınmak üzere bu defterlere müracaat zorlaşmıştır. Bunun üzerine kanunnâmelerde olduğu gibi esas kuralı bildiren kayıtlara ihtiyaç duyulmuş ve Nâilî Abdullah Paşa’nın Defter-i Teşrîfât’ı bu ihtiyacı karşılamak için kaleme alınmıştır. I. Mahmud’un, “fîmâ ba‘d bu Defter-i Teşrîfât düstûrü’l-amel tutulup teşrîfâtî bulunanlar hıfz ve hilâfından ihtirâz oluna” şeklindeki hatt-ı hümâyununu taşıması sebebiyle “hatlı defter” diye de tanınan bu defterden sonra vekāyi‘ tahriri hususunda önceleri gösterilen titizlik kaybolmuştur. III. Selim zamanında yeni bir sistem içinde kayıtlar tekrar düzenli hale getirilmek istenmiş, günlük olarak vekāyi‘ (mufassal) yerine vukūât (icmâl) defterleri tutulmaya başlanmıştır. Sadece haber kabilinden bilgilere yer verilen defterler tevcîhat kayıtları bakımından da önemlidir. Merasim düzeni ve protokol kurallarını ihtiva etmek üzere bir gruplandırma yapılarak her grup için ayrı defter düzenlenmiştir. Bunlar içerdikleri konuda tam bilgi vermeyi amaçlamış görünmekte, ancak bütün vekāyii aksettirmemektedir. Tanzimat’la birlikte diplomasi alanı başta olmak üzere merasim kurallarında ve bu kuralların oluşumunda meydana gelen değişim müessesenin yapısı ve görev alanı yanında evrakında da farklılıklara yol açmıştır. Nitekim bu dönemde hil‘atler yerine nişan ve madalyalar kurumu önemli ölçüde meşgul etmiştir. Artık kurallar da önceden ayrıntılı biçimde belirlendiğinden vekāyi‘ kaydı önemini kaybetmiş, fakat tamamen terkedilmemiştir. III. Selim zamanında başlayan tasnifli defterlere benzer bazı defterlerle merasimlerin icra safhasına ait evrakların kaydedildiği müstakil defterler tutulmuştur. Günlük vukuat defterleri ise rütbe ve görev tevcîhatı kayıt defterlerine dönüşmüştür.
XVI ve XVII. yüzyıllarda maliye, XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllarda sadâret dairesi olan Dîvân-ı Hümâyun teşrifatçılığı XX. yüzyılın başlarına kadar varlığını korumuştur. Ancak Tanzimat öncesinde teşrifatla ilgili tek kuruluş iken yeni kurumların teşkiliyle görevleri bölünmüştür. Maliye görevlisi teşrifatî (teşrîfâtî-i Dîvân-ı Hümâyun) Dîvân-ı Hümâyun hâcegânına dahildi. Kalemde kendisine yardımcı olmak üzere bir halife ile şâkirdler bulunurdu. XVII. yüzyılın sonlarındaki görev değişiminin ardından Bâbıâli’ye geçerek sadrazam dairesine bağlanan kalemin önemiyle birlikte personel sayısı da artmıştır. Önce halife sayısı çoğalmış ve en kıdemlisine serhalife denilmiştir. Bunu yeni isimlerle yapılan görevlendirmeler takip etmiş ve kalem çalışanları sırasıyla şöylece şekillenmiştir: Teşrîfâtî-i Dîvân-ı Hümâyun, kesedar (1767’den itibaren), serhalife, kesedar yamağı (1798’den itibaren) ve sayıları genellikle beş kadar olan şâkirdler (halife/mülâzım/yamak). XIX. yüzyılın ortalarında kesedarlığın yerini muavinlik almış, kesedar yamağına bir süre muavin yamağı, daha sonra muavin refiki denilmiştir. 1902’de serhalifelik kaldırılmıştır. Bâbıâli’ye geçiş öncesinde ek olarak yürütmeye başladığı devâtdârlık-ı Dîvân-ı Hümâyun görevini de sürdüren teşrifatçının hâcegân içerisindeki yeri yükselmiş, bu dönemde dört gruba ayrılan hâcegânın aşağıdan ikinci (üst kürkü giyen, fakat sadrazamın kendileri için ayağa kalkması gerekmeyen) grubuna dahil olmuştur.
Tanzimat’ın ardından ikinci bir teşrifat kurumu olarak Hariciye Nezâreti’ne bağlı Hariciye Teşrifatçılığı (1846-1909) tesis edilmiştir. Başlangıçta “teşrîfât-ı hâriciyye memuru” denilen tek görevlisi bulunan kuruma sonradan bir yardımcı görevlendirilmiştir. II. Abdülhamid zamanında muavin sayısı önce ikiye, ardından üçe yükseltilmiştir. Üçüncü teşrifat kurumu, II. Abdülhamid döneminin cülûstan elli gün sonrasına rastlayan ilk bayramı (ramazan) sırasında ortaya çıkmıştır. Nezâret adı altında ve mevcut iki teşrifat kurumunun üzerinde tesis edilen bu kuruluş karmaşık bir yapıya sahiptir. Ortaya çıkışı, anayasa hazırlık çalışmalarının yoğun biçimde sürdüğü zamana rastlayan Teşrîfât-ı Umûmiyye Nezâreti (1876-1909) resmen sadârete bağlı, ancak fiilen Yıldız Sarayı’nda görevliydi. Diğer taraftan idarî bakımdan ve tayin işlemlerinde nâzıra bağlanan Dîvân-ı Hümâyun Teşrifatçılığı’nın sadrazama, Hariciye Teşrifatçılığı’nın hariciye nâzırına bağlılığı devam etmiştir. Görevleri bakımından nezâret Hariciye Teşrifatçılığı’na yakın olmuş ve nâzırlığa genellikle hariciye teşrifatçıları tayin edilmiştir (toplam dört nâzırdan üçü Hariciye Teşrifatçılığı’ndan, diğeri Dîvân-ı Hümâyun Tercümanlığı’ndan gelmiştir). Görev yakınlığı sebebiyle nezâretin kuruluşunun ardından Hariciye Teşrifatçılığı’na gerek duyulmayıp üç buçuk yıl kadar boş bırakılmış, bazı elçilerin şikâyet ve talepleri üzerine yeniden tayin yapılmıştır. II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra 1909’da Dâire-i Sadâret-i Uzmâ dahilinde Teşrîfât-ı Umûmiyye Dairesi’nin teşkil edilmesiyle mevcut teşrifat kurumlarına ait görevler bir araya toplanmıştır. Dairenin, umum müdürün idaresi altında bir müdürü (teşrîfât-ı dâhiliye müdürü) ve müdür muaviniyle sayıları genellikle beş kadar olan memuru (teşrifatçı) bulunuyordu. Umum müdür genelde teşrîfât-ı umûmiyye nâzırının, müdür de Dîvân-ı Hümâyun teşrifatçısının görevlerini üstlenmişti. Son dönemde ayrıca askeriye, bahriye, ilmiye ve veliaht teşrifatçılığı görevlerine rastlanmaktadır. Bunlar genellikle müstakil olmayıp ek görev şeklinde yürütülmüştür.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Muallim Cevdet, nr. O. 71, vr. 5a , 19b , 52b , 82a , 97a , 124b , 143b , 155a , 172b , 195b , 216a , 226b ; BA, KK, nr. 1764; Kānunnâme, Âtıf Efendi Ktp., nr. 1734, vr. 131a , 281a-b ; Abdullah Üsküdârî, Vâkıât-ı Rûzmerre, Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 2437, vr. 168a-b ; Fâtih’in Teşkilât Kanûn-nâmesi (nşr. Abdülkadir Özcan, TD, sy. 33 [1982] içinde), s. 11, 29-46; Teşrifatîzâde Mehmed, Defter-i Teşrîfât, İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 9810, vr. 91a , 95a-b , 107a -108b ; Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 2150, vr. 46a ; Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa, Kānûnnâme (MTM , I/3 [1331] içinde), s. 497-544; Abdullah Nâilî Paşa, Mukaddime-i Kavânîn-i Teşrîfât, Âtıf Efendi Ktp., M. Z. Pakalın, nr. 28/340, s. 32, 36; Filiz Çalışkan, Osmanlı Devletinde Teşrifat Kalemi ve Teşrifatçılık (yüksek lisans tezi, 1989), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; a.mlf., Tanzimat Dönemi ve Sonrasında Osmanlı Teşrifat Müessesesi (doktora tezi, 1997), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Hakan T. Karateke, Padişahım Çok Yaşa: Osmanlı Devleti’nin Son Yüzyılında Merasimler, İstanbul 2004, tür.yer.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 570-572 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.