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TEŞRÎH Skip to content Canlıların temel yapısını ve organların birbiriyle ilişkisini inceleyen bilim dalı, anatomi; otopsi.
Sözlükte “kesmek, kesip yarmak; açmak, açıklamak” anlamlarındaki şerh kökünden türeyen teşrîh tıpta “cesedin açılarak incelenmesi, otopsi” demektir; ilmü’t-teşrîh ise anatomi bilimidir. Başlangıçtan beri hekimler tedavideki başarının insan bedenini yakından tanımaya, onun kemik, kas, sinir, damar ve diğer organlarının yapısını, birbiriyle ilişkisini incelemeye bağlı olduğunu bilmekteydi. Milâttan önce 3000’lerden kalma Mısır hiyeroglifleri o çağlarda bile insan anatomisine dair bazı bilgilerin bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Eskiçağ’larda ölünün bedeni kutsal sayıldığından otopsi yapmak günah kabul ediliyordu. Milâttan önce 500 yıllarında bazı durumlarda otopsiye izin verilmiş ve ilk defa Cronlu Alcmeon bir kitap telif edip zihnî faaliyetlerin merkezinin beyin olduğunu göstermişti. Yıllar sonra insan cesedi üzerinde otopsi yaparak anatomiyi cerrahîden ayıran, onu bağımsız bir alan telakki eden ve yazdığı eserde ilk defa “anatomia” terimini kullanan hekim İskenderiyeli Herophilus’tur (el-Mevsûʿatü’l-ʿArabiyye , VI, 449). Modern tıbbın babası sayılan Hipokrat’ın, İlkçağ’da uygulanan geleneksel dinî-sihrî tedavi yöntemlerine karşı akla ve tecrübeye dayanan tıp anlayışını öne çıkarmakla birlikte hastaların kobay olarak kullanılmasını ve kadavralar üzerinde teşrîh yapılmasını kabul etmediğinden anatomiye katkıda bulunduğu söylenemez. Damarların içinin hava ile dolu olduğu görüşü gibi ona ait birçok yanlışlık müslüman hekimler tarafından düzeltilmiştir (a.g.e. , VI, 445). Hipokrat’ın tıpla ilgili eserlerini İslâmî döneme intikal ettiren ve Antik Roma’nın en ünlü hekimi sayılan Galen’in (Câlînûs) anatomiye önemli hizmetleri bulunmasına rağmen araştırmalarını köpek, maymun ve domuz gibi hayvanlar üzerinde yürüttüğü için insan anatomisi hakkında verdiği bilgiler yeterli sayılmamış, müslüman hekimlerce hayli eksiklik ve yanlış tesbit edilerek düzeltilip tamamlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte Eski Dünya’dan Arapça’ya yapılan tercümeler arasında Galen’in eserleri önemli bir yer tutmakta ve İslâm tıbbının gelişmesindeki payının büyük olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Klasik kaynaklarda ona ait anatomiyle ilgili yedi eserin Hubeyş b. Hasan tarafından Arapça’ya çevrildiği kaydedilmektedir (İbnü’l-Kıftî, s. 129-130). Ancak “İslâm dünyasının Câlînûs’u” unvanıyla anılan Ebû Bekir er-Râzî, Kitâbü’ş-Şükûk ʿalâ Câlînûs adıyla bir kitap yazarak Galen’in tıptaki otoritesini hayli sarsmıştır. Meselâ onun görmeyle ilgili teorisini matematik açıklamalara dayandırıldığı gerekçesiyle hatalı bulur ve insan nefsini (ruh) kalbin kıvrımları arasında latif bir cisim şeklinde yorumlayan teorisini de şiddetle reddeder (DİA , VII, 33).
İslâm tıbbında anatomiyle ilgili en ayrıntılı bilgileri veren âlim, el-Ḳānûn fi’ṭ-ṭıb adlı eserinin birinci cildine ait ilk üç bölümün kırk faslını anatomiye ayıran İbn Sînâ’dır. Onun verdiği bilgiler arasında kalp-damar sistemi, mide, göz ve kafa çiftlerine ilişkin görüşleri dikkat çekmektedir. İbn Sînâ, Galen’in konuyla ilgili açıklamalarını zaman zaman eleştirerek kendi görüşlerini ortaya koyar. Meselâ ceninin teşekkülünde gelişimini tamamlayan ilk organın kalp olduğunun tesbiti, kafa çiftleri denilen beyinden çıkan sinir çiftleriyle ilgili koku sinirini beyinden çıkan sinir çiftleri sınıflamasına birinci çift olarak dahil etmesi ve iç organlarda duyu bulunmadığından acıyı algılamadığını, acı hissinin organları kuşatan zarlardan kaynaklandığını keşfetmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Ayrıca İbn Sînâ cerrahî müdahaleler için anatomik yapının çok iyi bilinmesi gereği üzerinde durur ve organların birbirine karşı pozisyonunu bilmeyen ya da vücuttaki konumundan haberdar olmayan kişilerin herhangi bir operasyona kalkışmamaları gerektiğini ifade eder. Onun bu açıklamaları kendisinin teşrîh yaptığı ihtimalini akla getirmektedir.
Anatomi alanındaki çalışmalarıyla tanınan Abdüllatîf el-Bağdâdî, 1199-1201 yıllarında Mısır’da yaşanan kıtlığı konu aldığı el-İfâde ve’l-iʿtibâr adlı eserinde (s. 103-104), Kahire yakınlarındaki bir tepecikte ortaya çıkan iskelet yığınında 20.000 iskelet gördüğünü ve bunlar üzerindeki araştırmaları sayesinde Galen’in dediğinin aksine alt çene kemiğinin iki parçadan değil tek parçadan meydana geldiğini tesbit ettiğini söylemektedir. Ayrıca el-Kifâye fi’ṭ-ṭıb ’da insan fizyolojisi ve anatomisi hakkında açıklamalarda bulunurken erişkinlerin vücudundaki kemik sayısının 228 olduğunu söyler ki modern tıbba göre bu sayı 206’dır (Köker – Karabulut, s. 31). Meşhur hekim Zehrâvî, Kitâbü’t-Taṣrîf adlı eserinde verdiği ayrıntılı cerrahî bilgilerin yanı sıra belli ölçüde de olsa anatomik yapıyla ilgili bazı açıklamalar yapmıştır. XIII. yüzyılda yaşayan İbnü’n-Nefîs, İbn Sînâ’nın el-Ḳānûn ’unun ilk üç bölümünü oluşturan anatomi kısmına yazdığı Şerḥu Teşrîḥi’l-Ḳānûn adlı eserinde bilinenin aksine kalbin sağ ve sol tarafında herhangi bir delik bulunmadığını söylemektedir. Bu durumda kalbin sağ tarafına gelen kan sol tarafa geçemez; önce akciğer atar damarı ile akciğerlere gider ve akciğer toplar damarı ile kalbin sol tarafına gelir. Böylece İbnü’n-Nefîs, Batı’da 1553’te Michael Servetus (Christianismi Restitutio ) ve 1559’da Realdus Colombus (De re Medicine ) tarafından açıklanmasından yaklaşık üç yüzyıl önce küçük kan dolaşımını keşfeden ilk hekim unvanını almıştır.
Osmanlılar’da da ilm-i teşrîh tıp ilminin temeli kabul edilmiş ve tıpla ilgili eserlerde genellikle bu konuda bilgi verilmiştir. Bu alandaki ilk basit açıklamalara “Anadolu’nun İbn Sînâ’sı” diye anılan Hacı Paşa’nın Teshîl adlı eserinde rastlanmaktadır. XV. yüzyılın belli başlı hekim ve cerrahlarından Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu, Cerrâhiyye-i İlhâniyye adlı eserinde cerrahînin yanı sıra anatomi hakkında da açıklamalar yapmıştır. XVI. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti’nde anatomi önemini korumuş, bu devrin hekimlerinden Dâvûd-i Antâkî yazdığı tıp eserlerinde insanın vücut yapısını kuş gibi bazı hayvanların yapısıyla karşılaştırmalı biçimde anlatmıştır. Dolayısıyla onun çalışmaları mukayeseli anatomi olarak değerlendirilebilir. Yine bu yüzyıl hekimlerinden Ahî Çelebi, Risâle-i Hasâtü’l-kilye ve’l-mesâne adlı kısa kitabında böbrek, mesane taşları ve bunların tedavileriyle ilgili bilgilere geçmeden önce bu organların anatomisini tanıtmıştır. Osmanlılar’da anatomiye dair kaleme alınmış en önemli eserlerden biri, aynı zamanda tek müstakil Osmanlı anatomi kitabı olan Şemseddîn-i Itâkî’nin Teşrîhu’l-ebdân ve Tercümân-ı Kıbâle-i Feylesûfân ’ıdır (yazılışı 1041/1632). Bu eserde yer alan renkli anatomik resimlerin bir grubu klasik anatomi şemaları olup benzerlerine XIV. yüzyılda yaşayan Mansûr b. Muhammed b. Ahmed-i Şîrâzî’nin Farsça Kitâb-ı Teşrîḥu’l-ebdân ’ında rastlanmaktadır. İkinci grup resimler ise yazarın içeriğinden de yararlandığı anlaşılan Andreas Vesalius’un (ö. 1563) Fabrica adlı eserinden kopya edilmiştir. Şemseddîn-i Itâkî’nin kitabında bizzat yaptığı çalışmalara dayanarak verdiği anatomi şemaları da vardır ve bunlar kitaptaki açıklamalarla uyum göstermektedir; beşinci kafa çifti ve onun dağılımını gösteren şemalar gibi.
XVII. yüzyıl hekimlerinden Emîr Çelebi’nin kaleme aldığı Enmûzecü’t-tıb ’da anatominin şemalarla öğretilemeyeceği, insan vücudunun doğru şekilde ancak teşrîh yapmak suretiyle öğrenilebileceği vurgulanmaktadır. XIX. yüzyılda Şânîzâde Mehmed Atâullah Efendi, Batı kaynaklarından aldığı anatomi şemalarını ihtiva eden ve Türkçe basılmış ilk anatomi kitabı olan Mir’âtü’l-ebdân fî teşrîhi a‘zâi’l-insân adlı eserinde her organ hakkında çok ayrıntılı bilgiler vermektedir. Eserin bir nüshası devrin padişahına sunulmuştur. 1806’da Üsküdar Selimiye Kışlası’ndaki kemiklerin Süleymaniye Tıp Medresesi’ne nakli, Türk hekimleri tarafından insan anatomisiyle ilgili her türlü malzemenin ne kadar önemsendiğini göstermesi bakımından kayda değer bir husustur. Osmanlılar’da otopsi II. Mahmud’un izniyle 1838’de, anatomi derslerinin resim ve şemalarla verilemeyeceğini ifade eden Bernard’ın öncülüğünde Tersâne-i Âmire prangasında ölenlerin cesetleri üzerinde olmak üzere Tıp Okulu’nda başlatılmıştır (BA , İrade, nr. 1257, 1771).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Emilie Savage-Smith, “Tas̲h̲rīḥ”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 354-356.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 573-575 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.