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TEVBE SÛRESİ Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in dokuzuncu sûresi.
Tamamı Medine’de nâzil olan son sûredir. 113. âyetle son iki âyetin Mekke’de indiği yolundaki rivayet çoğunluğun görüşüyle bağdaşmamaktadır (İbn Âşûr, X, 6-7). Adını 117 ve 118. âyetlerde geçen “tevbe” kavramından almıştır. Bunun yanında sûrede müşrik ve münafıkların tuttukları yanlış yoldan dönerek tövbe etmelerinin gerekliliğinden söz edilmesi bu isimle anılmasına sebep teşkil etmiştir. Sûre, “hiçbir sorumluluk kabul edilmeyeceğine dair bildiri” anlamına gelen ilk kelimesi berâet ten dolayı Berâe adıyla da anılmış, muhtevasında münafıklardan uzunca bahsedilerek iç yüzlerinin ortaya konulması ve taktiklerinin anlatılmasından dolayı onu aşkın başka isimlerle de adlandırılmıştır (Âlûsî, X, 329-330; İbn Âşûr, X, 5-6; Elmalılı, III, 2442). 129 âyet olup fâsılaları ب، ر، ل، م، ن harfleridir; bunların ilk üçü altı âyetin sonunda yer almıştır. Sûrenin başında besmele yer almamaktadır. Bunun sebebiyle ilgili, Enfâl sûresinin devamı olup ikisinin tek sûre sayıldığı, sûrede daha çok savaştan bahsedildiği, besmelenin ise rahmet ve şefkat özelliği taşıdığı için muhteva ile uyuşmadığı yönünde bazı açıklamalar yapılmıştır. Ancak Kurtubî’nin de belirttiği gibi (el-Câmiʿ , VIII, 40-41) bu konuda en isabetli görüş şu olmalıdır: Hz. Peygamber yeni nâzil olan âyet ve sûrelerin hangi âyet ve sûrenin yanına konulacağını belirliyor, bu arada besmeleyi de zikrediyordu. Tevbe sûresinin Enfâl’den sonra kaydedilmesini emretmiş, fakat besmele yazılmasından söz etmemiştir. Resûlullah sûrenin nüzûlünden bir yıl sonra vefat etmiş ve Halife Osman döneminde Kur’an âyetleri mushaf haline getirilirken de Tevbe sûresinin başında besmele yazılmamıştır (krş. Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 9/1).
Tevbe sûresinin muhtevasını müslüman hâkimiyetinin ilân edilmesi, münafıkların ve samimi müminlerin niteliklerinin anlatılması şeklinde üç bölüm halinde ele almak mümkündür. 8 (630) yılında Mekke’nin fethedilmesiyle Arabistan yarımadasında İslâm hâkimiyetinin sağlanmasında çok önemli bir merhale katedilmişse de yarımadanın çeşitli yerlerinde direnişler devam ediyor, müslümanlarla aynı coğrafyada yaşayan ve kendileriyle antlaşmalar yapılan bazı müşrik grupları da bulunuyordu. Fetihten yaklaşık on dört ay sonra (Zilkade-Zilhicce/Mart 631) Hz. Ebû Bekir yönetiminde düzenlenen ilk İslâmî haccın ifa edilmesi niyetiyle müslümanların Medine’den yola çıkmasının ardından Tevbe sûresi inmiş, Resûl-i Ekrem sûrenin özellikle müşrikleri ilgilendiren hükümlerinin tebliği için arkadan Hz. Ali’yi göndermişti. Sûrenin ilk bölümünü oluşturan âyetler onun bu tebligatı çerçevesine girer. “Allah ve resulünden antlaşma yaptığınız müşriklere açık bildiri” diye başlayan sûrenin bu âyetlerinde müslümanlarla puta tapanların dinî, siyasî ve sosyal konumlarının bundan böyle tamamen birbirinden ayrılacağı ifade edilir. Buna göre aralarında antlaşma bulunan gruplarla antlaşma müddetince, diğer müşriklerle o günden itibaren dört ay süreyle barış hali devam edecek, antlaşma şartlarına uyup düşman saflarında yer alan kimselere destek vermemek kaydıyla müşriklere savaş açılmayacaktır. Bunun yanında putperestlikten dönüp iman eden, namaz kılıp zekât veren herkes dokunulmazlığa sahip olacak, kendi inancına bağlı kalmakla birlikte müslümanların ülkesine -seyahat amacıyla- girmek isteyenlere de güvence verilecektir (âyet 1-6). Bu âyetlerin ardından müşriklerin müslümanlara karşı samimi davranmadıkları, ahid ve antlaşma tanımadıkları belirtilir. Bununla birlikte tuttukları yoldan vazgeçip iman ettikleri, namaz kılmayı ve zekât vermeyi kabul ettikleri takdirde (Mâtürîdî, VI, 292-293, 302-303) müslümanların din kardeşleri sayılacak, fakat antlaşmaları bozup İslâmiyet’e dil uzatanlara savaş açılacaktır. Bu arada küfür ve inkârda ısrar eden putperestlerin camilerin ve Mescid-i Harâm’ın hizmetinde bulunamayacakları, bu hakkın Allah’a ve âhiret gününe iman edip namaz kılan, zekât veren ve Allah’tan başka hiçbir kimseden korkmayanlara ait olduğu vurgulanır. Daha sonra İslâmiyet’in yayılıp yerleşmesi ve gönüller üzerinde hâkimiyet kurması için elden gelen gayretin (cihad) sarfedilmesinin önemi üzerinde durulur, ebedî saadete bu nitelikleri taşıyanların erişeceği belirtilir. Bu idealin baba, oğul, kardeş, eş ve yakın akraba sevgisinden, servet, ticaret ve konforlu mesken arzusundan üstün tutulması gerektiği anlatılır (âyet 7-27). Ardından müminlere hitap edilerek mânevî kire bulanmaları yüzünden müşriklerin bundan böyle Kâbe’ye yaklaşamayacağı bildirilir. Allah’ın birliğine ve âhiret gününe inanmayan, Allah’ın ve resulünün haram kıldığını haram tanımamak suretiyle hak dini reddeden, Üzeyir’i ve Îsâ’yı Allah’ın oğlu diye tanımlayan yahudi ve hıristiyanlardan oluşan Ehl-i kitap’la da cizye vermeyi kabul etmelerine kadar savaşılması emredilir. Bu iki zümrenin bilginlerini, rahiplerini ve Meryem oğlu Îsâ’yı Allah’tan başka rab edindikleri, böylece şirke düşerek Allah’ın nurunu söndürmeye çalıştıkları, fakat bunu asla başaramayacakları, İslâmiyet’in bütün dinlere hâkim olacağı ifade edilir; yahudi ve hıristiyan din adamlarından çoğunun haksız yere insanların mallarını yedikleri belirtilir. Birinci bölümün sonunda savaşın yasaklandığı haram ayların ve dolayısıyla diğer zaman dilimlerinin takvimdeki yerlerinin değiştirilmemesinin gerektiği vurgulanır (âyet 28-37). Hz. Ali’nin İslâm tarihinin ilk hacı adaylarına, ayrıca son defa müslümanlarla birlikte kendi inançlarına göre hac yapan müşriklere tebliğ ettiği hükümler şunlardır: a) Cennete sadece hak dine inananlar girecek; b) Bu hac mevsiminin bitiminden itibaren müslüman olmayan kimseler Mescid-i Harâm’a yaklaşmayacak; c) Artık Kâbe çıplak olarak tavaf edilmeyecek; d) Müslümanlarla antlaşması bulunanlara belirlenen sürenin sonuna kadar güvence verilecek, antlaşması olmayanlara da dört ay süre tanınacaktır (Müsned , I, 79; Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 9; İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, III, 519-520).
Tevbe sûresinin ikinci bölümü, o zamanki müslüman toplumun iç problemleri ve bu problemlerin başında yer alan münafıklar hakkındadır. 9 (630) yılında 40.000 kişilik bir Bizans ordusunun müslümanları imha etmek amacıyla hazırlığa başladığı yolundaki haberlerin ulaşması üzerine Hz. Peygamber askerî harekât hazırlıklarına başladı. Ancak bazı müslümanlar bu zor sefere katılmakta isteksiz görünüyor ve işi yavaştan alıyordu. Bölümün ilk âyetlerinde sitem, tehdit ve özendirme unsurları taşıyan ifadelerle bu probleme temas edildikten sonra (âyet 38-41) önceki yıllardan itibaren müslüman görünmekle birlikte İslâmiyet’i gönülden benimsememiş ve müslüman topluma ısınamamış münafıkların Tebük Seferi münasebetiyle sergiledikleri davranışlar ve onların ruhsal portreleri anlatılır. Münafıkların Allah’a, resulüne ve âhiret gününe inanmadıkları, namaza üşenerek geldikleri, toplum yararına yapılması gereken harcamaları istemeyerek yerine getirdikleri, meşrû mazeretleri bulunmadığı halde yalan söyleyip sefere katılmamak için izin istedikleri, esasen katılsalar da bozgunculuktan başka bir şey yapmayacakları bildirilir (âyet 42-54). Münafıkların mal ve evlât sahibi olmalarına imrenilmemesinin gerektiği, bu dünya imkânlarının onlar için bir sıkıntı sebebi ve küfürle can vermelerine bir vasıta niteliği taşıdığı ifade edildikten sonra onların zenginliklerine rağmen zekâttan pay almak istedikleri, öte yandan Allah ile, resulü ile ve O’nun âyetleriyle alay ettikleri halde aksini ileri sürüp ant içtikleri belirtilir. Burada münafık erkeklerle münafık kadınların aynı ruhî ve ahlâkî özelliklere sahip olduğu, kötülüğü özendirip iyiliğe engel olmaya çalıştıkları, sosyal harcamalarda cimri davrandıkları, dolayısıyla Allah’ı unuttukları, bu sebeple ebediyen cehennemde kalacakları haber verilir (âyet 55-68). Buna karşılık mümin erkeklerle mümin kadınların ortak bir ruhsal yapıya sahip bulundukları ve iyiliği emredip, kötülükten sakındırdıkları, namaz kılıp zekât verdikleri, Allah’a ve resulüne itaat ettikleri, bunun sonucunda Allah’ın rahmetine, cennet nimetlerine ve en büyük mutluluk olan Allah rızasına kavuşacakları anlatılır (âyet 71-72). Hz. Peygamber’e ve müslümanlara kâfirlerle münafıklara karşı cihad etmeleri, bu sırada onlara sert davranmaları emredilir; Resûlullah’tan münafıklar için hiçbir şekilde af dilememesi ve onlar için dua etmemesi istenir. Hastalık veya güçsüzlüklerinden dolayı, ayrıca malî imkânları bulunmadığından Tebük Seferi’ne katılamayanların vebalinden söz edilemeyeceği belirtilir; Medine’de ve çevresinde oturanlar arasındaki münafıkların yanı sıra çeşitli bölgelerde bedevî Araplar’dan da münafıkların türediği bildirilir. İslâmiyet’i ilk benimseyen muhacirlerin, ensarın ve bu iki zümreye güzellikle uyan bütün müslümanların büyük nimetlere nâil kılınacağı beyan edilir (âyet 100). Bu arada Tebük Seferi’ne tembellikleri yüzünden katılmayan ve günahlarını itiraf eden üç kişinin affedileceği müjdesi verilir. Nifak ehlinin müslümanlara zarar vermek gayesiyle Kubâ Mescidi’nin karşısında yaptırdıkları mescide temas edilerek Resûlullah’a o mescide hiçbir şekilde girmemesi emredilir (bk. MESCİD-i DIRÂR ).
Üçüncü bölüm müminlere ve onların vasıflarına dair olup burada “alışveriş” kavramı kullanılarak Allah ile müminler arasında yapılan bir anlaşmadan söz edilir. Buna göre müminler Allah yolunda gerektiğinde öldürme ve öldürülmeyi göze alarak cihad edecek, Allah da onları cennete koyacaktır. Âyette bu anlaşmanın Tevrat’ta, İncil’de ve Kur’an’da yer aldığı belirtilir ve alışverişleri sebebiyle tebrik edilmeye lâyık görülen müminlerin nitelikleri şöyle sıralanır: İşledikleri hatalardan dolayı tövbe edenler, ibadetlerini samimiyetle yerine getirenler, Allah’a hamdedip şükürde bulunanlar, İslâmiyet’i yaymak için seyahat edenler, rükûa ve secdeye varanlar, iyiliği yaptırmaya ve kötülükten sakındırmaya çalışanlar, Allah’ın koyduğu sınırları koruyup onları aşmayanlar. Küfürle imanın hem düşünce hem realite bakımından bütün açıklığıyla birbirinden ayrılmasından sonra ne peygamberin ne de müminlerin puta tapanlar için af dileyebileceği vurgulanır. Ardından Hz. Peygamber’in, muhacirlerin ve ensarın, sıkıntılı Tebük Seferi’nde Resûlullah’ın yanında yer alanların ve mazeretsiz sefere katılmadıkları halde dürüstlükten ayrılmayan, müslümanların kendileriyle elli gün boyunca konuşmadığı üç sahâbînin (Buhârî, “Meġāzî”, 79; Müslim, “Tevbe”, 53; İbn Hişâm, II, 531-537) affedildiği bildirilir. Bu ilâhî beyanın bir tövbe yenilemesi ve bir veda özelliği taşıdığını söylemek mümkündür; zira Resûl-i Ekrem’in dünya hayatı bir yıl içinde nihayete ermiştir. Daha sonra müminlere hitap edilerek Allah’a karşı saygılı davranmaları ve sadâkat sahibi kimselerden ayrılmamaları istenir. Medine’de ve çevresinde yaşayan müslümanların seferden geri kalıp Resûlullah’ı yalnız bırakmalarının ve onun yanında yer alacağına kendi nefislerini düşünmelerinin doğru olmadığı ifade edilir. Müminlerin İslâm’ı yayarken karşılaşacakları zorlukların, çekecekleri zahmetlerin, yapacakları malî fedakârlıkların Allah nezdinde sâlih amel kabul edileceği belirtilir. Öte yandan müminlerin tamamının sefere çıkmaması ve bazı grupların geri kalıp dinî hükümleri öğrenmesi için kendilerini ilme adamalarının gerektiği vurgulanır. Ardından yine münafıkların bazı tavırlarına işaret edildikten sonra bütün müslümanlara hitap edilerek kendi içlerinden kendilerine bir elçinin geldiği, onun müslümanların özellikle ebediyet âleminde sıkıntıya düşmesinden büyük üzüntü duyduğu, herkesin hidayete kavuşmasını şiddetle arzu ettiği, müminlere karşı çok şefkatli ve çok merhametli olduğu ifade edilir. Son âyette Resûl-i Ekrem’e bunca gayretlere rağmen bazı insanların gerçeği benimsemekten yüz çevirmeleri durumunda şöyle demesi emredilir: “Allah bana yeter; O’ndan başka ilâh yoktur; yalnız O’na dayanıp O’na güveniyorum. Yüce arşın rabbi ve üstün hâkimiyetin sahibi O’dur” (âyet 111-129).
Tevbe sûresinde iman, nifak ve şirkten doğan davranışlar anlatılarak bunları benimseyenler psikolojik tahlile tâbi tutulmuş, her birine ait hükümler belirtilmiş ve değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Sûrede “cihad”, “kıtâl” ve “nefr” kavramlarıyla müslümanlar savaşa teşvik edilmiştir. Bu da İslâmiyet’in Arabistan yarımadasına yayıldığı o dönemde yarımadanın içinde direnişlerin, dışında da müslüman varlığına karşı tehditlerin mevcudiyetini gösterir. Nitekim Hz. Peygamber’in son günlerinde bazı hareketler ortaya çıkıp vefatının ardından devam etmiştir. Tevbe sûresinin Hz. Peygamber’e verilen ve Tevrat’ın muhtevasının tamamına denk gelen yedi sûreden (seb‘-i tıvâl) biri olduğu (Müsned , IV, 107), Hz. Ömer’in erkeklerin Tevbe sûresini öğrenmeleri, kadınlara da Nûr sûresinin öğretilmesi yönünde tâlimat verdiği (İbrâhim Ali, s. 224-225, 244-245) bilinmektedir. Bazı hadis kitaplarında yer alan, “Kur’an bana âyet âyet, harf harf nâzil olmuştur; ancak Berâe sûresiyle “Kul hüve’llāhu ahad” müstesna; bu iki sûre nâzil olurken beraberinde 70.000 saf melek bulunuyordu” meâlindeki hadis (Zemahşerî, III, 111; Beyzâvî, II, 216) sabit görülmemiştir (Zemahşerî, I, 684; İbrâhim Ali, s. 462).
Abdullah Muhammed Hüseyin ez-Za‘bî, ʿAlâḳatü’l-müslimîn bi-ġayrihim kemâ câʾet fî sûreti’t-Tevbe adıyla bir yüksek lisans çalışması yapmıştır (1403, Muhammed b. Suûd İslâm Üniversitesi Medine İslâmî Davet Yüksek Enstitüsü). Kâmil Selâme ed-Daks el-ʿAlâḳatü’d-devliyye fi’l-İslâm ʿalâ ḍavʾi’l-iʿcâzi’l-beyânî fî sûreti’t-Tevbe (Cidde 1395/1975) ve Abdurrahman Abdullah el-Muhammedî el-Cihâd fî ḍavʾi sûreti’t-Tevbe ismiyle birer eser kaleme almışlardır. Uri Rubin, “The Great Pilgrimage of Muhammad: Some Notes on Sūre IX” adlı makalesinde Tevbe sûresinin 3. âyetinde geçen “el-haccü’l-ekber” terkibini tahlil etmiş (JSS , XXVII/2 [1982], s. 241-261), “Barā’a: A Study of Some Quranic Passages” başlıklı yazısında da Hz. Peygamber’in çeşitli kabilelerle yaptığı antlaşmaları ifade eden âyet ve hadisleri değerlendirmek suretiyle “berâe” kelimesinin mânasını tartışmıştır (Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam , V [1984], s. 13-32). Şehîd-i Sânî, Tefsîrü’ş-Şehîdi’s̱-S̱ânî adlı eserinde besmelenin geniş bir açıklamasıyla Tevbe sûresinin 100. âyetinin tefsirini yapmış (DİA , XXXVIII, 440), Ahmed Râfî‘ et-Tahtâvî, Bulûġu’s-sûl fî tefsîri “le-ḳad câʾeküm resûl” adlı eserinde sûrenin 128. âyetini tefsir etmiştir (Kahire 1305).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müsned , I, 79; IV, 107.
Buhârî, “Meġāzî”, 67, “Tefsîr”, 9/1.
İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre2 , II, 531-537.
Mâtürîdî, Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Ertuğrul Boynukalın), İstanbul 2006, VI, 292-293, 302-303.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf (nşr. Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd v.dğr.), Riyad 1418/1998, I, 684; III, 111.
Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , Beyrut 1408/1988, VIII, 40-41.
Beyzâvî, Envârü’t-tenzîl , Beyrut 1410/1990, II, 216.
İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, Zâdü’l-meʿâd (nşr. Şuayb el-Arnaût – Abdülkādir el-Arnaût), Beyrut 1425/2005, III, 519-520.
Âlûsî, Rûḥu’l-meʿânî (nşr. Ahmed el-Emed – Ömer Abdüsselâm es-Selâmî), Beyrut 1420/1999, X, 329-330.
M. Tâhir İbn Âşûr, et-Taḥrîr ve’t-tenvîr , Beyrut 1420/2000, X, 5-7.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , III, 2442.
Ca‘fer Şerefeddin, el-Mevsûʿatü’l-Ḳurʾâniyye ve ḫaṣâʾiṣü’s-süver , Beyrut 1420/1999, III, 227-308.
İbrâhim Ali es-Seyyid Ali Îsâ, el-Eḥâdîs̱ ve’l-âs̱ârü’l-vâride fî feżâʾili süveri’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm , Kahire 1421/2001, s. 224-225, 244-245, 462.
Seyyid Muhammed Hüseynî – Mahbûbe Müezzin, “Sûre-i Tevbe”, DMT , IX, 341-342.
Abbas Bahrânî, “Berâʾet, Sûre”, Dânişnâme-i Cihân-ı İslâm , Tahran 1375/1997, II, 625-627.
Mustafa Öz, “Şehîd-i Sânî”, DİA , XXXVIII, 440.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2011 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 40. cildinde, 585-588 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.