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TEVESSÜL Skip to content Sâlih amelleri veya bazı kişileri vesile edinerek Allah’a yakın olmaya çalışmak, O’ndan dilekte bulunmak anlamında terim.
Sözlükte “bir aracı vasıtasıyla maddî veya mânevî derecesi yüksek birine yaklaşmayı arzu etmek; iyi amellerle Allah’a yaklaşmayı ummak” anlamındaki vesl kökünden türeyen tevessül bir müslümanın işlediği sâlih amelleri, Hz. Peygamber’i yahut velîleri vesile yaparak Allah’a yakın olmaya çalışmasını ifade eder. Vesîle üstün konumdaki birine yaklaşmaya aracı olacağı umulan şey veya kimsedir. “Yardım istemek” anlamındaki istiâne, istigāse ve istimdâd da aynı mânada kullanılır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de tevessül kelimesi geçmez. Vesilenin yer aldığı iki âyetten birinde Cenâb-ı Hak, müminlere kendisine yakın olmaya vasıta aramalarını ve kurtuluşa ermek için O’nun yolunda bütün güçlerini harcamalarını emretmekte (el-Mâide 5/35), diğerinde ilâh diye tapılan ve dua edilen varlıkların da rablerine yakın olmak için bir vasıta aradıkları belirtilmektedir (el-İsrâ 17/57). Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî bu âyette sözü edilen varlıklar içinde meleklerin de yer alabileceğini söyler, zira meleklere ve gözle görülmeyen diğer bazı varlıklara da yaratılmışlık üstü konum tanıyanlar olmuştur (Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân , VIII, 299-302). Allah’a yakın olmak amacıyla vesile aramanın mahiyeti “ilim ve ibadetle O’nun yoluna girme, İslâmî erdemlerle nitelenme” şeklinde açıklanmıştır (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “vsl” md.). Farklı görüşler bulunmakla birlikte müfessirler vesileye “müslümanı Allah’ın rızasına ulaştıran her türlü ilim ve amel” mânasını vermişler, nâfile ibadetleri de bunun kapsamı içinde değerlendirmişlerdir (Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , VIII, 405; İbn Teymiyye, Ḳāʿide , s. 48). Hadislerde vesile ve tevessül kelimeleri yer almaktadır. Çeşitli rivayetlerde belirtildiğine göre kuraklık dönemlerinde ashap Hz. Peygamber’le tevessülde bulunarak Allah’a dua ediyor ve duaları kabul görüyordu. Onun vefatından sonra amcası Abbas ile tevessülde bulunulmuştur (Buhârî, “İstisḳāʾ”, 3; “Feżâʾilü aṣḥâbi’n-nebî”, 11). Resûl-i Ekrem, gözleri görmeyen bir sahâbîye kendisiyle tevessülde bulunarak Allah’a dua etmesini söylemiş, sahâbî yaptığı duadan sonra görmeye başlamıştır (Tirmizî, “Daʿavât”, 119; ayrıca bk. Müsned , II, 168; III, 83; Müslim, “Ṣalât”, 11).
İbn Cerîr et-Taberî, müslümanlar arasında vuku bulan ihtilâflar bağlamında Resûlullah’tan sonra Allah’ın hücceti sayılan dinî liderlerin bulunup bulunmadığı meselesinin tartışıldığını belirtir; ayrıca Allah’a dua ederken “peygamber ve velîler hakkı için” ifadesini kullanıp tevessülde bulunmanın câiz olmadığına ilişkin bir görüşü Ebû Hanîfe’ye nisbet eder (et-Tebṣîr , s. 156; krş. M. Nesîb er-Rifâî, s. 26). Bu tür nakillerden hareketle tevessül konusuna ilişkin tartışmaların II. (VIII.) yüzyılın ilk yarısında ortaya çıktığını söylemek mümkündür. Daha sonra Mâlik b. Enes’e atfedilen bazı görüşlerin yanı sıra hadis mecmualarında zayıf kabul edilen bir kısım rivayetlerin yer almasından da bu meselenin erken dönemlerde gündeme geldiği anlaşılmaktadır. Konu, tasavvuf ve tarikatların yaygınlaşmasının ardından İbn Teymiyye’den itibaren Selef âlimleriyle diğer Sünnî âlimleri arasında önemli bir ihtilâf mevzuu haline gelmiştir. Tevessülün çeşitlerini ve bunlarla ilgili görüşleri şöylece özetlemek mümkündür:
1. Allah’ın zâtı, isimleri ve sıfatlarıyla tevessül. Kur’an’da Allah’a en güzel isimleriyle dua edilmesi ve O’nun övülüp yüceltilmesi emredilmiş (el-A‘râf 7/180; Kāf 50/39-40), Hz. Peygamber dualarında Allah’ın kendi zâtına verdiği isimlerle O’na niyazda bulunmuş ve ashabına da bunu öğretmiştir (Müsned , I, 391, 452; Tirmizî, “Daʿavât”, 92). Kur’an okuduktan sonra dua etmek de Allah’ın sıfatlarıyla tevessülde bulunma olarak kabul edilmiştir, çünkü Kur’an Allah kelâmıdır, O’nun kelâmı ise sıfatıdır. Bu tür tevessülün bid‘at sayılmadığı hususunda ittifak vardır (M. Nesîb er-Rifâî, s. 25-51; Himyerî, s. 39).
2. Hz. Peygamber’le tevessül. Bütün âlimler Hz. Peygamber’le tevessülde bulunmayı câiz görmüş, ancak onunla tevessülde bulunmanın anlamı konusunda farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. a) Resûlullah ile tevessül etmek onun Allah nezdindeki makamı ve derecesinin hakkı için değil hayatta iken ondan dua etmesini istemek ve Allah’tan onu kendisine şefaatçi kılmasını talep etmek anlamına gelir. Böyle bir tevessül câizdir. Buna rağmen huzurunda, gıyabında veya ölümünden sonra zatıyla tevessülde bulunmak câiz değildir. Nitekim bir kuraklık yılında Hz. Ömer’in hayatta olmayan Resûl-i Ekrem yerine Abbas b. Abdülmuttalib ile tevessülde bulunması tevessülün bir kimseden dua istemek mânasına geldiğini gösterir. Resûlullah ile tevessülün bir başka anlamı da kendisine itaat etmek, onun gösterdiği yola uyduğunu belirterek Allah’tan talepte bulunmaktır. Zatıyla tevessülü ve kabrinin yanında yapılan duanın mescidlerde yapılan dualardan üstün olduğunu ifade eden rivayetler zayıftır. İbn Teymiyye, Muhammed Abduh, M. Reşîd Rızâ gibi Selefî âlimler bu görüştedir (İbn Teymiyye, Ḳāʿide , s. 57-75, 113-114, 140-141; İbn Ebü’l-İz, I, 298-299; Reşîd Rızâ, VI, 371-377). b) Hz. Peygamber’le tevessülde bulunmak dünyaya gelmeden önce, hayatta iken ve ölümünden sonra onun zatı ve Allah katındaki derecesiyle Allah’tan talepte bulunmak anlamına gelir. Kur’an’da müminlere Allah’a yakın olmak için vesile aramaları (el-Mâide 5/35), Allah’ı sevenlerin peygamberine itaat etmeleri emredilmiş ve ona uyanları Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın seveceği bildirilmiştir (Âl-i İmrân 3/31-32). Allah’a yaklaşma vesilelerinin başında Resûl-i Ekrem gelir; ayrıca sevgi ve itaat ancak Resûlullah’ın zatına yönelik olabilir. Ashaptan itibaren fıkıh, kelâm ve tasavvuf âlimlerinin Hz. Peygamber’in zatıyla tevessülde bulunmayı câiz görmeleri de bu konuda bir delil teşkil eder. İbn Teymiyye’ye kadar bu hususta âlimler arasında herhangi bir ihtilâf çıkmamıştır (Resûlullah’ın zatıyla tevessülde bulunmanın onun henüz dünyaya gelmeden önce başladığına dair telakkiler için bk. Müsned , IV, 138; Himyerî, s. 303-318). Hz. Ömer’in Abbas ile tevessülde bulunması sonuçta Resûl-i Ekrem’le tevessül etmek anlamına gelir. İmam Mâlik, Resûlullah’ın kabrine yönelerek tevessülde bulunmakta bir sakınca görmemiştir (Sübkî, s. 134-143; Âlûsî, VI, 128; Kevserî, s. 11-12). Sünnî âlimlerin çoğunluğu bu görüştedir.
3. Amel-i sâlihle tevessül. İman ve itaatten sonra Allah’tan mağfiret dilemeyi ifade eden âyetlerin yanı sıra (el-Bakara 2/285; Âl-i İmrân 3/193-194) Fâtiha sûresinde yer alan, “Sadece sana tapar ve yalnızca senden yardım dileriz” (1/5-6) cümlesinin ardından hidayete eriştirme niyazında bulunmaya dair âyet amel-i sâlihle tevessülde bulunmaya işaret eder. Bir mağarada mahsur kalan müminlerin kurtuluşunu haber veren rivayetlerde belirtildiği gibi (Müsned , II, 116; Buhârî, “Edeb”, 5) amel-i sâlihle tevessülde bulunarak yapılan duaların makbul olduğu yolunda bilgiler mevcuttur. İbn Mes‘ûd’un teheccüd namazı kıldıktan sonra, “Allahım, emrettin itaat ettim, davet ettin icabet ettim, beni bağışla!” şeklindeki duası ashabın bu tür tevessüle başvurduğunu kanıtlayıcı niteliktedir. Âlimlerin tamamı bunu câiz görmüştür (Âlûsî, VI, 127; M. Nesîb er-Rifâî, s. 111-134).
4. Müttaki ve sâlih müminlerin duasıyla tevessül. Âlimler bunu da ittifakla kabul etmiştir. Esasen müminlerin duasını istemek Kur’an ve Sünnet’te teşvik edilmiştir. Nitekim Resûl-i Ekrem umreye giden Hz. Ömer’den kendisi için dua etmesini istemiştir. Sahâbîler de sıkıntılarının giderilmesi için Resûlullah’ın duasına başvurup tevessülde bulunmuştur (İbn Teymiyye, Ḳāʿide , s. 66-69; M. Nesîb er-Rifâî, s. 141-163).
5. Hayatta olan velîler ve sâlih müminlerin zatıyla tevessül. Bu konuda iki yaklaşım mevcuttur. a) Bu tevessülü câiz görenler, bunun Kur’an’da Allah’a yaklaştıran vesileler aramayı emreden âyetin (el-Mâide 5/35) alanına dolaylı biçimde girdiğini söylemiştir. Nitekim melekler Âdem’e secde ederek Allah’a yakınlık sağlamış, iyi kulların ilâhî rahmetin tecelli ettiği hayır sahipleri olduğu belirtilmiş ve müminlere iyilerle birlikte ölmeyi dilemeleri öğretilmiştir (Kevserî, s. 2-15; Ebü’l-Fazl, s. 17-18; Himyerî, s. 139-142, 181-182). Hadislerde Resûlullah ile tevessülde bulunmanın tavsiye edilmesi ona tâbi olan ve bunu teşvik eden velîler ve sâlihlerle tevessülü de câiz kılar. Hz. Ömer’in Abbas b. Abdülmuttalib ile tevessül etmesi de bu konunun bir delilini teşkil eder (Sübkî, s. 143-144; Kevserî, s. 18). Sâlih amellerle tevessülde bulunmanın meşrû kabul edilmesi bu amelleri yapanlarla tevessülü de meşrû hale getirir. Zira zat asıl, zata ait fiil fer‘îdir, fer‘î ile tevessül câiz ise asılla tevessül de câizdir (Himyerî, s. 43-44, 71-72, 126). Allah’ın yaratmadaki sünneti (âdet-i ilâhiyye) bazı vasıta ve sebeplerle fiilleri gerçekleştirmesi şeklinde tecelli eder. O’nun hasta olan birine ilâç vasıtasıyla şifa vermesi gibi mânevî hastalıklara müptelâ olan birine velî ve sâlih kulları vasıtasıyla şifa vermesi de sünnetine uygundur (Muhammed el-Burhânî, s. 3-8; Himyerî, s. 22-23, 55-56). Müctehid âlimlerin velîlerle tevessülü câiz görüp uyguladığına dair rivayetler bu fiilin meşruiyetine ilişkin diğer bir delil konumundadır. İmam Şâfiî’nin Ehl-i beyt’in yanı sıra Ebû Hanîfe ile, Ahmed b. Hanbel’in de Şâfiî ile tevessül ettiğine dair rivayetler sahih kaynaklarda mevcuttur. Fahreddin er-Râzî, Tâceddin es-Sübkî, Teftâzânî, Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî gibi âlimler bu tevessülü meşrû kabul edenlerden bazılarıdır. Burada velîler, kendilerinden kaynaklanan bir güce sahip kişiler olarak değil Allah’ın bir sonucu yaratmasının sebebi olarak görülmektedir (Kevserî, s. 3-4; Himyerî, s. 18-19, 265-266, 420-425). Eş‘arî ve Mâtürîdîler’in çoğunluğu bu görüştedir. b) Velîler ve sâlih müminlerin zatıyla tevessül câiz değildir, çünkü bu Allah’a yapılan tâzime benzer. Bu görüşü savunanlar tevessülle ilişkilendirilen âyetlerde zatla tevessüle dair bir işaret bulunmadığını, bu âyetlerin müminleri sâlih amel yapmaya teşvik ettiğini söyler. Onlara göre ilgili âyetlerden hareketle ortaya konulan görüşler aşırı bir yorumdan ibarettir. Başta Hz. Âdem’in tevessülü olmak üzere Resûlullah’a nisbet edilen rivayetler de zayıftır. Ashap, tâbiîn ve müctehid âlimlere izâfe edilebilecek böyle bir uygulama sahih rivayetlerle nakledilmemiştir. Selef âlimleri bu görüştedir (İbn Teymiyye, Ḳāʿide , s. 66, 133; Âlûsî, VI, 127-128).
6. Peygamberler, velîler ve sâlihlerin zatıyla Allah’a yemin ederek tevessülde bulunmak. Başta Ebû Hanîfe olmak üzere âlimlerin büyük çoğunluğu, “Filân velînin veya sâlih kulun hakkı için senden şunu niyaz ederim” şeklinde yemin mânasına gelebilecek ifadelerle tevessülün câiz görülmediği yahut tahrîmen mekruh olduğu görüşünde birleşmiştir. İster nebî ister velî veya Kâbe gibi mukaddes bir mekân olsun Allah’ın adından başkasıyla yemin etmek meşrû değildir. Selef âlimlerine göre ise bu tür bir tevessül şirke götürür. Tasavvuf mensupları bu tür tevessülü câiz görmüştür (İbn Teymiyye, Ḳāʿide , s. 50-51, 114-115; Âlûsî, VI, 128; Reşîd Rızâ, VI, 372-375).
7. Peygamberler, velîler ve sâlih kullarla ölümlerinden sonra tevessülde bulunmak. Bunu câiz görenlerle Selef âlimleri arasında önemli görüş ayrılıkları bulunmaktadır. Eş‘ariyye, Mâtürîdiyye ve Sûfiyye’ye mensup âlimlere göre ölümlerinden sonra da Allah’ın iyi kullarıyla tevessül edilebilir. Çünkü tevessülle elde edilen sonucu yaratan Allah’tır ve sâlih kulun diri veya ölü olması durumu değiştirmez. İyi kullarla tevessülün sebebi onların Allah nezdindeki dereceleridir. Dünyada eksik ruhları tamamlama görevini yerine getiren iyi kullar bu fonksiyonlarını öldükten sonra da sürdürebilir. Kur’an’da kâfirlerin ölen yakınlarından ümit kestiğinin (el-Mümtehine 60/13), ayrıca ölenlerin de nimet veya azap içinde bulunduğunun belirtilmesi (bk. KABİR ) bunu kanıtlar niteliktedir. Ölülere selâm verilmesi onların da ruhen buna mukabele etmesini gerektirir. Temiz ruhların, kabirlerini ziyarete gelenlerin ruhlarıyla ilişki kurması, onları hayra yöneltmesi ve nurlandırması mümkündür. Nitekim Şâfiî Ebû Hanîfe’nin, İbn Huzeyme Ali er-Rızâ’nın, Ebû Ali el-Hallâl Mûsâ el-Kâzım’ın kabrine gidip tevessülde bulunmuştur. Fahreddin er-Râzî, Teftâzânî, Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî gibi âlimlerin bu tevessülü câiz görmesi ashaptan itibaren müslümanların uyguladığı bu fiilin meşruluğunu gösterir (el-Meṭâlibü’l-ʿâliye , VII, 275-277; Şerḥu’l-Maḳāṣıd , II, 43; Kevserî, s. 5-9). İbn Teymiyye’den itibaren bu tevessülü câiz kabul etmeyen Selef âlimlerine göre tarihte putperestlik ölen sâlih kişilerden yardım dilemekle başlamıştır. Önce ölülerden Allah’a aracı olmaları istenmiş, ardından sâlihlerin putları yapılarak bunlara tapılmıştır. İslâm dininde ölüye hitap ederek ondan dua isteme şeklinde bir uygulama mevcut değildir. Eğer ölülerle tevessül câiz olsaydı Hz. Ömer, Resûlullah’ın amcası Abbas’la değil Peygamber’le tevessül ederdi. Resûl-i Ekrem’le sahâbîlerden intikal eden uygulama müminlerin kabirlerini ziyaret edip onlara selâm vermek ve dua etmekten ibarettir. Ölülerden yardım istemek hıristiyanların âdetidir, ayrıca bu fiil kabirleri tapınak haline getirmeye yol açabilir. Ölülerden yardım istemek ilâhî sünnetin yanı sıra Resûl-i Ekrem’in tebliğ ettiği dinin ilkelerine de aykırıdır. Bu tür tevessülle ilgili rivayetler uydurma olabileceği gibi yanılma ve şeytan aldatmasının ürünü de olabilir (İbn Teymiyye, Ḳāʿide , s. 16-19, 142-171; İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, I, 375; Reşîd Rızâ, VI, 371-377; VIII, 20, 146-147).
Sonuç olarak sâlih amellerin yanı sıra hayatta olan iyi kulların duasıyla tevessülde bulunmanın câiz görüldüğü hususunda ihtilâf yoktur. Hayatta iken ve ölümlerinden sonra Hz. Peygamber’in, velîlerin ve sâlih kulların zatıyla tevessülde bulunmayı şirk saymak ise isabetli görünmemektedir. Zatla tevessül konusunda kesin bir delil bulunmamakta, bu tevessül vesile âyetinin yorumuna dayanmaktadır. Konuyla ilgili hadisler ise âhad niteliğinde olup zayıf kabul edilmiştir. Hz. Peygamber’in dualarında bazı tesbih lafızlarını zikrettikten sonra, “Ruhun (Cibrîl) ve meleklerin rabbi olan Allahım!” diye niyaz edip Allah katında yüksek makam sahiplerini zikretmesi ise dikkat çekici bir uygulamadır (Müslim, “Ṣalât”, 223; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṣalât”, 147). Diğer bir husus da Sünnî akîdeye göre peygamberler ve Resûl-i Ekrem’in kendilerini ismen cennetle müjdelediği sahâbîler dışında hiç kimsenin “sâlih” diye nitelendirilip tevessül vasıtası kabul edilemeyişidir. Kişi olarak sâlih kulların kimler olduğu belirlemek mümkün değildir; sadece Allah’ın emirlerine bağlılık dikkate alınarak onlar hakkında hüsnüzanda bulunulabilir. Dolayısıyla iyi kişilerin zatıyla tevessül etmek hüsnüzanna dayalı olup zaman içinde ortaya çıkan bir uygulamadır. Tevessülü şirke dönüştüren hususların başında Allah’tan başkasına dua etmek, böyle bir kişiye ulûhiyyet niteliği atfetmek, kendisiyle tevessül edilen kimseye aşırı saygı göstermek gelir.
Tevessüle dair çeşitli eserler kaleme alınmıştır: İbn Merzûk el-Hatîb, et-Tevessül (Süleymaniye Ktp., Efgānî Şeyh Ali Haydar Efendi, nr. 70); Muhammed Mekkî İstanbûlî, Tevessül: Kasîde-i Bürde Şerhi (Süleymaniye Ktp., Düğümlü Baba, nr. 393); Muhammed b. Ahmed ed-Dimyâtî, el-Ḳaṣîdetü’d-Dimyâṭiyye fi’t-tevessül bi-esmâʾillâhi’l-ḥüsnâ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 1588); Ahmed el-Menînî, Ḫâtimetü istinzâli’n-naṣr bi’t-tevessül bi-şühedâʾi Uḥud ve’l-Bedr (Kahire 1281); Abdülkādir b. Ahmed el-Fâkihî, Ḥüsnü’t-tevessül fî ziyâreti efḍali’r-rusül (Süleymaniye Ktp., Tâhir Ağa, nr. 79); İbn Kemal, Risâle fi’t-tevessül (Süleymaniye Ktp., Tırnovalı, nr. 1850); Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Mûsâ et-Tilimsânî, Miṣbâḥu’ẓ-ẓalâm fi’l-müstaġīs̱în bi-ḫayri’l-enâm (Süleymaniye Ktp., Reîsülküttâb Mustafa Efendi, nr. 264); Ali Ahmed et-Tahtâvî, el-İbdâʿât fî meżârri’l-ibtidâʿât bidaʿu’n-nüẕûr ve’ẕ-ẕebâʾiḥ ve’t-tevessül ve’d-duʿâʾ ve’l-ḥilf bi-ġayrillâh (Beyrut 1421/2000); Ahmed b. Zeynî Dahlân, Risâle fîmâ yeteʿallaḳ bi-edilleti cevâzi’t-tevessül bi’n-nebî (İstanbul 1996); Ali Ataç, Kelâm ve Tasavvuf Açısından Tevessül (1993, doktora tezi, MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü); Sıdkī ez-Zehâvî, er-Red ʿalâ münkiri’t-tevessül ve’l-kerâmât ve’l-ḫavâriḳ (İstanbul 2001); Alevî b. Ahmed el-Haddâd, Miṣbâḥu’l-enâm cilâʾü’ẓ-ẓalâm (İstanbul 1996); Mûsâ Muhammed Ali, Ḥaḳīḳatü’t-tevessül ve’l-vesîle ʿalâ ḍavʾi’l-Kitâb ve’s-Sünne (Beyrut 1985); Ebü’l-Fazl İbnü’s-Sıddîk, İrġāmü’l-mübtediʾi’l-ġabî bi-cevâzi’t-tevessül bi’n-nebî (Amman 1992); Nâsırüddin el-Elbânî, et-Tevessül aḥkâmühû ve envâʿuhû (Beyrut 1986, 1990); Şevkânî, ed-Dürrü’n-naḍîd fî iḫlâṣı kelimeti’t-tevḥîd (Beyrut 1932).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “vsl” md.
Müsned , I, 391; II, 116, 168; III, 83; IV, 138.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (nşr. Abdullah b. Abdülmuhsin et-Türkî), Riyad 1424/2003, VIII, 405.
a.mlf., et-Tebṣîr fî meʿâlimi’d-dîn (nşr. Abdülazîz b. Ali eş-Şibl), Riyad 1425/2004, s. 156.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 6-8 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.