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TEYEMMÜM Skip to content Abdest alınamadığı veya gusül yapılamadığı durumlarda temiz toprak yahut yer cinsinden bir maddeye elleri sürerek yüzü ve iki kolu meshetme.
Sözlükte “kastetmek, yönelmek” anlamındaki teyemmüm Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de sözlük anlamıyla kullanılmıştır (el-Bakara 2/267). Terim olarak teyemmüm, suyu temin etme veya kullanma imkânının bulunmadığı durumlarda büyük ve küçük hükmî kirliliği (hades) gidermek amacıyla iki eli temiz toprak veya yer cinsinden sayılan bir maddeye sürerek yüzü ve iki kolu meshetmekten ibaret hükmî temizliktir (farklı tanımlar için bk. Şirbînî, I, 87; Mv.F ., XIV, 248). Abdest ve gusül, normal durumlarda su ile olan ve maddî temizlenme özelliği de taşıyan hükmî bir temizlik iken teyemmüm istisnaî hallerde başvurulan, abdest ve gusül yerine geçen (bedel) sembolik bir işlemdir. İslâm’da mükellefler için böyle bir imkânın tanınması, hem başta namaz olmak üzere ibadetlerin ifasına büyük önem verilmesi hem de kolaylığın ilke edinilmesinin bir sonucudur. Yahudilik’te bazı duaların okunmasından önce su bulunamaması durumunda ellerin toprak, çakıl veya talaşa sürülebileceği hükmü bulunmaktadır (The Babylonian Talmud , Berakoth, 15a ). İslâm’da teyemmümün meşruiyeti, Benî Mustaliḳ (Müreysî‘) Gazvesi dönüşünde (5/627) veya bir başka gazvede Hz. Âişe’nin gerdanlığını kaybetmesi dolayısıyla Resûlullah ve ashabının susuz bir yerde konaklaması ve abdest alacak su bulamaması üzerine nâzil olan, “Eğer hasta olur veya yolculukta bulunursanız yahut sizden biriniz ayak yolundan gelirse veya kadınlara dokunup da su bulamazsanız o zaman temiz bir toprakla teyemmüm edin; yüzlerinize ve ellerinize ondan sürün” âyeti (el-Mâide 5/6; ayrıca bk. en-Nisâ 4/43) ve Hz. Peygamber’in kavlî ve amelî sünnetiyle sabittir. Ayrıca, “Benden öncekilere verilmeyen beş şey bana verildi: Yeryüzü benim için mescid ve temiz kılındı …” (Buhârî, “Teyemmüm”, 1; Müslim, “Mesâcid”, 5); “On yıl su bulamasa da temiz toprak müslümanın temizlenme aracıdır, suyu bulunca tenini ona değdirsin” (Tirmizî, “Ṭahâret”, 92) gibi hadisler zikredilebilir. Bunlardan hareketle İslâm âlimleri teyemmümün belli durumlarda abdest ve gusül yerine geçeceği hususunda icmâ etmiştir.
Şartları. A) Câiz Kılan Durumlar. Teyemmümü câiz kılan özür suyun kullanılamamasıdır. Bu da ya suyun bulunmaması veya bulunduğu halde kullanmaya güç yetirilememesiyle gerçekleşir. 1. Suyun bulunmaması. Yolculukta hiç su bulamayan veya abdest için yetecek miktarda bulamayan kişi teyemmüm yapar. Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre su yetersiz miktarda ise yettiği kadar kullanılır, sonra teyemmüm yapılır. Yolcu yakında su bulunabileceğini düşünüyorsa önce suyu aramalıdır, bulunmadığından eminse su araması gerekmez. Teyemmümün câiz olması için su ile teyemmüm yapacak kişi arasındaki mesafenin takdiri hususunda farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Hanefîler’e göre bu mesafenin en az 1 mil (yaklaşık 2 km.), Mâlikîler’e göre 2 mil, Şâfiîler’e göre 400 kulaç (yaklaşık 200 m.) kadar olması gerekir. Hanbelîler’e göre, teyemmüm yapacak kişi suyu örfen yakın sayılan mesafe içinde aramak zorundadır. Başkasında su bulan kişi normal sayılabilecek bir fiyatla satılması ve başka bir şey için paraya ihtiyacı olmaması halinde suyu satın almalıdır; suyun aşırı fiyatla satılması veya kişinin parasının bulunmaması durumunda teyemmüm yapılır. Mâlikîler’le bazı Hanbelîler, yanında para olmayan kişinin borçlanarak su satın almasını gerekli görür. Ekseriyete göre hibe edilen suyun kabul edilmesi gerekir; ancak suyun kendisi değil parası hibe edilirse alınması gerekmez. Yolcu olmayan kimse de (mukim) su bulamadığı takdirde teyemmümle namaz kılabilir ve çoğunluğa göre bu namazı iade etmez. Yanında su bulunduğunu unutan yolcu, teyemmüm edip namaza başladıktan sonra suyu hatırlarsa namazını bozarak abdest alması gerekir. Namazı bitirdikten sonra suyu hatırlarsa namazı kazâ etmez. Fakihlere göre namaz vakti çıkmadan su bulacağını ümit eden kişinin namazı vaktin sonuna kadar geciktirmesi efdaldir; aksi halde namazı vaktin başında kılması çoğunluğa göre daha faziletlidir. 2. Suyu kullanamamak. Bu da ya hastalık, hastalık korkusu veya suyu kullanmaktan âciz olmakla gerçekleşir. Suyun kullanılması durumunda ölüm, bir organın telef olması, hastalığın artması veya iyileşmenin gecikmesi söz konusu ise hastanın teyemmüm etmesi ittifakla câiz görülmüştür. Hareket edemeyen ve kendisine yardım edecek kimsesi bulunmayan hasta da teyemmüm yapar; imkânı olan ve normal ücretle yardımcı tutabilen kişinin teyemmüm yapması ise câiz değildir. Amr b. Âs kumanda ettiği Zâtüsselâsil Seriyyesi esnasında ihtilâm olmuş ve soğuktan korktuğu için teyemmüm yaparak namaz kıldırmış, Hz. Peygamber de onun yaptığını onaylamıştır (Buhârî, “Teyemmüm”, 7; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭahâret”, 124). Hanefîler’in çoğu soğuk gerekçesiyle teyemmümü yalnız cünüplük halinde câiz görür; ancak abdest için de aynı tehlikenin kesin hale gelmesi durumunda teyemmüme cevaz veren Hanefî âlimleri vardır. Çoğunluğa göre soğuk gerekçesiyle teyemmüm yapan kişi namazını iade etmez; Şâfiîler’in bir kısmına göre ise iade eder. Öte yandan ikrah, hapis, bağlanma, hayvan veya düşmandan korkma gibi durumlar da su yokluğu hükmündedir ve ister yolcu ister mukim olsun kişi teyemmüm yapabilir. Yanında sadece içmek veya yemek pişirmek gibi zaruretler için su bulunan kişi de teyemmüm edebilir.
B) Temiz Toprak. Fakihler, teyemmüm yapılacak yerin temiz yeryüzü parçası olması gerektiği konusunda görüş birliği içindedir. Ancak âyette geçen “saîd” kelimesinin tefsirinde farklı görüşler vardır. Ebû Hanîfe’ye ve İmam Muhammed’e göre yer cinsinden olan toprak, taş vb. her şeyle teyemmüm yapılabilir. Mâlikîler de bu görüştedir; hatta Mâlikîler’e göre eritme imkânı yoksa karada veya denizdeki buzla teyemmüm câizdir. Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre teyemmüm yapılan şeyden elde bir parça kalması şart değildir; Muhammed’e göre ise şarttır. Dolayısıyla Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre kaygan taş, kireç, sürme taşı, toprak duvar, kireçle sıvanmış duvar, kaya tuzu, toprak kiremit, çamur vb. maddelerle teyemmüm yapılabilir. Ebû Hanîfe’ye ve Muhammed’e göre elbise, kumaş, eyer vb. bir şeye vurulunca çıkan tozla da teyemmüm etmek câizdir. Yer cinsinden olmayan, tahta ve ot gibi yanınca kül haline gelen veya demir, bakır, cam gibi ısıtılınca yumuşayıp eriyen maden vb. maddelerle teyemmüm yapılmaz. Şâfiîler, Hanbelîler ve Ebû Yûsuf’a göre yalnız temiz, vurulduğunda elde toz bırakan toprakla teyemmüm edilebilir. Şâfiîler ve bir rivayete göre Ebû Yûsuf ile Hanbelîler kumu toprak hükmünde saymıştır.
Rükünleri. Teyemmümün iki rüknü/farzı üzerinde görüş birliği vardır: Elleri yere vurmak ve belirli organları meshetmek. Niyet çoğunluğa göre rükün, Hanefî ve Hanbelîler’in bir kısmına göre şarttır. Yüzün meshedilmesinde ittifak vardır. Hanefî ve Şâfiîler’e göre kolların dirseklere kadar meshedilmesi gerekir; teyemmüm abdest yerine geçtiğinden kollar abdestte yıkandığı yere kadar meshedilmelidir. Mâlikî ve Hanbelîler’e göre ise ellerin bileklere kadar meshedilmesi farz, dirseklere kadar meshedilmesi sünnettir. Hz. Peygamber’den her iki şekil de rivayet edilmiştir (Buhârî, “Teyemmüm”, 4; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭahâret”, 121). Hanefî ve Şâfiîler’e göre yüz ve kollar için yere birer defa vurmak farzdır. Mâlikî ve Hanbelîler’e göre ise birinci vuruş farz, ikincisi sünnettir. Bu konudaki ihtilâfların sebebi teyemmüm âyetinin kapalı (mücmel) yönlerinin bulunması ve konuyla ilgili hadislerin farklı şekillerde rivayet edilmesidir. Fakihlere göre toprağın meshedilen organın her yerine ulaştırılması, bunu engelleyen yüzük vb. şeylerin çıkarılması gerekir. Parmak aralarının sıvazlanması Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre vâcip, Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre menduptur. Teyemmümde meshedilen organlar arasında tertibe riayet edilmesi Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre müstehap, Şâfiîler’e göre farzdır. Hanbelîler ise yalnız küçük hadesten sonra yapılan teyemmümde tertibi farz kabul etmiştir. Hanefî ve Şâfiîler teyemmümde ara verilmeden organların peş peşe meshedilmesini sünnet, Mâlikîler farz, Hanbelîler ise yalnız küçük hadesten sonra farz görmüşlerdir. Mâlikîler’e göre teyemmümle namaz vb. fiiller arasında da beklenilmemesi vâciptir.
Sünnetleri. Teyemmümden önce besmele çekmek Hanefî ve Şâfiîler’e göre sünnet, Mâlikîler’e göre fazilet, Hanbelîler’e göre vâciptir. Hanefî ve Şâfiîler’e göre teyemmüm iki defa yere vurarak birincisinde yüzün, ikincisinde dirseklere kadar kolların meshedilmesiyle yerine getirilir. Mâlikî ve Hanbelîler’e göre ise yere bir defa vurmak ve yüzle bileklere kadar elleri meshetmek yeterli olmakla birlikte yere iki defa vurulması ve kolların dirseklere kadar meshedilmesi efdaldir. Hanefîler’e göre elleri yere vururken parmakların arasını açmak, elleri yerde ileriye geriye doğru oynatmak, ardından elleri kaldırıp silkelemek sünnettir. Mâlikîler’e göre kıbleye dönmek, sağ kolu önce meshetmek ve parmakların arasını sıvazlamak fazilettir. Şâfiîler ayrıca abdestte olduğu gibi teyemmümden sonra da kelime-i şehâdet getirmeyi sünnet kabul etmiştir. Sünnetlerin terkedilmesi ve meshin tekrarlanması ittifakla mekruh sayılmıştır. Mâlikîler’e göre boş konuşmak, dirseklerden yukarısını meshetmek; Şâfiîler’e göre çok toprak kullanmak, namaz kıldıktan sonra teyemmümü tazelemek, namaz bitmeden teyemmüm organlarından toprağı temizlemek; Hanbelîler’e göre iki defadan fazla toprağa vurmak ve azsa toprağı üflemek de mekruhtur.
Teyemmümün Bozulması. Abdesti ve guslü bozan her şey teyemmümü de bozar. Zaruri ihtiyacı dışında ve abdeste yetecek miktardaki suyu görmek veya kullanmaya güç yetirmek Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre teyemmümü bozar; Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre su abdeste yetecek kadar olmasa da teyemmüm bozulur. Namaz kılarken suyu görmek Hanefî ve Hanbelîler’e göre namazı bozar, Şâfiî ve Mâlikîler’e göre ise bozmaz; ancak Şâfiîler’e göre o yerde su bulma ihtimali yüksek idiyse namaz bozulur. Namaz bittikten sonra vakit çıkmadan su bulunması halinde çoğunluğa göre namazın iadesi gerekmez; yalnız Şâfiî mezhebinde tercih edilen görüşe göre, mukim olan kişi su bulma ihtimali yüksek bir yerde teyemmüm almışsa namazı iade etmelidir. Teyemmümü câiz kılan durumun ortadan kalkması, meselâ düşmanın gitmesi, hastalığın veya soğuğun sona ermesi de teyemmümü bozar. Mâlikîler’e göre teyemmümle namaz arasına uzun bir fâsıla girerse teyemmüm yine bozulur. Çoğunluğa göre bir kimsenin suyun bulunmadığını ve gusletme imkânı olmadığını bildiği halde eşiyle ilişkiye girmesi mekruh değildir; Mâlikîler ve bir rivayete göre Hanbelîler ise bir zarara yol açma durumu dışında su bulamayan kimsenin abdest veya guslü bozacak bir şey yapmasını mekruh görmüştür. Çoğunluk dinen meşrû görülmeyen bir amaçla yolculuğa çıkan kişi için de teyemmümü câiz görür.
Teyemmümle Yapılabilecek İbadetler ve Vakit Sınırı. Teyemmüm su ile alınan abdest ve yapılan gusülden bedel olup onların yerine geçtiğinden abdest ve gusülle yerine getirilen namaz, tavaf ve Kur’an okuma gibi her ibadet teyemmümle de yapılır. İmam Muhammed ve bazı âlimler dışında çoğunluğa göre teyemmüm alan kişinin abdestli kişilere namaz kıldırması câizdir. Mâlikî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler teyemmümün zaruret sebebiyle bedel olduğunu, teyemmümle hükmî kirliliğin kalkmadığını, sadece namaz kılmaya izin verildiğini kabul eder. Hanefîler’e göre ise teyemmüm mutlak anlamda bedeldir; dolayısıyla su bulunana kadar hadesi ortadan kaldırır. Bu görüş ayrılığının sonucu şudur: Hanefîler’e göre vakit girmeden önce teyemmüm yapılabilir ve teyemmüm yapan kişi bu teyemmümle istediği kadar namaz kılabilir. Diğer üç mezhebe göre ise belli vakti bulunan namaz için vakit girmeden teyemmüm yapılamaz; cenaze namazı, belli vakti olmayan nâfile namaz veya kazâ namazı için kerahet vakitleri dışında teyemmüm yapılabilir. Mâlikî ve Şâfiîler’e göre her farz namaz için ayrı teyemmüm gerekir, bu sebeple vakit namazının yanı sıra kazâ namazı kılınamaz; ancak bir farz ile birden fazla nâfile namaz kılınabilir. Farz ve nâfile namaz kılındığında Mâlikîler’e göre önce farzı kılmak gerekir; Şâfiîler’e göre böyle bir kısıtlama yoktur. Hanbelîler’e göre ise teyemmüm yapan kişi vakit çıkmadığı sürece vakti giren namazı, kazâ namazlarını ve nâfile namazları kılabilir. Mâlikîler’e ve Şâfiî mezhebinde tercih edilen görüşe göre vaktin namazıyla cenaze namazını aynı teyemmümle kılmak câizdir. Hanefîler’e göre bedeli bulunmayan farz veya sünnet namazların, meselâ cenaze, bayram, küsûf ve husûf namazlarının abdest alındığı takdirde kaçırılması ihtimali varsa teyemmüm yapmak câizdir. Bedeli bulunan namazların, meselâ cuma namazının, cemaatle kılınan vakit namazlarının ve vitir namazının kaçırılması tehlikesi bulunsa da teyemmüm câiz olmaz.
Cenazeyi yıkayacak su bulunamaması veya su ile yıkandığı takdirde dağılacağından korkulması, ölen bir erkeği yıkayacak erkek veya bir kadını yıkayacak kadın olmaması gibi durumlarda cenazeye teyemmüm yaptırılır. Su bulamadığı gibi teyemmüm yapacak toprak vb. maddelerden de mahrum bulunan, meselâ hapiste olan veya hastalık sebebiyle abdest alamayan yahut teyemmüm yapamayan kişi çoğunluğa göre o haliyle namazını kılar; Mâlikî mezhebinde tercih edilen görüşe göre bu kişiden namaz sâkıt olur ve kazâ etmesi de gerekmez. Hanefî ve Şâfiîler’e göre bu durumda kılınan namazın kazâ edilmesi gerekir; Hanbelîler’e göre ise gerekmez. Abdest organlarının bir kısmında yara vb. su değdirmeye engel bir şey bulunan kişi yarasız organlarını yıkar, yaralı organları mesheder; Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre ayrıca teyemmüm yapması gerekir. Bu durumdaki kişinin organlarının çoğu yaralıysa Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre abdest ile mesh sâkıt olur ve yalnız teyemmüm yapması yeterlidir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 50-52 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.