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TEZAT Skip to content Birbirine karşıt iki öğenin bir sözde, bir dizede veya beyitte bir araya getirilmesi anlamında bedî‘ terimi.
1/2 Müellif: İSMAİL DURMUŞ Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “zıt, aykırı, ters; eş, benzer, denk” anlamlarındaki zıdd kökünden türeyen tezâdd “iki şeyin birbirine zıt olması” demektir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab, …
2/2 Müellif: MELİHA YILDIRAN SARIKAYA Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Türkçe belâgat kitaplarına “zıtlıkları bir arada bulundurma sanatı” olarak geçen tezat, aralarında bir ilgiden dolayı birbirine muhali…
Sözlükte “zıt, aykırı, ters; eş, benzer, denk” anlamlarındaki zıdd kökünden türeyen tezâdd “iki şeyin birbirine zıt olması” demektir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “żdd” md.). Bugünkü Türkçe’de tezat için yeni kelime olarak karşıtlık kullanılmaktadır. Çağdaş belâgat yazarlarından Ahmed Matlûb’un bu söz sanatının içeriğine en uygun adın tezat, Ziyâeddin İbnü’l-Esîr’in mukābele olduğunu ifade etmesinin yanı sıra kadim belâgat müellifleri söz konusu sanatı daha çok mutâbakat ve tıbâk adıyla ele almışlardır. İbnü’l-Esîr ve İbn Ma‘sûm, “uyuşma, uyum” anlamındaki mutabakat ve tıbâkın türün muhtevasına uygun bir adlandırma sayılmadığını söyler; ancak belâgat âlimlerinin çoğu, zıtları bir araya getiren söz sahibinin onların arasında bir bakıma uyum sağladığını söylemiştir. Mutabakat, tıbâk veya tatbîk terimlerinin “dört ayaklı hayvanların yürürken veya koşarken arka ayaklarını ön ayaklarının bastığı yere basmaları” anlamından hareketle türetilmesi de bu uygunluğa işaret etmektedir. Ebû Ya‘kūb es-Sekkâkî’den (ö. 626/1229) itibaren belâgatta yeri belirlenip bedî‘ ilminde anlama güzellik katan sanatlardan kabul edilen tezat (tıbâk) kısa bir sözde, bir beyit veya mısrada gerçekten veya itibarî olarak aralarında birtür karşıtlık bulunan iki öğenin zikredilmesidir. Bir kelime veya ifadenin anlamının, zıddının kaydedilmesiyle daha açık biçimde ortaya çıkacağı, güzelliğin zıddıyla daha iyi anlaşılacağı düşüncesiyle zıtların bir arada anılması söz sanatlarından kabul edilmiştir. Mukabele sanatı ikiden çok karşıt öğenin bir araya gelmesiyle tezada benzerken birbirine uyumlu öğelerin bir araya getirilmesiyle de gerçekleştiğinden tezattan ayrılır. Tezat “aynı kelimenin iki farklı anlamda tekrar edilmesi” demek olan cinastan da farklıdır.
Bilindiği kadarıyla tezadı “mücâveretü’l-ezdâd” (zıtların yan yana gelmesi) adıyla terim anlamında ilk defa ele alan ve onu “bir şeyle zıddını aynı sözde birleştirmek” diye tanımlayan Sa‘leb’dir (ö. 291/904) (Ḳavâʿidü’ş-şiʿr , s. 58-60). İbnü’l-Mu‘tez, el-Bedîʿ inde incelediği beş temel sanat arasında tezadı mutabakat adıyla üçüncü sırada zikretmiştir. Daha sonra Ahfeş el-Asgar mutabakat, Kudâme b. Ca‘fer ve Ebû Ca‘fer en-Nehhâs “tekâfü’”, Hasan b. Bişr el-Âmidî tıbâk, Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî ve İbn Reşîḳ mutabakat, İbn Sinân el-Hafâcî “mutâbık” adıyla konuyu işlemiştir. Hafâcî tezatın îcab, selb, tedbîc (muhalif) ve tebdil adı verilen çeşitlerinden söz etmiştir. Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî tezada tatbik adıyla anlam kuramı bağlamında değinmiştir (Esrârü’l-belâġa , s. 20). Sekkâkî Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm ’unda tezadı mutabakat ismiyle mâna sanatları kategorisine (bedîî mânevî) dahil etmiş, Hatîb el-Kazvînî ile Telḫîṣü’l-Miftâḥ şârihleri de bu çizgiyi sürdürmüştür.
Çeşitleri. 1. Zıtların kelime çeşitleri. a) İki zıt kelime de isim; âyetlerde geçen “eykāz-rukūd” (uyanık-uyuyan), “a‘mâ-basîr” (kör-gören), “zulümât-nûr” (karanlıklar-aydınlık) gibi. b) İkisi de fiil; âyetlerdeki “yuhyî-yümît” (diriltir-öldürür), “adhake-ebkâ” (güldürdü-ağlattı) gibi. c) İkisi de harf; “leh-aleyh” anlamlarıyla birbirine zıt konumdaki lâm ve alâ harf-i cerleri: “Lehâ mâ kesebet ve aleyhâ me’ktesebet” gibi (Kişinin yaptığı iyilik kendi lehine, yaptığı kötülük kendi aleyhinedir; el-Bakara 2/286). d) Biri isim, diğeri fiil. ”أَوَ مَنْ كَانَ مَيْتًا فَأَحْيَيْنَاهُ“ (Ölü iken dirilttiğimiz kimse; el-En‘âm 6/122) gibi. Îcab tıbâkında zıtların ikisi de olumludur, geçen örneklerde görüldüğü gibi. 2. Selb tıbâkı. Olumlu-olumsuz, emir-nehiy şeklindeki tezattır: ”… لا يعلمون، يعلمون …“ (… bilmezler … bilirler; er-Rûm 30/6-7) âyetiyle ”اصْبِرُوا أَوْ لَا تَصْبِرُوا“ (sabredin ya da sabretmeyin; et-Tûr 52/16) âyeti gibi. 3. Terdîd. Sözün veya beytin başı ile sonunda bir ifadenin olumlu-olumsuz şekilde tekrar edilmesidir. Reddü’l-acüz ale’s-sadr sanatında ise aynı olan iki ifadeden her ikisi de olumlu veya olumsuz durumda bulunur. Meymûn b. Kays el-A‘şâ el-Ekber’in şu beytinde görüldüğü gibi: ”لا يرقع الناس ما أوهوا وإن جهدوا / طول الحياة ولا يوهون ما رقعوا“ (Düzeltemez insanlar onların bozduklarını, çalışsalar bile / Hayat boyu, bozamaz insanlar onların düzelttiğini). 4. “Kinaye veya tevriye anlamıyla aynı sözde birkaç rengin birleştirilmesi” demek olan tedbîc de bir tür tezat kabul edilmiştir. Renkler içinde gerçek zıtlık sadece ak ile kara arasında olmasına rağmen diğer renkler arasında da itibarî bir zıtlığın bulunduğu kabul edilmiştir. Ebû Temmâm’ın şehid düşen bir kumandanı tasvir ettiği, “Kırmızı ölüm giysilerine büründü / Gece olmasıyla bu giysiler yeşil ipeğe döndü” anlamındaki beytinde kırmızı elbise giymek şehid düşmekten, yeşil ipek giymek cennete girmekten kinayedir ve zıt konumda kullanılmıştır (bk. TEDBÎC ). 5. Müreşşah/terşîh tıbâk. Tezadın başka bir unsur veya bedî‘ türüyle güçlendirilmesidir: “Dahil edersin geceyi gündüze, dahil edersin gündüzü geceye; çıkarırsın diriyi ölüden, çıkarırsın ölüyü diriden ve rızık verirsin dilediğine hadsiz-hesapsız” meâlindeki âyette (Âl-i İmrân 3/27) tezat sanatı, “ibareyi terse çevirmeli şekilde ifade etmek” demek olan aks/tebdil sanatı ve bunları yapan kudretin dilediğini hadsiz hesapsız rızıklandıracağını bildiren tekmil mübalağası ile güçlendirilmiştir. İmruülkays b. Hucr’ün atının hızını tasvir ettiği, ”مكر مفر مقبل مدبر معا / كجلمود صخر حطه السيل من عل“ (Hamle yapıp kaçar, ileri atılıp geri gelir aynı anda / Selin dağın zirvesinden aşağı yuvarladığı kaya parçası gibi) beytindeki tezat sanatında hızın derecesi “aynı anda” (معا ) ifadesiyle tekmil mübalağası sûretinde ve bir teşbih istidrâdı ile güçlendirilmiştir. 6. Mecazi mânalar arasında tezat. Bazan iki kelimenin hem gerçek anlamları hem de asıl anlatılmak istenen mecazi mânaları arasında zıtlık bulunabilir. “Ölü iken dirilttiğimiz kimse …” âyetinde (el-En‘âm 6/122) ölü ile dalâlet içinde olan, diriltilen ile hidayete erdirilen kişi kastedildiğinden hem gerçek anlamlar olan “ölüm-yaşam” hem de asıl kastedilen mecazi mânaları teşkil eden “dalâlet-hidayet” arasında zıtlık bulunmaktadır. Şairin, ”حلو الشمائل وهو مر باسل“ (huyları tatlı, kendisi acı ve yiğit) şeklindeki övgüsünde hulv-mür (acı-tatlı) kelimeleri gerçek anlamlarıyla zıt olduğu gibi şemâil tatlılığı yumuşak huyluluk, kişinin merâreti ise (acılığı) sertliği demek olduğundan mecazi mânalarında da zıtlık söz konusudur. 7. Fâsid tezat. Karşıt olarak getirilen iki kelimenin mânaları arasında birbirinin gereği olabilecek (telâzüm) şekilde bir ilginin bulunmamasıdır. Mütenebbî’nin, “Kim için talep edersin dünyalıkları, onlarla muhibbi sevindirmeyecek, mücrimi cezalandırmayacak olduktan sonra” anlamındaki beytinde muhibbin gerçek zıddı “mübgız” iken bunun yerine mücrim kelimesi getirilmiştir. Halbuki mübgız-mücrim arasında birbirinden ayrılmazlık ilgisi yoktur, çünkü mübgız mücrim olmayabilir. Fakat mübgız-mücrim arasında iddiaya dayalı bir telâzüm ilgisi var sayılması halinde tezat mümkün olur. Sanki şair her mücrimin ancak mübgız olabileceğini iddia ederek muhib-mücrim ikilisini karşıt getirmiştir.
Şu iki nevi, tezat sanatına ek kabul edilmiştir: 1. Gizli tezat. Mâna tezadı olarak da anılan türde bir şeyin zıddı değil o zıtla sebep-müsebbep, lâzım-melzûm gibi ilgisi bulunan öğe zikredilir. Ashabın niteliklerinden söz eden âyette ”أَشِدَّاءُ عَلَى الْكُفَّارِ رُحَمَاءُ بَيْنَهُمْ“ (Kâfirlere karşı şedit, birbirlerine karşı merhametlidirler; el-Feth 48/29) buyurularak şiddetle rahmet karşıt biçimde anılmıştır. Şiddetin gerçek zıddı lînettir (yumuşaklık); yumuşaklık ise merhametli davranmaya götürür. Bu bakımdan asıl zıt olan lînet yerine onun sebep olduğu rahmet anılmıştır. 2. Îhâm tezadı. Gerçek anlamları arasında zıtlık bulunan iki kelimeden birinin veya ikisinin mecazi mânada kullanılmasıyla zıtlığın bozulduğu, muhatap yahut dinleyicinin ilk anda tezat varmış yanılgısına düşürüldüğü söz sanatıdır. İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘ zıt anlamlardan birinin mecazi mânada olduğu tezada “tekâfü’” adını vermiştir. Di‘bil el-Huzâî’nin, “Şaşma sen ey Selmâ bir adama ki başının ak saçları güldü de o yüzden ağlayıp göz yaşı döktü” anlamındaki beytinde gülmek ile ağlamak gerçek mânaları bakımından zıt olmalarına rağmen “baştaki ak saçların gülmesi” beyazlaşması anlamında mecaz (istiare) olduğundan zıtlık bozulmuştur (bk. ÎHÂM ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Sa‘leb, Ḳavâʿidü’ş-şiʿr (nşr. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb), Kahire 1995, s. 58-60.
İbnü’l-Mu‘tez, el-Bedîʿ (nşr. M. Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî), Beyrut 1410/1990, s. 124-140.
Kudâme b. Ca‘fer, Naḳdü’ş-şiʿr (nşr. Kemâl Mustafa), Kahire 1979, s. 143-146, 162-163.
Âmidî, el-Muvâzene (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Kahire 1363/1944, s. 253-254.
Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣınâʿateyn (nşr. Müfîd M. Kumeyha), Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 339-353.
İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, el-ʿUmde (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Kahire 1353/1934, II, 5-15.
İbn Sinân el-Hafâcî, Sırrü’l-feṣâḥa , Beyrut 1402/1982, s. 199-205.
Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî, Esrârü’l-belâġa (nşr. H. Ritter), Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 20.
Hatîb et-Tebrîzî, el-Vâfî fi’l-ʿarûż ve’l-ḳavâfî (nşr. Ömer Yahyâ – Fahreddin Kabâve), Dımaşk 1399/1979, s. 258-260.
İbn Münkız, el-Bedîʿ fî naḳdi’ş-şiʿr (nşr. Ahmed Ahmed el-Bedevî – Hâmid Abdülmecîd), Kahire 1380/1960, s. 36-40.
Abdürrahîm b. Ali b. Şîs el-Kureşî, Meʿâlimü’l-kitâbe ve meġānimü’l-iṣâbe (nşr. M. Hüseyin Şemseddin), Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 103.
Ebû Ya‘kūb es-Sekkâkî, Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm (nşr. Naîm Zerzûr), Beyrut 1422/2001, s. 210-211.
Ziyâeddin İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Mes̱elü’s-sâʾir (nşr. Ahmed el-Havfî – Bedevî Tabâne), Riyad 1404/1984, III, 171-194.
İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘, Bedîʿu’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Hifnî M. Şeref), Kahire 1392/1972, s. 31-35.
a.mlf., Taḥrîrü’t-Taḥbîr (nşr. Hifnî M. Şeref), Kahire 1383/1963, s. 111-115.
Nüveyrî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb , VII, 98-101.
Şürûḥu’t-Telḫîṣ , Kahire 1937, IV, 286-296.
İbn Hicce, Ḫizânetü’l-edeb (nşr. Selâhaddin el-Hevvârî), Beyrut 1426/2006, I, 161-172.
Besyûnî Abdülfettâh Besyûnî, ʿİlmü’l-bedîʿ , Kahire 1408/1987, s. 7-24.
Ahmed Matlûb, Muʿcemü’l-muṣṭalaḥâti’l-belâġıyye ve teṭavvürühâ , Beyrut 1996, s. 367-371.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 58-60 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Türkçe belâgat kitaplarına “zıtlıkları bir arada bulundurma sanatı” olarak geçen tezat, aralarında bir ilgiden dolayı birbirine muhalif iki mânayı aynı ifadede toplayarak söze güzellik ve kuvvet katmanın yollarından biridir (diğerleri bir uygunluğu anlatmak için kullanılan tıbâk, tatbik veya mutabakat, bir denkliği [küfüv] göstermek üzere yapılan tekâfü’dür). Tezadın Batı retoriğindeki karşılığı antitez dir (Bilgegil, s. 184).
Bir düşünce zıddıyla veya mukabiliyle daha güçlü ifade edildiğinden tezadın söz sanatları içerisinde özel bir yeri vardır. Dil bilgisi bakımından birbirinin karşıtı olan kelimelerin bir araya getirilmesi bu sanat için yeterli olmayıp aynı kavrama iki zıt yönden bakılabilmesi veya iki zıt yönün aynı kavrama bağlanabilmesi gerekir: “İnsan bilmediği şeyleri ayağının altına alsa başı göğe erer” (Hâlet). Olaylara ve eşyaya farklı yönlerden bakılması görülen ve duyulanı daha etkili kılacağı için karşıt kelime ve kavramların bir nükteye bağlı şekilde bir araya getirilmesiyle bu sanat oluşur. Yûnus Emre’nin, “Ger vuslata erdin ise bu derd ile firak nedir / Dostu yakın gördün ise bu baktığın ırak nedir” beytinde vuslat ile firak ve yakın ile ırak kelimeleri arasında tezat vardır. Tezat her ne kadar söze güzellik verip etkisini arttırırsa da sıkça kullanılması tekellüfe ve münasebetsizliğe sebep olabileceği için tavsiye edilmemiştir (Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem, s. 282).
Tezat karşılaştırılan öğelerin niteliğine göre farklılık gösterir. Meselâ zıtlık içeren kelimeler isim cinsinden olabilir: “Ne siyâh eylemiş bu nâsiyeyi / Saçımı bembeyaz eden bahtım” (Abdülhak Hâmid). Fiil veya fiilimsiler birbiriyle tezat oluşturabilir: “Cihânın yüzünü güldürmüş iken lutf u ihsânın / Adûlar kahkaha eyler gürûh-ı dostân ağlar” (Fâzıl). Ekler veya edatlar karşılaştırılarak tezat yapılır; “bî-savt ü bâ-kelâm” gibi. Anlam bakımından birbirine zıt olan ibare ve sözlerin bir arada kullanılması da tezat sayılır (Coşkun, s. 152). Yavuz Sultan Selim’e atfedilen, “Şîrler pençe-i kahrımdan olurken lerzan / Beni bir gözleri âhûya zebûn etti felek” beytinde, aslanları titreten kudret ile âhû gözlü bir güzel karşısındaki âcizliğin bir kişide birleştirilmesi gibi. Birbirine zıt iki kelimeyi bir arada ve aynı nesne için kullanmaya birleşik tezat denilir; tatlı zalim, orijinal bir kopya, zulmet-i beyzâ gibi.
Eski belâgat kitapları tezatla birlikte farklı terimleri de zikreder ve hepsini “tıbâk” başlığı altında toplar (Bilgegil, s. 186). Tıbâk îcab ve selb olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Tıbâk-ı îcâb birbirinin zıddı iki kelimenin aynı beyitte ya da ibarede kullanılmasıdır (Kuru idik yaş olduk ayağ idik baş olduk / Kanatlandık kuş olduk uçtuk elhamdülillâh [Yûnus Emre]). Tıbâk-ı selb ise aynı fiilin olumlu ve olumsuz kiplerinin birlikte kullanılmasıyla gerçekleşir: “Bilen söyler nikât-ı râz-ı hüsnü bilmeyen söyler” (Nâbî). Birbiriyle karşılaştırılan kelimelerin ikisi de hakiki veya ikisi de mecazi anlamlarıyla kullanılabildiği gibi biri hakiki, diğeri mecazi anlamıyla da kullanılabilir: “Ak saçlı başını alıp eline / Kara hülyalara dal anneciğim” (Necip Fazıl Kısakürek).
Tezat, tekabül veya mutabakat olarak da anılan mukabele sanatı ile birlikte değerlendirildiğinde tezattaki zıt tasavvurların yerini mukabelede karşılıklı tasavvurlar alır. Buna göre zikredilen iki veya daha fazla kelimeyi bu kelimelerin anlamca mukabilleri (leff ü neşr) veya zıtları aynı sırada takip eder (sıralı tezat, Coşkun, s. 161). Seyyid Nesîmî’nin, “Gâh çıkarım yeryüzüne seyrederim âlemi / Gâh inerim yeryüzüne seyreder âlem beni” beytinde “çıkarım” ile “inerim” fiilleriyle gökyüzü ve yeryüzü kelimeleri, âlemi seyretmek ve âlem tarafından seyredilmek arasındaki mukabele gibi. Mukabele sanatında mutlaka zıt unsurların karşılaştırılması şartı aranmayıp zıtlık dışındaki karşılaştırmalar da mukabeleye dahil edilebilir. “Beni lerzende eden mevsim-i sermâ-yı firâk / Âhara fasl-ı rebî‘ ü dem-i nev-rûz oldu” beytinde mevsim-i sermânın (kış mevsimi) zıddı sayf (yaz) iken beyitte rebî‘in (bahar) zikredilmesi gibi.
Fars edebiyatında bu sanata “tezat mutâbık, mutâbaka, tatbîk ve tıbâk, tenâkuz, tekābül ve tekâfü’” adı da verilmiştir. Tezat iki yönden incelenebilir. a) Geleneksel bakış. Tezat veya mutabaka mukabeleyle aynı şeydir. “Zıtlar zıtlıkta birbirine benzerdir” mantığınca tezada tıbâk ve mutabaka da denir. Farsça nesirde özellikle süslü anlatımda tezat ve tıbâkın önemli bir yeri vardır. b) Yeni bakış. Batı edebiyatının Fars edebiyatına etkisi ve yeni araştırmacıların Batı’nın belâgat konularına yönelmesi, onların görüşlerinden yararlanması bu konuda farklı bakışların doğmasına yol açmıştır. Bunların en önemlileri şunlardır: 1. Beyân-ı nakīzî. Aynı ifadede iki zıt terimin şaşırtıcı biçimde bir araya getirilmesidir. Bu iki kelimenin biri sıfat, diğeri isim ya da biri isim, diğeri fiil olabilir. Karşıt iki terim aynı ifadede karşıt anlamlarıyla bir araya gelir ve aynı konuyu, aynı gerçeği dile getirir; “Gurusnegî horden / açlık yemek” gibi. 2. Mütenâkız-nümâ (paradoks). Görünürde garîb bir mânayı kullanarak zâhirî bir tezat ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu tür tezat tasavvufî, dinî akîdeler ve edebî yorumlarda görülür. Buna “hâzır gāyib: huzurdaki kayıp” ve “harâb-âbâd: yıkıntıyla mâmur” gibi terkipler örnek verilebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, Belâgat-ı Osmâniyye , İstanbul 1299, s. 155-156.
Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem, Ta‘lîm-i Edebiyyât , İstanbul 1299, s. 278-282.
Tâhirülmevlevî, Edebiyat Lügatı , İstanbul 1994, s. 173-174.
M. Kaya Bilgegil, Edebiyat Bilgi ve Teorileri-Belâgat , İstanbul 1989, s. 184-190.
M. A. Yekta Saraç, Klâsik Edebiyat Bilgisi Belâgat , İstanbul 2000, s. 142-149.
Menderes Coşkun, Sözün Büyüsü Edebî Sanatlar , İstanbul 2007, s. 151-162.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , İstanbul 2007, s. 455.
İsa Kocakaplan, Açıklamalı Edebî Sanatlar, İstanbul 2008, s. 187-191.
Ahmet Kartal, “Türk Edebiyatında Belagat Çalışmaları ve ‘Tezad’ ile ‘Telmih’ Sanatlarına Eleştirel Bir Bakış”, Şiraz’dan İstanbul’a , İstanbul 2008, s. 399-403.
W. P. Heinrichs, “Ṭibāḳ”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 450-452.
Asgar Dâdbeh – Abdürrızâ Müderriszâde, “Teżâd der Edeb-i Fârsî”, DMBİ , XV, 550-552.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 60 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.