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TEZKİYE Skip to content Şahidin adalet niteliğinin soruşturulması anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “temizlemek, arıtmak, temize çıkarmak” anlamındaki tezkiye , fıkıh terimi olarak şahidin adalet vasfını taşıyıp taşımadığının hâkim tarafından soruşturulmasını ifade eder. Güvenilir kimselerin şahit hakkında olumlu görüş bildirmelerine “ta‘dîl”, olumsuz görüş bildirmelerine “cerh” denir. Olumlu bildirim durumunda şahidin adalet vasfının onaylanması (temize çıkarılması) dolayısıyla soruşturma işlemine tezkiye adının verildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Tezkiyeyi yapan kişi müzekkî/muaddil diye adlandırılır.
Tezkiye uygulamasının ilk örneklerine sahâbe döneminde rastlanır. Bu çerçevede Hz. Ömer’in alenî tezkiyeyi uyguladığına dair örneklerin yanı sıra Kādî Şüreyh’in de ilk defa gizli tezkiye usulünü başlattığı nakledilir. Abbâsîler devrinde Mısır’da 168 (784) yılından itibaren aynı zamanda şahitleri soruşturmakla görevli “ashâbü’l-mesâil” denilen özel görevlilerin tayin edildiği, daha sonra Irak’ta da benzeri bir uygulamanın yapıldığı, zamanla mahkemelerde âdil şahitlerin kayıt altına alınması ve şahitlerin adaletini soruşturma, bu konuda görüş bildirme, müzekkîlere yazı gönderme gibi işleri de bulunan dâimî görevliler olarak ashâbü’l-mesâilin tayiniyle birlikte tezkiyenin kurumsallaştığı anlaşılmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, belli bir dönemden itibaren adalet şartlarını taşıyan şahit bulma zorluğunun hakların zayi olmasına yol açması sebebiyle bir kısım davalarda fâsıkın şahitliğinin kabul edildiği veya Mağrib Mâlikîliği’nde görüldüğü üzere lefîf şehâdeti (adalet şartı taşımayan çok sayıda kişiden oluşan bir cemaatin şahitliği) gibi uygulamaların ortaya çıktığı ve bunların tezkiye müessesesini olumsuz yönde etkilediği kaydedilmektedir. Bununla birlikte İslâm tarihinde yargı teşkilâtı ve ilgili terimlerin gelişimine yönelik yeterli düzeyde araştırma yapılmadığından tezkiye kurumunun tarihî gelişimi hakkında henüz doyurucu bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Osmanlılar’dan sonra kurulan ve Batı ülkelerinin muhakeme hukukunu iktibas eden devletlerde tezkiye müessesesi ilga edilmiştir.
Fıkıhta kişi kural olarak aksi ispatlanıncaya kadar âdil ve dürüst sayılır. Hz. Ömer’in Ebû Mûsâ el-Eş‘arî’ye yazdığı meşhur mektubunda bu hususa işaret edilmektedir. Ancak şahitte adalet vasfına vurgu yapan ilgili nasları (el-Bakara 2/282; el-Mâide 5/106; et-Talâk 65/2) ve sosyal şartları dikkate alan fakihlerin çoğunluğu, şahit hakkında aksine bir delil olmadığı sürece adalet karinesiyle yetinilemeyeceği ve aleyhine şahitlik edilen taraf talep etmese bile tezkiye işleminin gerektiği görüşündedir. Öyle anlaşılıyor ki toplumun ahlâkî seviyesinde görülen düşüş ve yalancı şahitliğin artışı bu fakihleri kazâî hükümlerin sağlıklı verilebilmesi yönünde yeni tedbirler almaya sevketmiş, bunun için de şahitte adalet vasfının ayrıca tesbiti şart koşulmuştur. Öte yandan şahidin adalet veya fısk vasfıyla şöhret bulan biri olması yahut hâkimin onu yakından tanıması durumunda tezkiye işlemine gerek görülmemektedir. Tezkiye, müzekkîlerin beyanının yanı sıra aleyhine şahitlik yapılan tarafın beyanı ve hâkimin çeşitli kaynaklardan kendi soruşturması neticesinde elde ettiği bilgiye dayanabilir.
Had ve kısas gerektiren ceza davalarında tezkiye işleminin gerekliliği hakkında fakihler arasında görüş birliği vardır. Diğer davalarda ise hâkim önce aleyhine şahitlik yapılan tarafa şahitlerin şahitliğini reddedip etmediğini sorar; eğer reddetmiyorsa Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre şahidin zâhirî adaletine itibar edilerek şahitliği kabul edilir. Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre ise bu durumda da tezkiye gerekir. Bu görüş farklılığı toplumun ahlâk seviyesinde ve dönemin şartlarında görülen olumsuzluklarla ve literatürdeki ifadesiyle zamanın değişmesinin ictihadı da (hükmü) değiştirmesiyle açıklanır. Davada aleyhine şahitlik yapılan taraf şahidi suçlamadan sadece davayla ilgili şahitliğini reddederse yine tezkiye işlemine başvurulur; adalet vasfını zedeleyici bir husus ileri sürerek şahidin şahitliğini cerheder ve bunu ispatlarsa hâkim söz konusu şahitliği reddeder; ispatlayamaması halinde ise tezkiyeye başvurur. Genel kabule göre tezkiye işlemi, şahidin şahitliğini eda etmesinden sonra ve hâkimin hüküm vermesinden önce yapılır. Çünkü şahitlerde aranan diğer vasıflarda eksiklik bulunursa veya şahitliğin edası sırasında şahitlerin ifadelerinde çelişki ortaya çıkarsa şahitlik reddedileceğinden ayrıca tezkiyeye gerek kalmayacaktır.
Tezkiye gizli ya da açık olarak yapılabilir. Fakihler, genellikle gizli tezkiyenin yeterliliği görüşünü benimsemekle birlikte yanlış anlamaları ve suistimalleri önlemek amacıyla önce gizli, ardından alenî şekilde tezkiye yapılmasının daha uygun olacağını ifade ederler. Alenî tezkiyeyi asıl, gizli tezkiyeyi mendup kabul eden fakihler de vardır (Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Haraşî, VII, 182). Gizli tezkiyede hâkim müzekkîlere birer yazı (mestûre) gönderir ve onların birbirinden etkilenmemesi için gerekli tedbirleri alır. Müzekkîlerin şahidin âdil ve şahitliğinin makbul olduğunu bildirmesi durumunda şahidin şahitliğini kabul eder. “Âdil değil, halini bilmeyiz, hali bilinmemekte, durumunu Allah bilir” gibi açıkça veya dolaylı biçimde cerhi ifade eden bir sözle cevap vermeleri yahut hiçbir şey yazmadan mestûreyi geri göndermeleri halinde hâkim şahidin şahitliğini kabul etmez; ancak davacıya getirdiği şahidin cerhedildiğini bildiremez, varsa başka şahit getirmesini ister. Bu durumda davacı şahidin adaletini ispat edebileceğini söylerse kendisine ispat imkânı verilir. Alenî tezkiyede ise müzekkîler mahkemeye çağrılarak tarafların ve hâkimin huzurunda şahitlerin durumu kendilerine sorulur yahut bunun yerine bir mahkeme görevlisi taraflar ve şahitlerle birlikte müzekkîlerin bulunduğu yere gönderilir.
Hanefîler’e ve Mâlikîler’de bir görüşe göre gizli tezkiye bir tür haber olup bir müzekkî yeterlidir; bununla birlikte en az iki kişinin tezkiyesine başvurulması ihtiyata daha uygundur. Şâfiîler, Hanbelîler, Hanefîler’den İmam Muhammed ile Mâlikîler’de bir görüşe göre ise gizli tezkiye bir tür şahitlik sayıldığından en az iki kişinin tezkiyesi gereklidir. Öte yandan alenî tezkiyenin bir çeşit şahitlik olduğu ve şahitlikte aranan sayı ve şartların burada da aranacağı konusunda görüş birliği bulunmaktadır. Ancak Hanefîler’de müzekkîlerin şahitlik lafzını söylemeleri zorunlu görülmezken diğer mezheplerde tercih edilen görüşe göre şahitlik lafzını kullanmaları gerekir. Tezkiye işlemi mücmel, genel ya da gerekçeli ve ayrıntılı ifadelerle yapılabilir. Hâkim tezkiyede bildirilen görüşün bir gerekçeye dayandırılmasını isteyebilir. Şahidin adalet vasfı onun dürüst ve güvenilir olduğuna dair mücmel ifadelerle de, adalet vasfını gösteren davranışlarının anlatımına dayalı gerekçeli bilgilerle de ortaya konabilir. Ancak fakihler sadece, “Âdildir, salih bir kimsedir, onun bir kötülüğünü görmedik” gibi genel sözleri yeterli görmemiş, “Şahitliği makbuldür” gibi açık ve tekit ifade eden lafızları şart koşmuştur.
Aleyhine şahitlik edilen taraf şahidin adalet vasfından mahrum, hâfıza gücü zayıf ve dikkatsiz bir kişi olduğu, davada bir menfaatinin bulunduğu, baskı altında şahitlik yaptığı, daha önce de kendi hakkını ikrar ettiği, şahitle taraflardan biri arasında yakın akrabalık veya husumet gibi bir ilişkinin varlığı gibi gerekçeler ileri sürerek bu şahitliği reddedebilir. Genelde bunların hepsine cerh veya ta‘n denildiği gibi sadece fısk şeklindeki ithama cerh, diğerlerine ta‘n denilmesi yolunda bir ayırım da söz konusudur (Ali Haydar, IV, 518-521). Fısk ithamı anlamında cerh iki kısımda ele alınır. Şahidin günahkâr, yalancı, kötü, fâsık biri olduğu, içki, kumar ve faizcilik gibi kötü alışkanlıklarının bulunduğu şeklindeki genel ifadeler kullanılmışsa buna mücerret veya mücmel cerh denilir. Mücerret cerh, kul hakkı yahut Allah hakkı dolayısıyla muayyen bir ceza veya tazmin gerektirmeyen fısk isnadından meydana gelir. Cerh ayrıntılı biçimde yapılır ve şahidin cinayet, zina, hırsızlık, rüşvet gibi belirli bir suçu işlediği iddiasını içerirse buna mürekkep, gayri mücerret veya müfesser cerh adı verilir. Mürekkep cerhte şahit aleyhine bir ceza veya tazmin gerektirici bir iddia söz konusudur.
Hanefîler’e ve Mâlikîler’de bir görüşe göre mücerret cerh şahitliğin reddini gerektirir. Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’de tercih edilen görüşe göre tâdil mücmel olabilirken cerhin mutlaka gerekçeli olması gerekir (Nevevî, VIII, 156; Buhûtî, VI, 351). Aleyhine şahitlik yapılan taraf mücerret cerhi gizlice yapar ve ispatlarsa bu ispat tezkiye işlemi sonrasında bile olsa şahidin ifadesi reddedilir ve fısk gerektiren husustan dolayı şahide ta‘zîr cezası uygulanabilir. Mücerret cerh açıktan açığa ispat edilmek istenirse bir görüşe göre tezkiyeden önce ispatlanırsa geçerlidir; bir diğer görüşe göre gerek tezkiyeden önce gerek sonra kabul edilmez. Kamuya veya kişilere ait hakları zedeleyici her türlü mâsiyet mürekkep cerhe gerekçe teşkil edebilir. Meselâ şahidin şahitlik yapmak için rüşvet aldığı iddia edilir ve ispatlanırsa şahit cerhedilmiş olur. Eğer ispatlanamazsa bu iddia kul hakkını ilgilendirdiğinden şahide yemin teklif edilir ve yemin etmesi halinde tezkiye işleminden sonra şahitliği kabul edilir. Mürekkep cerhin şahitlerin tezkiyesinden önce ileri sürülüp ispatlanması gerekir. Tezkiye işleminin tamamlanmasının ardından ileri sürülen cerh iddiaları dinlenilmez. Çünkü hâkim tarafından tezkiye için gerekli her türlü girişim yapıldıktan ve şahidin güvenilirliği ortaya çıktıktan sonra davalının cerh iddiası inandırıcı ve iyi niyetin ifadesi olarak görülmez. Zâhirîler’e göre ise hâkim hüküm verdikten sonra şahit cerhedilse de hüküm feshedilir. Çünkü hâkim için fâsıkın haberini reddedip âdilin şahitliğini infaz etmek ve tanımadığı kimselerin durumlarını araştırmak farzdır (İbn Hazm, IX, 429). Had ve kısas gerektiren ceza davaları dışındaki hususlarda şahidin şahitliği eda etmesinden sonra vefatı ile şahitliği düşmez; hâkim tezkiye işlemini yaparak şahitliğini kabul eder.
Tezkiye işleminde genellikle müzekkîlere ve mahkemece görevlendirilen soruşturma görevlilerine başvurulur. Müzekkîlerin komşular ve iş çevresi gibi şahidin durumunu en iyi bilebilecek kişilerden seçilmesi gerekir (Mecelle , md. 1717). Şahidin hal ve tavırlarıyla tanınmış biri olması dışında müzekkîlerin onun hakkında başkalarından duyarak değil bizzat bilgi sahibi olmaları gereklidir. Hâkim tarafından talep edildiğinde müzekkînin şahitle ilgili bilgi vermesi dinen farzdır. Müzekkîlerin şahidi değerlendirebilecek şekilde gerekli bilgi ve olgunluğa sahip, soy, fırka taassubu yahut akîdevî tarafgirlik taassubundan uzak kişilerden seçilmesinin gerekliliği hususunda ittifak vardır. Bunun yanı sıra Hanefîler’de tercih edilen görüşe göre müzekkînin güvenilir ve âdil olması yeterliyken Hanefîler’den İmam Muhammed ile diğer üç mezhebe göre şahitlik şartlarını da taşıması gerekir. Yine Hanefîler’e göre gayri müslimler arasındaki davalarda tezkiye için zimmîlere başvurulabilir. Çoğunluğa göre şahitlerin birbirine yönelik tezkiyeleri kabul edilmez, müzekkîler taraflar ve şahitler dışındaki kişilerden seçilmelidir. Hanefîler’de tercih edilen görüşe göre gizli tezkiyede şahitlik şartı aranmadığı için şahitlerle yakın akrabalık ilişkisi bulunması müzekkîye başvurulmasına engel değildir.
Mahkemece müzekkîlerden bilgi almak ve şahit hakkında araştırma yapmakla görevlendirilenlerin rolüyle ilgili iki görüş bulunmaktadır. Tercih edilen görüşe göre bunlar bilgi aktarmada çoğunlukla elçi, bazı durumlarda ise fer‘î şahit durumundadır, dolayısıyla şahidi bizzat tanımaları gerekli değildir; ancak zorunlu hallerde hâkimin asıl bilgi kaynağı durumuna geçebilirler. Bir diğer görüşe göre soruşturma görevlileri müzekkîlerle aynı durumdadır, onların soruşturma ve beyanı cerh ve tâdilde muteber kabul edilir (Mâverdî, II, 22-34). Bunların yanı sıra hâkim, şahit hakkında kanaat sahibi olmak üzere kamu yararına denetleme görevini yürüten hisbe görevlileri, şirketler hakkında araştırma yapan ticarî istihbarat uzmanları gibi bilirkişilerin görüşlerine de başvurabilir. Hâkim mahkeme kayıtları ve müzekkîlerin beyanlarının yanı sıra diğer resmî kayıtları da kullanabilir, fakat resmî kayıtlar tezkiye için tek başına yeterli sayılmaz. Hâkim, daha önce bir başka dava yahut vâkıa dolayısıyla kendi katında veya mahkeme kayıtlarında adaleti sabit olan yahut cerhedilen şahitler hakkında tezkiye işlemine başvurmayabilir. Fakihler bu durumda belli bir sürenin konulması, söz konusu vâkıanın üzerinden altı ay veya bir yıl gibi bir süre geçmişse tezkiyenin yenilenmesi gerektiği görüşündedir.
Tezkiye işleminde farklı kaynakların görüşleri çeliştiğinde izlenecek yollar özetle şöyledir: 1. Müzekkîlerin beyanları birbiriyle çelişirse cerh yönü tercih edilir; fakat olumlu görüş bildiren müzekkînin şahidin cerh gerektiren halini ıslah ettiğini söyleyerek makbul bir açıklama getirmesi halinde onun görüşü alınır. 2. Müzekkîlerin beyanı hâkimin çeşitli kaynaklardan kendi soruşturması neticesinde ulaştığı kanaatiyle çelişirse, a) Müzekkîlerin şahidin âdil olduğunu beyan etmelerine mukabil hâkimin cerhi gerektiren bir sonuca ulaşması durumunda cerh takdim edilir; b) Müzekkîlerin şahidi cerhetmelerine karşılık hâkim olumlu bir kanaate ulaşırsa ya cerhi tercih eder veya tezkiye işlemini başka müzekkîlerle yeniler. 3. Müzekkîlerin beyanı ile aleyhine şahitlik yapılan (davalı) tarafın görüşü çelişirse, a) Müzekkîler cerheder, davalı şahitleri kabul ederse cerh tercih edilir; b) Müzekkîler tâdil eder, davalı cerhederse ve bu cerh tezkiye işleminden önce yapılırsa ispatlanması şartıyla kabul edilir; tezkiye işlemi bittikten sonra yapılırsa gizli yapılan mücerret cerh dışında dinlenilmez. Öte yandan hadis usulünde tezkiye “bir râvinin adâlet ve zabt niteliklerini taşıdığı, güvenilir biri olduğu” anlamında kullanılır (bk. MUADDİL ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mâverdî, Edebü’l-ḳāḍî (nşr. Muhyî Hilâl es-Serhân), Bağdad 1392/1972, II, 3-58.
İbn Hazm, el-Muḥallâ , IX, 393-395, 418, 429.
Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ , XVI, 91-92.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ , VII, 10-11.
Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî (nşr. Abdullah b. Abdülmuhsin et-Türkî – Abdülfettâh M. el-Hulv), Riyad 1417/1997, XIV, 43-51, 147-170, 188-189, 342.
Nevevî, Ravżatü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn (nşr. Ali M. Muavvaz – Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd), Riyad 1423/2003, VIII, 151-158.
Şehâbeddin el-Karâfî, eẕ-Ẕaḫîre (nşr. Muhammed Bû Hubze), Beyrut 1994, X, 198-209, 215-239.
Bedreddin el-Aynî, el-Binâye (nşr. M. Ömer), Beyrut 1411/1990, VIII, 134, 139-145, 172-187, 194-197.
Şemseddin er-Remlî, Nihâyetü’l-muḥtâc , Beyrut 1404/1984, VIII, 258, 263-266, 302.
Buhûtî, Keşşâfü’l-ḳınâʿ , VI, 350-353.
Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Haraşî, Şerḥu Muḫtaṣarı Ḫalîl , Beyrut, ts. (Dâru Sâdır), VI, 351; VII, 148-149, 158, 181-183.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (nşr. Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd – Ali M. Muavvaz), Beyrut 1415/1994, VIII, 179-184, 207-211.
Mecelle , md. 1716-1727.
Ali Haydar, Dürerü’l-hükkâm , IV, 506-525.
Abdülaziz Bayındır, İslâm Muhakeme Hukuku , İstanbul 1986, s. 181-191.
Fahrettin Atar, İslâm Adliye Teşkilâtı , Ankara 1991, s. 148-149, 203-205.
Şüveyş Hizâ‘ Ali el-Mehâmîd, ʿAdâletü’ş-şâhid fi’l-ḳażâʾi’l-İslâmî , Beyrut 1416/1995, s. 377-431, 487-497.
“Tezkiye”, Mv.F , XI, 238-250.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 77-79 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.