The Effects of Unexpectedness and Emotional Arousal on Long-Term and Short-Term Memory

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 54 – 66, 30.06.2024

Işılay Pirpiroğlu Gülten Ünal

Öz

Memory is quite selective. Many factors (e.g. familiarity, unexpectedness, emotions) affect memory performance. The current study investigates the effects of unexpectedness and emotional arousal on long-term and short-term memory. For this aim, 125 undergraduate students were randomly assigned into 4 conditions: 2 unexpectedness (high vs. low) and 2 emotional arousal (negatively-valanced vs. positively-valanced). For unexpectedness manipulation, 9 commonly used Turkish proverbs were used. A word was removed from the middle of each proverb and proverbs were presented to the participants. Then, they were asked to mentally guess the missing word. In the next page, the missing part was filled in with a new word. Words that did not disrupt the flow of meaning and were similar to the original word extracted from the proverb were used for the low unexpected condition. While new words chosen far from the original word were used for the high unexpected condition. Two types of music (positive vs. negative valance) were used for emotional arousal. Short-term memory performance includes the number of correct words remembered after the experiment, while long-term memory includes the number of correct words remembered 24 hours after the experiment. The result of the study showed that the low unexpected stimulus group, when combined with negative stimulation, led to increased performance in long-term memory. Thus, it has been observed that both stimulus unexpectedness and the degree of unexpectedness have effect on memory performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

unexpectedness, emotional arousal, short term memory, novelty, long term memory

Kaynakça

• Alonso, I., Dellacherie, D., & Samson, S. (2015). Emotional memory for musical excerpts in young and older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 7, 23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00023
• Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2015). Memory (2nd ed.). Psychology Press.
• Barto, A., Mirolli, M., & Baldassarre, G. (2013). Novelty or surprise? Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 907. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00907
• Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Novelty, Uncertainty, Conflict, Complexity. In D. E. Berlyne, Conflict, arousal, and curiosity (pp. 18–44). McGraw-Hill Book Company. https://doi.org/10.1037/11164-002
• Dolcos, F., & Cabeza, R. (2002). Event-related potentials of emotional memory: Encoding pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 2(3), 252–263. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.2.3.252
• Eschrich, S., Münte, T. F., & Altenmüller, E. O. (2008). Unforgettable film music: The role of emotion in episodic long-term memory for music. BMC Neuroscience, 9, 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-9-48
• Greene, C. M., Bahri, P., & Soto, D. (2010). Interplay between affect and arousal in recognition memory. PloS One, 5(7), e11739. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011739
• Hamann S. (2001). Cognitive and neural mechanisms of emotional memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(9), 394–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01707-1
• Kirchoff, B. A., Wagner, A. D., Maril, A., & Stern, C. E. (2000). Prefrontal circuitry for episodic encoding and subsequent memory. The Journal of Neuroscience, 20(16), 6173–6180.
• Krumhansl C. L. (1997). An exploratory study of musical emotions and psychophysiology. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51(4), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/1196-1961.51.4.336
• Kumaran, D., & Maguire, E. A. (2007). Match mismatch processes underlie human hippocampal responses to associative novelty. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 27(32), 8517–8524. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1677-07.2007
• Skavronskaya, L., Moyle, B.D., Scott, N., & Schaffer, V. (2020). Novelty, unexpectedness, and surprise: A conceptual clarification. Tourism Recreation Research, 46, 548-552. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1828556
• Modirshanechi, A., Becker, S., Brea, J., & Gerstner, W. (2023). Surprise and novelty in the brain. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2023.102758
• Nineuil, C., Dellacherie, D., & Samson, S. (2020). The impact of emotion on musical long term memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02110
• Nyberg L. (2005). Any novelty in hippocampal formation and memory? Current Opinion in Neurology, 18(4), 424–428. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wco.0000168080.99730.1c
• Quevedo, J., Sant'Anna, M. K., Madruga, M., Lovato, I., de-Paris, F., Kapczinski, F., Izquierdo, I., & Cahill, L. (2003). Differential effects of emotional arousal in shortand long-term memory in healthy adults. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 79(2), 132–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7427(02)00034-5
• Ranganath, C., & Rainer, G. (2003). Neural mechanisms for detecting and remembering novel events. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(3), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1052 15
• Ravizza, S. M., Uitvlugt, M. G., & Hazeltine, E. (2016). Where to start? Bottom-up attention improves working memory by determining encoding order. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 42(12), 1959–1968. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000275
• Reichardt, R., Polner, B., & Simor, P. (2020). Novelty manipulations, memory performance, and predictive coding: The role of unexpectedness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14, 152. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00152
• Samson, S., Dellacherie, D., & Platel, H. (2009). Emotional power of music in patients with memory disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1169, 245-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04555.x
• Thayer, J. F., & Faith, M. L. (2001). A dynamic systems model of musically induced emotions. Physiological and self-report evidence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 930, 452–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05768.x
• Tulving, E., & Kroll, N. (1995). Novelty assessment in the brain and long-term memory encoding. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2(3), 387–390. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF0321097716

Beklenmediklik ve Duygusal Uyarılmanın Uzun Süreli ve Kısa Süreli Bellek Üzerindeki Etkileri

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 54 – 66, 30.06.2024

Işılay Pirpiroğlu Gülten Ünal

Öz

Bellek oldukça seçicidir. Çeşitli faktörler (örneğin, yenilik, beklenmediklik, duygular) bellek performansını etkiler. Bu çalışma, beklenmediklik derecesi ve duygusal uyarılmanın uzun ve kısa süreli bellek üzerindeki etkilerine incelemektedir. Bunun için 125 lisans öğrencisi rastgele olarak 4 gruba ayrılmıştır: 2 beklenmediklik (yüksek ve düşük) ve 2 duygusal uyarılma (negatif değerli ve pozitif değerli). Beklenmediklik manipülasyonu için, 9 yaygın kullanıma sahip Türk atasözü kullanıldı. Her bir atasözününün ortasından bir kelime çıkarıldı ve atasözleri katılımcılara sunuldu. Katılımcılardan boşlukları zihinsel olarak tahmin etmeleri istendi. Bir sonraki sayfada, boşluk yeni bir kelime ile dolduruldu. Düşük beklenmediklik durumu için, anlam akışını bozmayan ve atasözünden çıkarılan orijinal kelimeye benzer olan kelimeler kullanıldı. Yüksek beklenmediklik durumu içinse orijinal kelimeden anlamsal olarak uzak kelimeler kullanıldı. Duygusal uyarılma için iki tür müzik (pozitif ve negatif değerli) kullanıldı. Kısa süreli bellek performansı, deneyden sonra hatırlanan doğru kelimelerin sayısını içerirken, uzun süreli bellek ise deneyden 24 saat sonra hatırlanan doğru kelimelerin sayısını içerir. Çalışmanın sonucu, düşük beklenmedik uyarıcıların, negatif uyarılma ile birleştirildiğinde uzun süreli bellekte performansın artmasına neden olduğunu gösterdi. Böylece hem uyarıcı beklenmedikliğinin hem de beklenmediklik derecesinin bellek performansını etkilediği gözlemlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

beklenmediklik, duygusal uyarılma, yenilik, kısa süreli bellek, uzun süreli bellek

Kaynakça

• Alonso, I., Dellacherie, D., & Samson, S. (2015). Emotional memory for musical excerpts in young and older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 7, 23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00023
• Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W., & Anderson, M. C. (2015). Memory (2nd ed.). Psychology Press.
• Barto, A., Mirolli, M., & Baldassarre, G. (2013). Novelty or surprise? Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 907. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00907
• Berlyne, D. E. (1960). Novelty, Uncertainty, Conflict, Complexity. In D. E. Berlyne, Conflict, arousal, and curiosity (pp. 18–44). McGraw-Hill Book Company. https://doi.org/10.1037/11164-002
• Dolcos, F., & Cabeza, R. (2002). Event-related potentials of emotional memory: Encoding pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 2(3), 252–263. https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.2.3.252
• Eschrich, S., Münte, T. F., & Altenmüller, E. O. (2008). Unforgettable film music: The role of emotion in episodic long-term memory for music. BMC Neuroscience, 9, 48. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-9-48
• Greene, C. M., Bahri, P., & Soto, D. (2010). Interplay between affect and arousal in recognition memory. PloS One, 5(7), e11739. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011739
• Hamann S. (2001). Cognitive and neural mechanisms of emotional memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 5(9), 394–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01707-1
• Kirchoff, B. A., Wagner, A. D., Maril, A., & Stern, C. E. (2000). Prefrontal circuitry for episodic encoding and subsequent memory. The Journal of Neuroscience, 20(16), 6173–6180.
• Krumhansl C. L. (1997). An exploratory study of musical emotions and psychophysiology. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51(4), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/1196-1961.51.4.336
• Kumaran, D., & Maguire, E. A. (2007). Match mismatch processes underlie human hippocampal responses to associative novelty. The Journal of Neuroscience: The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 27(32), 8517–8524. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1677-07.2007
• Skavronskaya, L., Moyle, B.D., Scott, N., & Schaffer, V. (2020). Novelty, unexpectedness, and surprise: A conceptual clarification. Tourism Recreation Research, 46, 548-552. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1828556
• Modirshanechi, A., Becker, S., Brea, J., & Gerstner, W. (2023). Surprise and novelty in the brain. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2023.102758
• Nineuil, C., Dellacherie, D., & Samson, S. (2020). The impact of emotion on musical long term memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02110
• Nyberg L. (2005). Any novelty in hippocampal formation and memory? Current Opinion in Neurology, 18(4), 424–428. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.wco.0000168080.99730.1c
• Quevedo, J., Sant'Anna, M. K., Madruga, M., Lovato, I., de-Paris, F., Kapczinski, F., Izquierdo, I., & Cahill, L. (2003). Differential effects of emotional arousal in shortand long-term memory in healthy adults. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 79(2), 132–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-7427(02)00034-5
• Ranganath, C., & Rainer, G. (2003). Neural mechanisms for detecting and remembering novel events. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 4(3), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1052 15
• Ravizza, S. M., Uitvlugt, M. G., & Hazeltine, E. (2016). Where to start? Bottom-up attention improves working memory by determining encoding order. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 42(12), 1959–1968. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000275
• Reichardt, R., Polner, B., & Simor, P. (2020). Novelty manipulations, memory performance, and predictive coding: The role of unexpectedness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14, 152. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00152
• Samson, S., Dellacherie, D., & Platel, H. (2009). Emotional power of music in patients with memory disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1169, 245-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04555.x
• Thayer, J. F., & Faith, M. L. (2001). A dynamic systems model of musically induced emotions. Physiological and self-report evidence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 930, 452–456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05768.x
• Tulving, E., & Kroll, N. (1995). Novelty assessment in the brain and long-term memory encoding. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2(3), 387–390. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF0321097716

Toplam 22 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Kaynak Göster

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