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The ENCYCLOPAEDIA of ISLAM Skip to content Leiden’de yayımlanan İslâm dini, kültürü, tarihi ve coğrafyasına dair ansiklopedi.
Avrupa’da Müslümanlık ve İslâm dünyası hakkında yayımlanan ilk ansiklopedinin, Barthélemy d’Herbelot’nun Doğu’yu çeşitli yönleriyle alfabetik maddeler halinde incelediği Bibliothèque orientale adlı eseri olduğu kabul edilir (nşr. Antoine Galland, Paris 1697). Daha sonra T. P. Hughes Dictionary of Islam (London 1885) ve W. Beale An Oriental Biographical Dictionary (Kalküta 1881) adlı kitapları kaleme aldılar; ancak bunlar muhteva bakımından yetersiz küçük hacimli araştırmalardı. Milletlerarası bir çalışma olan The Encyclopaedia of Islam ise Batı’da XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında yoğunluk kazanan şarkiyat faaliyetlerinin XX. yüzyılın başlarında ortaya koyduğu en önemli üründür. Bu yüzden daha sonraki yıllarda çeşitli edisyonlar yapıldığı gibi, ilgili milletler tarafından Türkçe, Arapça, Farsça ve Urduca’ya da çevrilerek yayımlanmıştır.
The Encyclopaedia of Islam (first edition, EI ). 1892’de Londra’da yapılan Milletlerarası Şarkiyatçılar Kongresi’nde William Robertson Smith İslâmî bir ansiklopedi yayımlanması teklifinde bulundu ve teklifi kabul edilerek kendi başkanlığında on iki üyeli bir hazırlık komitesi oluşturuldu. Bir süre sonra Smith’in ölümü üzerine müteakip kongrede yerine Ignaz Goldziher görevlendirildi; ancak 1897’de Paris’te yapılan kongrede Goldziher istifa etti ve onun yerine Martin Theodor Houtsma seçildi. Aynı kongrede, aralarında Barbier de Meynard, Michael Jan de Goeje ve Ignazio Guidi gibi ünlü isimlerin bulunduğu İngiliz, Fransız, Alman, İtalyan, Rus, Macar, Avusturyalı ve Hollandalı ilim adamlarından meydana gelen yeni bir komite teşkil edildi. Hazırlanan örnek fasikül Roma’da yapılan kongrede benimsendi ve o sıralarda yeni kurulmuş olan International Association of Academies’in ilk toplantısında (Paris 1901) Leipzig, Münih ve Viyana akademilerinin teklifleri üzerine ansiklopedinin yayımlanması kabul edildi. Böylece en yüksek milletlerarası ilmî teşkilât tarafından da onaylanmış bulunan projenin yayın hazırlıklarına başlama aşamasına gelinmiş oldu. M. J. de Goeje’nin başkanlığında Houtsma’nın da editör olarak görev aldığı bir idare heyeti oluşturuldu ve bir alt komisyon kurularak genel prensiplerin tesbitiyle görevlendirildi. Bu komisyon çalışmalarını 1902’de tamamladı. Ansiklopedi İngilizce, Fransızca ve Almanca olarak üç ayrı dilde yayımlanacak, fakat madde başlıkları Doğu dillerinde ve çoğunlukla Arapça olacaktı. Maliyet ise on yıl için 140.000-150.000 mark olarak hesaplandı. Projenin gerçekleşme aşamasına gelmesi üzerine International Association Academies’e üye akademilerin hemen hepsi, başta Hollanda olmak üzere sömürgeci Avrupa devletlerinin tamamı, bu devletlerin sömürge genel valilikleri ve deniz aşırı ticaret şirketleri, ayrıca Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ndekiler de dahil din ağırlıklı eğitim veren bazı üniversitelerle çeşitli misyonerlik kuruluşları ansiklopedinin masraflarını karşılamayı taahhüt ettiler.
Ansiklopedinin yayın hakkı ve basım işi, kurulduğu 1683 yılından beri Arabiyat alanında yazılan en önemli eserleri ve XIX. yüzyılın sonuna doğru da özellikle Christiaan Snouck-Hurgronje öncülüğünde yapılan geniş kapsamlı İslâm araştırmalarını yayımlamakla ünlü E. J. Brill (Leiden) yayınevine verildi. Ansiklopedinin ilk fasikülü 1908’de yayımlandı; ancak Almanca tercümeler sebebiyle tenkide uğradı ve bu dilin sorumlusu M. Seligsohn istifa etmek zorunda kaldı. I. cilt 1913’te tamamlandığında yayın kurulu Houtsma, T. W. Arnold, René Basset ve Richard Hartmann’dan, II. cilt çıktığında ise Houtsma, Arent Jan Wensinck, Arnold, Evarista Lévi-Provençal ve W. Heffening’den oluşuyordu. 1930’da Arnold’un ölümü üzerine görevi Hamilton Alexander Roskeen Gibb’e verildi ve yayın kurulunda bir daha değişiklik olmadı. 1936’da The Encyclopaedia of Islam (A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Mohammedan Peoples) adıyla dört büyük cilt, 5312 sayfa ve 6176 madde halinde yayımı tamamlanan ansiklopediye 1939’da da bir ilâve cilt eklendi (1987’de eserin tamamının, ciltler ikiye bölünerek ve boyutları biraz küçültülerek First Encyclopaedia of Islam adı altında ve dokuz cilt halinde tıpkıbasımı yapıldı). 1934’ten sonra Heffening’in başlattığı isimler indeksi çalışması ise II. Dünya Savaşı sebebiyle tamamlanamadı. 1937’de Wensinck, ansiklopedinin Almanca bir özeti olan Handwörterbuch des Islam üzerine çalışma başlatmıştı; 1939’da onun ölümü üzerine Johannes Heindrik Kramers görevi devraldı ve eser 1941’de tek cilt olarak yayımlandı. Daha sonra da Gibb ile Kramers’in birlikte hazırladıkları İngilizce özet Hollanda Kraliyet Akademisi tarafından piyasaya çıkarıldı (Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam , Leiden 1953).
The Encyclopaedia of Islam , Avrupa’da XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında sömürgecilik faaliyetlerine paralel olarak yoğunlaştırılan şarkiyat çalışmalarının ürünüdür ve hazırlanmasının asıl amacı başta Hollanda, İngiltere ve Fransa olmak üzere büyük sömürge imparatorluklarının hâkimiyeti altında bulunan İslâm toprakları hakkında güvenilir bilgi toplamak ve buralara gidecek görevlilere yardımcı olmaktır. Bundan dolayı ansiklopedide müslümanlar açısından önemli olan pek çok maddenin ihmal edildiği, buna karşılık Batılılar için değer taşıyan hususların ön planda tutulduğu ve konu seçiminin daha ziyade bu ülkeler hakkında bilgi edinmeye yönelik olduğu görülmektedir. Asıl İslâm diniyle doğrudan ilgili maddelerde ise, bazıları şarkiyatçılığının yanında rahip olan yazarlar konuyu tarafsızlıktan uzak misyonerce bir tutumla ele almışlar ve tenkitçi yaklaşım adına en başta vahyi inkâr ederek İslâmiyet’i yahudi ve hıristiyan din adamlarından öğrendiği bilgilerle Hz. Muhammed’in kurduğunu, daha sonra bu sosyal hareketin başkalarının da yardımıyla din haline getirildiğini ispatlamaya, temel İslâmî kavramlar üzerinde şüphe ve tereddüt uyandırmaya çalışmışlar (meselâ bk. “Allāh”, “Ḳorʾān”, “Muḥammad” md.leri), bu arada çirkin ifadeler kullanmaktan ve iftira atmaktan da çekinmemişlerdir (meselâ bk. “ʿAbd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās”, “ʿĀʾisha” md.leri). Peygamberlerin hayatı gibi konularda İslâmî kaynaklardan çok Tevrat, Talmud ve İncil’i ön plana çıkarmışlardır. Edebiyatla ilgili maddelerde sadece Arap edebiyatı dikkate alınarak ikinci derecede de İran edebiyatı göz önünde tutulmuş, Türk edebiyatıyla ilgili maddelere ise ya çok sathî yaklaşılmış veya hiç temas edilmemiştir. Meselâ “Şāʿir” maddesinde Türk şiirine ve şairlerine yer verilmediği görülmektedir. Ancak bütün aksaklıklarına rağmen bu ansiklopedinin ilk çalışma oluşunun da tesiriyle büyük bir boşluğu doldurduğu ve daha sonra yayımlanan benzeri eserler için örnek oluşturduğu da bir gerçektir.
Ansiklopedi için dört büyük Doğu dilinde (Arapça, Farsça, Türkçe, Urduca) tercüme faaliyetleri başlatılmış, ancak bunlardan yalnız Türkçe ve Urduca tercümeler tamamlanabilmiştir. Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı tarafından 1940-1988 yılları arasında İstanbul’da yayımlanan Türkçe tercüme, aslında sadece tercüme değil genişletilmiş bir Türkçe edisyon durumundadır ve ikisi ikişer cilt halinde (V/1-2, XII/1-2) on üç (toplam on beş) ciltten meydana gelen bu çalışmada önemli ölçüde genişletilmiş veya yeniden telif edilmiş maddeler bulunmaktadır (bk. İSLÂM ANSİKLOPEDİSİ ). Pakistan’da Pencap Üniversitesi (Lahor) tarafından 1960-1989 yılları arasında yirmi üç cilt halinde gerçekleştirilen Urduca tercümenin (Urdû Dâʾire-i Maʿârif-i İslâmiyye ) önemli bir kısmı ikinci edisyonun ilk dört cildinden çevrilmiş, İslâm Ansiklopedisi örnek alınarak ve ondan da faydalanılarak esere, hatalı maddelerinin düzeltilip genişletilmesinden başka Urdu edebiyatına ve Hint-Pakistan coğrafya, tarih ve kültürüne dair birçok yeni madde ilâve edilmiştir. Arapça tercümenin yayımına daha önce başlanmışsa da (Dâʾiretü’l-maʿârifi’l-İslâmiyye , Kahire 1933) eser ancak “ʿÂrif Paşa” maddesine kadar gelebilmiş ve on beş cilt halinde yarım kalmıştır. Bu çalışma da yalnız tercüme olmayıp bazan kısa dipnotlar şeklinde, bazan da maddenin sonuna eklenen uzunca tenkitlerle ve yapılan ilâvelerle hacmi genişletilmiş bir edisyon durumundadır. Özellikle dinî konularla ilgili olarak Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir, Emîn el-Hûlî, Muhammed Yûsuf Mûsâ, Muhammed Hâmid el-Fıkī, Muhammed Fuâd Abdülbâkī, M. Mustafa Hilmî, Mustafa Abdürrâzık ve Ebû Rîde gibi tanınmış âlimler önemli tenkit ve ilâvelerde bulunmuşlardır. İran’da 1948 yılında girişilen Farsça tercüme teşebbüsü sonuçsuz kalmışsa da daha sonra başlatılan The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’ın (new edition, [EI2 ]) tercümesi halen devam etmektedir (aş.bk.).
The Encyclopaedia of Islam Doğu dillerinde yayımlanmaya başlandıktan sonra İslâm dünyasında akademik çevrelerin dışından da çeşitli eleştiriler almıştır. Özellikle Türkiye’de karşılaştığı tepki şiddetli olmuş, İslâm Ansiklopedisi yayın kurulunu hıristiyan şarkiyatçıların emellerine alet olmakla suçlayan devrin önde gelen din âlimlerinden İsmail Hakkı İzmirli, Kâmil Miras, Ömer Rıza Doğrul ve Eşref Edip ona nazîre olarak İslâm-Türk Ansiklopedisi adı altında yeni bir ansiklopedi çıkarmaya başlamışlardır (İstanbul 1941). Ancak bu eser II. cildini tamamlayamadan henüz 70. fasikülde iken 1948’de yayımını kesmek zorunda kalmıştır (bk. İSLÂM-TÜRK ANSİKLOPEDİSİ ). The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’a yöneltilen eleştiriler karşısında yayın kurulu başkanı Houtsma, ansiklopedinin hıristiyanlar tarafından çıkarılmasını dikkate alarak kendisinin tarafsızlığını korumaya çalıştığını, fakat görüşlerine katılmasa bile yazılan maddelere müdahale etmeme eğiliminde olduğunu belirterek sorumluluğu yazarlara yüklerken (EI2 , VI, 909-910) eserin yeni baskısının (EI2 ) V. ciltten itibaren yayın kurulu başkanlığını yapan C. E. Bosworth üstü kapalı da olsa bu hususta İngiltere, Fransa ve Hollanda’nın sömürgeci tutumlarının ve Doğu’da görevli olarak çalışan ilim adamlarının rol oynadığını açıklamıştır (New Books Quarterly , I/2-3, s. 8). Her iki edisyonun yayın kurullarında yer alan Gibb ise ansiklopedilerin belli bir dönemdeki belli bir entelektüel sistemin ürünü olduğunu vurguladıktan sonra bu ansiklopedinin Batılı ilim adamları tarafından tenkitçi bilim geleneğini kabul edenler için hazırlandığını ve dolayısıyla müslümanların beklentilerine uygun düşmediğini ifade etmiştir (Prospectus of the Encyclopaedia of Islam in Urdu , s. 7).
The Encyclopaedia of Islam (new edition, EI2 ). II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra sömürge imparatorlukları yıkılmış ve bu devletlerin İslâm toprakları üzerindeki hâkimiyetleri sona ermişti. Dolayısıyla ansiklopedide hemen her konunun Avrupa’nın çıkarları doğrultusunda ele alınmış ve yorumlanmış olması Batılı okuyucuların da dikkatini çekmeye başlamıştı. Öte yandan bu durum, savaş sonrası benimsenen milletlerin eşitliği ve devletler arasındaki ilişkilerin karşılıklı saygıya dayanması ilkelerine de ters düşüyordu. Ayrıca artık milletlerarası şarkiyat kongrelerine yalnız Batı’dan değil başta Türkiye olmak üzere çeşitli İslâm ülkelerinden de birçok ilim adamı katılıyordu. 1940 yılından beri Türkiye’de yayımlanan İslâm Ansiklopedisi ise eserin en azından Türk tarihi ve kültürüne ilişkin maddelerindeki yanlış ve eksiklikleri ortaya koymaya başlamıştı. Bunun üzerine ansiklopedinin yeniden ele alınması ve kapsamının genişletilmesi ihtiyacı ortaya çıktı. Bu defa doğrudan International Association Academies’in yönetiminde ve yine E. J. Brill yayınevi tarafından basılmak üzere hataları düzeltilmiş ve eksikleri tamamlanarak genişletilmiş yeni bir edisyon için harekete geçildi. B. Spuler’in, The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’ın (EI1 ) düzeltilmiş yeni bir basımı yapılmadığı sürece daha güvenilir bir kaynak sayılacağını belirttiği (Köprülü, XII/3, s. 162) İslâm Ansiklopedisi , birinci baskıda mevcut hata ve eksiklerin yanında bazı kötü niyetli peşin hükümleri ortaya çıkardığı gibi birçok konuda Türk bilim adamlarının katkısına ihtiyaç bulunduğunu da gösteriyordu. Nitekim ilk baskıda yazar olarak sadece M. Fuad Köprülü yer alırken ikincisinde pek çok Türk ilim adamı sipariş edilen yeni maddeleri yazarak katkıda bulundu; bu arada İslâm Ansiklopedisi ’nde Türk ilim adamları tarafından yazılmış olan çok sayıda madde de ya aynı imza ile yayımlandı veya yeniden yazılırken bunlardan faydalanıldı.
İngilizce ve Fransızca olarak yayımlanması planlanan yeni baskının 1954’te ilk fasikülü çıktığı zaman yayın kurulunda eski isimlerden Gibb, Kramers ve E. Lévi-Provençal ile Joseph Schacht bulunuyordu. Daha sonra C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, Bernard Lewis, Charles Pellat, V. L. Ménage, W. Heinrichs, G. Lecomte gibi isimler yayın kurulunda yer aldı. J. van Ess başkanlığında oluşturulan icra komitesinde yardımcı üyeler olarak Nâcî el-Asîl, Halil İnalcık, İbrâhim Medkûr, Muhammed Şefî‘, Bezmî Ensârî, Mustafa eş-Şihâbî, Seyyid Hüseyin Nasr, Muhammed et-Tâlibî ve diğer bazı müslüman ilim adamları görev yaptı.
1994’te VIII. cildin sekizinci fasikülü (son madde “Rıḍā Shāh”) çıkarılan eser sekiz veya dokuz cilt olarak planlanmıştır. Her cilt 1100-1300 sayfa hacminde olup toplam madde sayısı 1954’te yayımlanan ana listeye göre 10.000’in üzerindedir. Birinci baskıya oranla hacmin genişliği, madde sayısının arttırılmasından ve mevcutların daha ayrıntılı hale getirilmesinden kaynaklanmaktadır. Yeni edisyonda Siyah Afrika, Orta Asya ve Uzakdoğu gibi çoğunluğu İslâm dünyasına dahil olan yerlerle bugün İslâm toprağı olmayan İspanya, Balkanlar ve Rusya gibi bölgelere de önem verilmiştir. İlk neşrine prensip kararı gereği sadece kişi, yer, hânedan ve kurum adlarıyla dinî, edebî ve hukukî terimler dahil edilmişken ikinciye daha genel nitelikte maddeler de alınmıştır. Bunun sonucu olarak ortaya, daha önce hakkında ayrıntılı araştırma yapılmamış “Bārūd”, “Djarida”, “Dustūr”, “G̲h̲azal”, “Ḥarb”, “K̲h̲aṭṭ”, “Ḳiṣṣa”, “Kitābāt”, “Libās”, “Māʾ”, “Madīḥ”, “Madjlis” gibi birçok madde çıkmıştır. Maddelerin büyük çoğunluğu yeni kaleme alınmış, birinci edisyondaki maddelerin birçoğu yeniden yazdırılmış veya bunlara yeni bilgiler eklenmiştir. Ancak J. Schacht’ın fıkıhla, W. Barthold’un Orta Asya ile, V. Minorsky’nin İran tarihi ve coğrafyasıyla ve A. J. Wensinck’in İslâm kültürüyle ilgili maddeleri gibi bir kısım maddeler aynen korunmuş, sadece bibliyografya ve bazı bilgi ilâveleriyle zenginleştirilmiştir.
Yeni edisyonun ilk üç cildi için yayımlanan Supplement ’e (1980) yeni teklif edilen veya yazarından geç gelen maddelerle yeni ölen şahıslar için yazdırılan biyografi maddeleri alındı. W. C. Brice’a bir tarih atlası hazırlama görevi verilirken J. D. Pearson ve Hilda Pearson’a önce I-III. ciltleri (1979), daha sonra IV-V. ciltlerle Supplement ’in ilk altı fasikülünü kapsayacak şekilde indeks hazırlatıldı (1989). 1991’de E. van Donzel’in yeniden gözden geçirdiği ilaveli indeks, 1993’te de P. J. Bearman’ın hazırladığı konular indeksi yayımlandı.
The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’da (EI1 ) görülen İslâm’ın temel kavram ve esaslarına yönelik art niyetli ve taraflı bakış açısı yeni neşirde de büyük ölçüde devam etmekte, ancak bazı maddelerdeki yanlış bilgi ve asılsız iddialara bu neşirde yer verilmediği görülmektedir (meselâ “ʿAbd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās” ve “Djamra” maddeleriyle ilgili olarak bk. DİA , I, 77; VII, 340). Böyle geniş çaplı bir eserde bulunması bir ölçüde normal karşılanabilecek olan bazı hatalar yanında klasik kaynaklardaki metinleri yanlış okuma ve anlamalara (bk. Dânişnâme-i Îrân ve İslâm [nşr. İhsân Yârşâtır], neşredenin girişi, I, 20), bir kısmının ön yargılardan kaynaklandığı anlaşılan ilmî hata ve asılsız iddialara (bunlarla ilgili bazı tenkitler için bk. DİA , I, 115-116; II, 76; IV, 25, 36; VII, 204, 230, 340, 378), karşılığı bulunmayan atıflara (meselâ “Bug̲h̲rā K̲h̲ān”, “D̲j̲ahān S̲h̲āh”, “D̲j̲anfidā K̲h̲atūn”) ve tekrar yazılmış maddelere (meselâ, “ʿImādī” [III, 1161; Suppl. , s. 416], “al-Ad̲j̲dābī” [I, 207; III, 696; Suppl. , s. 380], “G̲h̲āzī Miyān” [II, 1047-1048; VI, 783-784]) rastlanmaktadır. Bunlardan başka birçok maddenin ve madde olarak alınan bazı şahıslarla eserleri hakkında verilen bilgilerin de yetersiz kaldığı görülmektedir (meselâ “Ak̲h̲īra”, “Buk̲h̲ārī”, “Abū D̲h̲arr”, “Abū Dāʾūd”). İlk edisyonda yapıldığı gibi metin içerisinde sık sık kaynak gösterilmesinin okumayı engellediği ileri sürülen eleştiriler arasındadır. Ayrıca yine birincisinde olduğu gibi maddeler farklı dillerde yazıldığı için yapılan çeviriler sırasında önemli kayıplara uğramış ve zaman zaman hatalı tercüme edilmiştir (meselâ “Abū Yūsuf”, I [İng.], 164b , sondan ikinci satır/I [Fr.], 169b , 19. satır ve “Ibn Rushd”, III [İng.], 918b , 37-38. satırlar/III [Fr.], 942b , sondan 7-8. satırlar). Ancak ansiklopedinin bu ikinci baskısı birincisinden çok daha ileri seviyede ilmî bir eserdir ve özellikle araştırmacılar için vazgeçilmez bir kaynak teşkil etmektedir.
Daha önce belirtildiği gibi Urduca tercümede maddelerin önemli bir kısmı ikinci baskıdan alınmıştır. İran’da sonuçsuz kalan The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’ın (EI1 ) Farsça’ya çevrilmesi teşebbüsünden sonra İran kültür ve tarihiyle ilgili maddelerin de ilâvesiyle Büngâh-ı Tercüme ve Neşr-i Kitâb adlı kurum tarafından yeni edisyonun Farsça’ya tercümesine başlanmış ve Dânişnâme-i Îrân ve İslâm adı verilen bu tercümenin elif harfine ait dokuz fasikülü 1975-1978 yılları arasında, 10. fasikülü 1982’de ve 11. fasikülü de (son md. “Erdebil”) 1991’de yayımlanmıştır. Bu arada 1984 yılında kurulan Bünyâd-ı Dâiretü’l-maârif-i İslâmî adlı bir müessese, ansiklopedinin adını Dânişnâme-yi Cihân-ı İslâm şekline çevirerek kısmen telif, kısmen diğer ansiklopedilerden (İA , EI2 , UDMİ , EIr. , DİA ) tercüme yoluyla ve elif harfini atlayarak bâ harfinden itibaren bir ansiklopedi çıkarmaya başlamış ve henüz üç fasikül yayımlamıştır (Tahran 1990-1993).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
The Encyclopaedia of Islam (first edition), I-V, Leiden 1913-36.
Eşref Edib, İslâm Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1940.
Prospectus of the Encyclopaedia of Islam in Urdu , Lahore 1953.
Dânişnâme-i Îrân ve İslâm (nşr. İhsan Yârşâtır), Tahran 1354 hş., nâşirin mukaddimesi, I, 9-33.
Ahmed İsmailoviç, Felsefetü’l-istişrâḳ ve es̱eruhâ fi’l-edebi’l-ʿArabiyyi’l-muʿâṣır , Kahire 1980, s. 567-571.
Enver el-Cündî, Sümûmü’l-istişrâḳ ve’l-müsteşriḳīn , Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 17-20.
Ayhan Aykut, Türkiye’de Ansiklopediciliğin Doğuşu ve Gelişmesi (yüksek lisans tezi, 1989), İSAM Ktp., nr. 9666, s. 75-91.
M. Hamidullah, “The Urdu Edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam”, WI , VI/3-4 (1961), s. 244-247.
A. N. Md. Khalidi, “Urdu Encyclopaedia of Islam”, IC , XXXVI/1 (1962), s. 79-81.
E. van Donzel, “The Encyclopaedia of Islam”, Newsletter , sy. 5, Leiden 1991, s. 55.
a.mlf., “Mawsūʿa”, EI2 (İng.) , VI, 908-910.
Orhan F. Köprülü, “İslâm Ansiklopedisinin Mahiyet ve Kıymeti”, Diyanet Dergisi , XII/3 (1973), s. 161-162.
C. E. Bosworth, “The Encyclopaedia of Islam”, New Books Quarterly , I/2-3, London 1981, s. 8-10.
Ahmet Zeki Özgöer, “İslâm Ansiklopedisine Dair”, İslâmî Araştırmalar , II/6, Ankara 1988, s. 68-73.
Murtazâ Es‘adî, “Talîʿa-i Dânişnâme-i Cihân-i İslâm”, Neşr-i Dâniş , XI/1, Tahran 1369/1990-91, s. 42.
Ahmed el-Âyid, “Dâʾiretü’l-maʿârifi’l-İslâmiyye aṣlün min uṣûli’l-muʿcemi’l-ʿArabiyyi’t-târîḫî”, el-Muʿcemü’l-ʿArabiyyü’t-târîḫî , Beytülhikme 1991, s. 41-59.
TDEA , IV, 421-423.
Ehsan Yarshater, “Dāneš-nāmā-ye Īrān wa Eslām”, EIr. , VI, 652-653.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 181-184 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.