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THEODORE EBÛ KURRE Skip to content (ö. 812’den sonra)
Hıristiyan Arap ilâhiyatçısı.
Doğu Hıristiyanlığı’nın Melkâiyye mezhebine mensuptur. Abbâsîler döneminde Urfa’da (Edessa) yaşadı. Rivayete göre dinî eğitimini Filistin’deki Mâr Saba Manastırı’nda almış, burada kendisinden önce yaşayan Yuhannâ ed-Dımaşkī’nin ilâhiyatla ilgili görüşlerini öğrenmiş ve bunları eserlerinde işlemiştir. Dımaşkī’nin takipçisi ve düşüncelerini sistemleştiren bir kişi olması dolayısıyla hıristiyan literatüründe onun talebesi olarak tanınmıştır. Dımaşkī’nin Ebû Kurre üzerindeki etkisi, Ebû Kurre’nin İslâm’a karşı yazdığı eserlerde de görülür. 795-812 yılları arasında Harran piskoposu sıfatıyla görev yapan Ebû Kurre, Melkâî ilâhiyatçıları arasında felsefî görüşlere vukufu dolayısıyla filozof ve hakîm, Hıristiyanlığın genel dinî literatürüne vukufu sebebiyle de âlim ve kilise yazarı diye anılmıştır. Kendisine “Ebû Kurre” (teselli babası) lakabının verilmesi müslümanların yönetimine geçen Bizans topraklarında yok olma tehlikesine mâruz kalan hıristiyan kültürünün kurtarıcısı gibi görülmesindendir. Bu çerçevede bir yandan İslâm’a karşı Hıristiyanlığı, öte yandan diğer hıristiyan mezheplerine karşı Bizans dinî kültürünü temsil eden Melkâiyye mezhebinin görüşlerini savundu. Kendisine yönelik bazı suçlamalar yüzünden Antakya Patriği Theodoret tarafından Harran piskoposluğu görevinden alınan Ebû Kurre, bundan sonra Kudüs Patriği Thomas’a danışmanlık yapmaya başladı. Ebû Kurre’nin eserlerini bu dönemde kaleme aldığı kabul edilmektedir. Görüşlerini yaymak ve dinî tartışmalara katılmak üzere Mısır’a, Ermenistan’a, Bağdat’a seyahat ettiği ve Bağdat’ta bazı Mu‘tezile âlimleriyle tanıştığı bilinmektedir.
Ebû Kurre’nin en önemli özelliği hıristiyan ilâhiyatına dair konuları ilk defa Arapça kaleme alıp tartışmış olmasıdır. Kendisine nisbet edilen yirmi sekizi Arapça, kırk üçü Yunanca yetmiş bir eseri mevcuttur. Ayrıca otuz risâleden meydana gelen, fakat günümüze ulaşmayan Süryânîce bir eseri vardır. Bazı araştırmacılara göre Yunanca metinler doğrudan Ebû Kurre tarafından yazılmamıştır; bunlar onun Arapça eserlerinin tercümesidir. Onun Melkâîliği savunduğu eserleri Doğu Anadolu’da ve Kafkaslar’da yaşayan hıristiyanlar için Gürcü diline çevrilmiş, bunlarda ilk altı konsilin ve özellikle Kadıköy Konsili’nin kararlarının doğruluğunu savunmuştur. Süryânîce risâlelerinin büyük kısmını Monofizitler’e (Ya‘kūbîler) karşı yazdığı bilinmektedir. Bu eserlerinde ikon karşıtı (ikonoklast) düşünceye muhalefet etmiş; Tanrı’nın varlığı, sıfatları, irade hürriyeti ve kader gibi konularda görüşlerini açıklamıştır.
Hem Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’e hem kilise babalarının metinlerine vâkıf olan Ebû Kurre, müslümanlarla yaptığı tartışmalarda Kur’an’dan ve hadislerden kendi görüşlerini desteklediğini düşündüğü metinleri zikredebilecek kadar İslâm kültürüne de âşinadır. O, Yuhannâ ed-Dımaşkī’nin İslâm’a karşı yazdığı reddiyelerde kullandığı bu usulün yanı sıra mantık ilmi çerçevesinde diyalektiğin bütün imkânlarından faydalanmıştır. Bunun en önemli sebebi, müslümanların Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’ten yapılan alıntıları tahrif edilmiş olduğu gerekçesiyle kabul etmemeleridir. Ebû Kurre’nin Arapça kaleme aldığı eserlerde İslâm’a karşı daha ölçülü ifadeler kullandığı görülmektedir. Kendisine atfedilen Yunanca eserlerde ise İslâm’a ve Hz. Muhammed’e yönelik aşağılayıcı ifadeler bulunmaktadır. Araştırmacılar, bunun sebebinin Arapça eserlerin müslümanlar tarafından kolayca anlaşılabileceği endişesi olduğunu belirtmektedir. Ebû Kurre eserlerinde müslümanların dini için İslâm, müslümanlar için “müslimûn/mü’minûn”, diyalog şeklinde kaleme aldığı eserlerinde ise İslâm’ı temsil eden kişiler için “sarazen, İsmâilî, hacerî, barbar” ifadelerine yer vermiştir. Bazan kullandığı “ehl-i îmân, men yeddeî el-îmân, men yeddeî enne biyedihî kitâben münzelen minellah” ifadeleriyle dolaylı biçimde müslümanlara atıfta bulunmuştur. Eserlerinde sadece bir yerde Hz. Peygamber’den bahsederken Muhammed ismini zikretmiştir (Traité inédit de Théodore Abou-Qûrra , s. 16). Ebû Kurre’nin İslâm’a yönelik eleştirileri genellikle Hz. Muhammed’in mûcize sahibi olmadığından peygamber sayılmadığı, tek evlilik, Îsâ’nın ulûhiyyeti, Tanrı’nın oğul edinmesi, teslîs, Îsâ’nın çarmıha gerilmesi, Meryem’in Tanrı’nın annesi olduğu gibi konularla ilgilidir. Hıristiyan inancını desteklemek amacıyla Kur’an âyetlerini bağlamından kopararak delil göstermeye çalışmış, Hz. Îsâ’nın Allah’ın oğlu olduğunu ispatlamak için Kur’an’daki “Allah’ın kelimesi” terkibini (en-Nisâ 4/171) bu yönde yorumlamıştır. Bağdat Mu‘tezilesi’nin önde gelen kelâmcılarından Îsâ b. Sabîh el-Murdâr’ın Ebû Kurre’ye bir reddiye yazdığı bilinmektedir.
Ebû Kurre’nin İslâm’a dair en derli toplu açıklamaları Vücûdü’l-ḫâliḳ ve’d-dînü’l-ḳavîm adlı eserinde bir paragraf halinde yer alır. Bu eserinde, doğru dini tesbit etmek için dağda yaşayan ve hiçbir şeyden haberi bulunmayan bir kişi olarak bir gün şehre indiğini var sayar. Şehirde çeşitli dinlere mensup insanlarla görüşür ve onların inançlarıyla ilgili değerlendirmelerde bulunur. Müslümanların kendisine, diğer din mensuplarının Allah’a şirk koştukları için kâfir ve müşrik sayıldıklarını, Allah tarafından Hz. Muhammed vasıtasıyla insanlara gönderilen İslâm’dan başka din olmadığını, bu dinin tek Allah’a ibadet etmeye ve O’na şirk koşmamaya çağırdığını, helâl işleri ve hayırlı ameli emrettiğini, haramı ve kötülük yapmayı yasakladığını, ölülerin dirileceğini bildirdiğini, iyilerin cennetle müjdelendiğini, insanların arzuladığı iyi şeylerle nimetlendirileceğini, bütün bunların zümrütten, yakuttan, altından ve gümüşten saraylarda gerçekleşeceğini, buna benzer diğer şeylerin ebedî olarak verileceğini, günahkârların ise ateşi sönmeyen cehennemle cezalandırılacağını söylediklerini belirtir.
Ebû Kurre’nin Arapça risâlelerinden on tanesi Constantin Bacha tarafından Les ouevres arabes de Théodore Abou-Kurra, évêque d’Harran (Mayâmir Thāwudūrus Abi Qurrah Usquf Ḥarrān) adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1904). Bunlar “İrade Hürriyeti”, “Teslîs ve Tevhid”, “Mesîh’in Ölümü”, “İncil’in Hakikati”, “Tanrı’yı Bilmenin Yollarına Dair”, “Kurtuluşun Gerekliliğine Dair”, “Oğulluğun Ezelî Oluşuna Dair”, “Ya‘kūbî Dâvûd’a Mektup”, “Şeriat, İncil ve Kadıköy Konsili’nin Doğruluğuna Dair”, “Tanrı’nın Bedenleşmesine Dair” risâleleridir. Ebû Kurre’nin bazı Arapça risâlelerini Georg Graf Die arabischen Schriften des Theodor Abû Qurra, Bischofs von Ḥarrân ismiyle Almanca’ya (Paderborn 1910), John C. Lamoreaux Théodore Abu Qurrah ismiyle İngilizce’ye (Provo, UTAH 2006) çevirmiştir. Ebû Kurre’nin en önemli eseri kabul edilen Vücûdü’l-ḫâliḳ ve’d-dînü’l-ḳavîm Luvîs Şeyho (Louis Cheikho) tarafından el-Meşriḳ dergisinde yayımlanmıştır (Mîmer li-Tadurus Ebî Ḳurre fî vücûdi’l-ḫâliḳ ve’d-dîni’l-ḳavîm , sy. 15 [1912], s. 757-774, 825-842). Bu eser üzerinde G. Hanna Khoury doktora tezi hazırlamıştır (Studia Patristica , Leuven 1993, XXV, 271). Ebû Kurre’ye atfedilen Yunanca risâleleri Jacob Gretser 1606’da derlemiş, bunları J. P. Migne yeniden basmıştır (Patrologia Graeca , c. 97, paragraf 1445-1610). Adel-Théodore Khoury, Ebû Kurre’nin “Bir Sarazen ile Bir Hıristiyan Arasındaki Tartışma” adlı risâlesinden başka “Allah’ın Varlığı ve Teslîsin İspatına Dair Diyalog”, “Tanrı’nın Oğul Sahibi Oluşuna Dair”, “Hıristiyanlığın Gücü Zayıflığında Tezahür Etmektedir”, “Teslîsin Eleştirisine Karşı Cevap”, “Mesîh’in Ulûhiyyetinin Eleştirisine Karşı Cevap”, “Mesîh’in Ölümü ve Uknûmların Birliğine Dair”, “Evharistiya’ya Dair”, “Hakiki Dinin Kriterleri”, “Muhammed’in Davetine Karşı”, “Cine Tutulmuş Muhammed”, “Tek Eşliliğin Mükemmelliğine Dair” adlı risâlelerini zikreder (Les théologiens byzantins et l’Islam , s. 85-86).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Traité inédit de Théodore Abou-Qûrra (Abucara) sur l’existence de Dieu et la vraie religion (ed. L. Cheikho), Beyrouth 1912.
A.-T. Khoury, Les théologiens byzantins et l’Islam , Louvain 1969, s. 83-105.
Fuat Aydın, “Harran Piskoposu Theodore Ebû Kurra ve İslam Anlayışı”, I. Uluslararası Katılımlı Bilim Din ve Felsefe Tarihinde Harran Okulu Sempozyumu: 28-30 Nisan 2006 (haz. Ali Bakkal), Konya 2006, s. 215-226.
S. H. Griffith, The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam , Princeton 2008, s. 60-64.
a.mlf., “Some Unpublished Arabic Sayings Attributed to Theodore Abū Qurrah”, Le Muséon , XCII, Louvain 1979, s. 29-35.
a.mlf., “Muslim and Church Councils: The Apology of Theodore Abû Qurrah”, Studia Patristica , XXV, Leuven 1993, s. 270-300.
a.mlf., “The View of Islam from the Monasteries of Palestine in the Early ‘Abbasid Period: Theodore Abu Qurrah and the Summa Theologiae Arabica”, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations , VII/1, Oxfordshire 1996, s. 9-28.
a.mlf., “Byzantium and the Christians in the World of Islam: Constantinople and the Church of the Holy Land in the Ninth Century”, Medieval Encounters , III/3, Leiden 1997, s. 231-265.
I. Dick, “Un continuateur arabe de Saint Jean Damascene, Théodore Abuqurra, évêque melkite de Harran”, Proche-Orient Chrétien , XII, Jérusalem 1962, s. 209-223, 319-332.
a.mlf., “La discussion d’Abu Qurra avec les ulémas musulmans devant le calife al-Ma’mun”, Parole de l’orient , XVI, Beyrouth 1991, s. 107-113.
A. Guillaume, “Theodore Abu Qurra as Apologist”, MW , XV/1 (1966), s. 42-51.
J. C. Lamoreaux, “The Biography of Theodore Abu Qurra Revisited”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers , LVI, Washington 2002, s. 25-40.
Edûnis el-Akrat, “Tâvdûrûs, Ebû Ḳurre”, Mv.AU , IV, 371-376.
Fâyiz Ferîcât, “Sâvdûrs, Ebû Ḳurre”, el-Mevsûʿatü’l-ʿArabiyye , Dımaşk 1998, I, 133.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 83-84 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.