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TILSIM Skip to content Aktif semavî güçlerin pasif yer güçleriyle temasa geçerek onları etkilemesinden söz eden sanal bir ilim.
Arapça’ya Grekçe telesma dan geçmiş olup sözlükte “tabiat üstü güçlere, birtakım sırlara sahip olan nesne, çözülemeyen düğüm, anlamı gizli ve kapalı söz” mânasına gelir. Arapça’da tılesm, tıllesm, talsem, talism, tıllism, tılsim şekillerinde kullanılır. Bazı âlimler yanlış olarak kelimenin Arapça tasallut tan geldiğini söylemiştir (Taşköprizâde, I, 365; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1114). Arapça’dan Batı dillerine talisman biçiminde geçen tılsım karşılığında Latince’de amulet kelimesi (takdis edilmiş, tabiat üstü güce sahip nesne) yer alır. Türkler arasında bu mânada hamail, efsun ve büyü kelimeleri yaygındır. Tılsım Anadolu folklorunda “büyünün etkisini sağlayan araç, define vb. gizli şeyleri bulmaya, kapalı kapıları açmaya yarayan söz, kadınların nazardan ve kötülüklerden korunmak için başlarına taktıkları metal süs eşyası” mânasında kullanılır. Tılsım terim olarak “uygun zaman ve konumdaki aktif semavî kuvvetlerin pasif yer güçleriyle temasa geçerek onları etkilemesi keyfiyeti” diye tanımlanır. İbn Haldûn’a göre beşerî nefisler semavî güçlerden (feleklerin mizacından), unsurlardan veya sayıların havassından yardım alarak yahut yardım almadan unsurlar âleminde etkili olabilir. Birincisine tılsım, ikincisine sihir denilir (Muḳaddime, III, 1147). Tılsımın ilm-i nücûm ve sihirle ilgili iki türünün bulunduğunu kaydeden Taşköprizâde birincisini “fiile uygun zaman ve konumda faal semavî güçlerin edilgen yer kuvvetleriyle terkibi keyfiyetini konu edinen ilim”, ikincisini “ta‘vize adı verilen yaprak, taş, deri ve kâğıt gibi maddeler üzerine yazılmış/kazılmış yazı, sayı, resim, çizgi ve işaretlerin keyfiyetinden bahseden ilim” diye tarif eder (Mevzûâtü’l-ulûm , I, 365). Kâtib Çelebi ise kevn ve fesad âleminde tılsımdan beklenen etkiyi sağlayacak olağan üstü işleri başarmak için tütsü, buhur vb. ruhaniyeti arttırıcı yollara başvurulduğunu, ilke ve sebepleri bilindiği için tılsımın kaynağının sihre göre daha belirgin, faydasının ise açık, ancak gerçekleştirilmesinin çok zor olduğunu kaydeder (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1114-1115). Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî’ye göre mıknatısın demiri, kehribarın saman çöpünü çekmesi, sirkenin taşı eritmesi ve Türkler arasında bilinen yağmur çeken taş örneklerinde görüldüğü gibi semavî kuvvetlerle yer güçleri arasındaki denge doğru biçimde kurulduğunda tılsım gibi garip hadiselerin meydana gelmesi muhtemeldir (Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , VIII, 237). Tehânevî tılsımı, “yer güçleri ile bir araya gelmesi neticesinde olağan üstü iş yapabilme gücünü kazanma keyfiyeti” olarak tanımlar (Keşşâf , II, 1138-1139). İbn Hazm tılsımın eşyanın tabiatını değiştirme ve gözbağcılık faaliyeti olarak değil soğuğun sıcakla, sıcağın soğukla giderilmesi örneklerinde görüldüğü gibi Allah’ın terkip ettiği güçler vasıtasıyla vuku bulan tabii bir hadise olduğunu söyler; dolayısıyla onun önlenmesi mümkün değildir. Ayrıca ay akrep burcuna girdiğinde bir mühür üzerine akrep resmini kazıyıp üstünde taşıyan kişiyi akrebin sokmayacağı, bu yöntemle Sarakuş bölgesine (Mağrib) yılanların girmesinin önlendiği şeklindeki inançlara da yer verir (el-Faṣl , V, 4).
Tılsım yapmak için yıldızların yerini ve tabiatlarını bilmek, fiile uygun zaman ve konumdaki yıldızı seçmek, yıldızın delâlet ettiği, tılsımla yapılmak istenen işin niteliğine uygun bir sembol edinmek gerekir. Bu semboller insanları koruduğuna veya uğur getirdiğine inanılan göz, el, saç, diş, tırnak, boynuz, kemik, taş gibi genelde hayvan ve insan vücudunun bazı kısımları ya da yüzük, madalyon, at nalı, mermi, muska ve yazı gibi insan yapımı objeler olabilir (TA , XXXI, 182). Tılsım işleminin dayanıklı ve aşırı ses çıkarmayan objelerle yapılması tercih edilir. Çünkü ses konsantrasyonu bozar; kemik ve tahta gibi çürüyüp bozulan nesneler işlemin etkisinin devamını engeller. Tılsım yapılırken ortamın ruhaniyetini güçlendirmek için tütsüler yakılır. Tılsımların üzerinde ilâh isimleri, melek adları, Kur’an âyetleri, astrolojik semboller, kabalistik işaretler, büyü daireleri, fal işaretleri, insan ve hayvan figürleri gibi işaretler bulunur. Osmanlı padişahları düşmandan korunmak amacıyla savaşlarda üzerinde değişik duaların ve Kur’an’dan sûrelerin yazılı olduğu tılsımlı gömlekler giyerlerdi. Tılsım objeleri gömlek şeklinde giyildiği, hamail şeklinde taşındığı gibi üçgen, dörtgen, çokgen ya da yuvarlak biçimlerde yapılan cetvel veya muska olarak mahfazalar içinde çanta ve cüzdanlarda taşınır; tarla, çatı, eşik üzeri, yastık ve yorgan arası gibi yerlerde saklanırdı.
Tılsımcılar tılsımın etkisinin insanlarla sınırlı kalmadığını, vahşi hayvanlar, kuşlar ve haşarata, hatta rüzgâr, deniz dalgaları ve yağmur gibi tabiat hadiselerine de uzandığını iddia etmektedir. Kaynaklarda bu etkilere ilişkin birçok örnek yer almaktadır. Câhiz Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân ’da (V, 397), Humus şehrini ziyaret ettiğinde kendisine tılsım sayesinde şehirlerinde akrep bulunmadığını, aynı sebeple Medînetülendelüsiye’ye yılanların girmediğini söylediklerini kaydetmekte, ancak bu iddiaları saçma bularak bahsedilen şehirlerde akrep ve yılan olmamasını yaşayacakları uygun ortamın yokluğuna bağlamaktadır. Ayrıca kaynaklarda tılsım sebebiyle serçelerin Ezher Üniversitesi’nde yuva yapamadığı, çaylakların İskenderiye’ye giremediği şeklinde inançlar da yer alır (el-Ḳāmûsü’l-İslâmî , IV, 527-528). Kuzey Mısır’da Berârî mevkiinde insanların giysilerini parçalayan, çayırda otlayan koyunların karınlarını yararak bağırsaklarını yerlere seren “beâcîn” (yaralayanlar, deşenler) adında sihirbazlar gördüğünü kaydeden İbn Haldûn Hint, Sudan ve Türk topraklarında işaretle insanların kalbini yerinden koparıp yok eden, nar meyvesinin içindeki taneleri ortadan kaldıran, bulutları yönlendirip belirli topraklara yağmur yağdıran kişilerin yaşadığının kendisine nakledildiğini belirtmekte, bu tür örneklere Ebû Mesleme el-Mecrîtî’nin Ġāyetü’l-ḥakîm ’inde ve Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin es-Sırrü’l-mektûm ’unda çokça yer verildiğini bildirmektedir (Muḳaddime , III, 1152-1155).
Ne zaman ve nasıl ortaya çıktığı tam bilinmese de tılsımla ilgili inançlar, herhangi bir olgu ve onu sembolize eden nesne arasında ayniliğin bulunduğuna inanılan animistik zihniyetin ürettiği sihrî bir anlayışın uzantısı biçiminde düşünülmektedir. Böylece herhangi bir şeyi sembolize eden nesne onun orijinaline etki edecek sihrî bir benzerlik/sempati tesirine sahip olmaktadır. Büyüsel ve mistik zihniyetin egemen olduğu çağlarda ortaya çıkan bu gelenek, tarihî şartlar içinde yeniden düzenlenip şekillendirilmek günümüze kadar varlığını sürdürmüştür. Tılsımla ilgili ilk tarihsel referanslar Sumer uygarlığının III. Ur dönemine ait metinlerde ortaya çıkar. Bunlardan ilki Kral Gudea’nın oğlu Sukal’ın hastalıktan kurtulması için yapılan şifa tılsımıdır. Asur-Bâbil döneminden kalan örnekler ise Nippur’da bulunan metinlerden gelmektedir. Maklu ve Şupu, Uttuki Limnuti ve Lamaştu adlarıyla bilinen metinlerde birçok şeye ait tılsım formülasyonları vardır. Gerek Sumer gerekse Asur-Bâbil kültüründe tılsımların el veya ay figürü, yuvarlak şekiller olmak üzere taştan veya metalden yapıldığı, boyuna, kola ve evlere asıldığı bilinmektedir. Eski Mısır’da tılsım amacıyla kullanılan en yaygın nesneler taştan veya metalden yapılmış “horusun gözü”, pislik böceği figürleri ve İsis heykelcikleridir. Bu eşyalar gündelik hayatta bedende veya evlerde kullanıldığı gibi mumyaların yanına da konurdu.
Eski Ahid’de tılsım özelliği taşıyan nesnelere yönelik ilk referans Tesniye’de geçen (6/8-9 ve 22/12) koruyucu figürlerdir. Hâkimler’deki (8/25-26), vücuda asılan hilâl şeklinde nesnelerle küpeler de büyük ihtimalle tılsım diye kullanılmaktaydı. Talmud’da tılsımı anlatan kelime bağlamak anlamındaki “kimie”dir. Muhtemelen kötü güçlerden gelen saldırıyı önlemeyi içeren bu kavram Talmud’da sıkça tekrar edilir. Bu bağlamda tılsım özelliği olan nesneler kola, boyuna, kulağa veya omuza asılabilmektedir. Bu tılsımların hayvanlara da asıldığı bilinmektedir. Tılsım özelliği taşıyan nesnelerin çoğunlukla -seküler ve uhrevî âlemleri birbirinden koparan/ayıran metal olma niteliğine sahip varsayımıyla- demirden yapıldığına dair bilgiler vardır (Talmud, Sanhedrin, 22a , 15). Antikçağ’lardan günümüze kadar gelen en yaygın yahudi tılsımı genellikle kapı üstlerine asılan Mezuza’dır. Tılsım Yahudiliğin mistik yaklaşımlara önem veren kabala ekolünde de yaygındır. Hıristiyanlık’ta Yeni Ahid’de veya ilk Patristik literatürde tılsımla ilgili fazla referans yoktur. Ortaçağ’lardan itibaren yaygınlaşan tılsım biçimleri haç motifleridir. Anglosakson ve Germen halklarında sıkça rastlanan at nalı ve dört yapraklı yonca motifleri daha çok yerel geleneği yansıtır.
Öte yandan tılsım kelimesinin kökünün Yunanca oluşu bu işlemin Yunan kültürüyle irtibatını ortaya koyar. Eflâtun’a nisbet edilen Kitâbü’n-Nevâmîs , Kitâbü Ḥâfiyatı Eflâṭûn , Kitâbü Elvâḥi’l-cevâhir , Kitâbü’ẓ-Ẓahri’l-fâʾiḥ ve’n-nûrü’l-lâʾiḥ ; Aristo’ya nisbet edilen Kitâbü’ṭ-Ṭılesmât , Kitâbü’t-Timavus fî ʿilmi’s-siḥr ʿalâ ṭarîkati’l-Yûnân , Risâletü’l-ḥurûf li’l-muʿallimi’l-evvel ; Aristo ve Batlamyus’a nisbet edilen Kitâbü’l-Kenzi’l-aʿẓam adlı eserler büyüsel konuları içeren literatür içinde zikredilir (Ullmann, s. 364-368). Halife Mu‘tasım-Billâh Ammûriye Kalesi’ni fethettiğinde (223/838) buradaki Antiokos Manastırı’nda bir sandık bulunmuş, Büyük İskender’e ait olduğu tahmin edilen bu sandıktan Grek ve Roma dilleriyle yazılmış bir kitap çıkmıştır. Hermes’e dayanan bu kitap Belinus tarafından Aristo’ya, onun vasıtasıyla da İskender’e ulaştırılmıştır. On bölümden oluşan kitabın 5-7. bölümleri tılsım konusuna ayrılmıştır (a.g.e. , s. 377). Adı İslâm dünyasında Bulunyûs (Bulunyâs) şeklinde geçen bu kişi (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 372) Tyanalı Apollonios olup “sâhibü’t-tilesmât” lakabıyla anılmaktaydı. Kaynaklarda bu kişinin fırtına, yılan, akrep vb. şeylerden korunmak amacıyla çeşitli tılsımlar geliştirdiğine dair rivayetler yer almaktadır. Fuat Sezgin, Paris yazmalarında Belînûs el-Ekber adına kayıtlı bir tılsım kitabı bulunduğunu söylemektedir (GAS , III, 77-91). İslâm dünyasında Belînûs ismiyle birçok eser yazılmış olup İbnü’n-Nedîm bunlardan Kitâb fîmâ ʿamilehû bi-medînetih ve bi-memâliki’l-mülûk ’e yer verir. Belînûs, Pers Kralı Kubâd’ın emrinde Medâin, Hemedan, Kum ve İsfahan şehirlerini felâketlerden ve zararlılardan korumak için çeşitli tılsımlar yapmıştır. Oğlu Astumûna için yazdığı Kitâbü’ṭ-Ṭalâsimi’l-ekber ’de gündüz ve gece saatlerinden, günler, aylar ve yıllardan koruyan semavî varlıkların emir altına alınması konu edinilmektedir. Muṣḥafü’l-ʿaṣr adlı risâlesinde ise ayın yirmi sekiz menzili esas alınarak yapılan tılsımlara yer verilmektedir. Yine kaynaklarda Belînûs’a nisbet edilen ve Huneyn b. İshak tarafından Arapça’ya çevrildiği sanılan Kitâbü’l-Medḫali’l-kebîr (el-Medḫalü’l-kebîr ilâ Risâleti’ṭ-ṭalâsim) ve Risâle fî teʾs̱îri’r-rûḥâniyyât fi’l-mürekkebât ve aʿmâli’ṣ-ṣuver ve defʿi’l-emrâż ve ḫulûlihâ adlı eserlerle Tiştâmuş el-Mağribî’nin simya, tılsım ve kimya bölümlerinden oluşan Kitâbü’l-Muheci’l-Muhec ’inden (gizlinin gizlisi) söz edilir. Hint’te de tılsım uygulanmış olup Cildekî, Tumtum el-Hindî’nin feleklerin ve yıldızların sûret ve derecelerini konu alan Kitâbü Keşfi’l-künûz adlı eserinden söz etmiştir. Ayrıca Sâmûr ve İşrâsîm adlı iki kişiye bu konuda kitaplar nisbet edilmiştir (Ullmann, s. 382). Türk toplumunda tılsım vb. uygulamalar İslâm öncesine uzanmaktadır; Anadolu’da görülen şekli, Hıristiyanlık ve öncesindeki yerli pagan inançların devamı olarak kendini göstermektedir (Osman Cilacı, VI, 218).
Câhiliye Arapları’nda fal okları atmak, çeşitli anlamlara gelen taşlar dikmek, yıldızlara bakarak anlam çıkarmak, birtakım kareler içinde harf veya rakamlar yazarak tılsım yapmak yaygındı. İslâmiyet bu âdetlerin tamamını yasaklamıştır. Buna rağmen söz konusu uygulamalar, yerli geleneklerin ve kadim kültürlerin etkisiyle müslümanların arasında varlığını sürdürmüş, bu çerçevede kitaplar yazılmış ve uygulamalar yapılmıştır. Tılsım konusunda Arapça yazılmış birçok eserden söz edilebilir; bunların ilklerinden biri Ebû Bekir er-Râzî’nin Risâle fî ṣanʿati’ṭ-ṭılesmât ’ıdır. Mesleme b. Ahmed el-Mecrîtî’ye göre bu risâle insanlar arasında dostluk temini, dili bağlama, idareci ve yöneticilerin teveccühlerini kazanma gibi hususları içermektedir (Ullmann, s. 383). Câbir b. Hayyân’ın Kitâbü’l-Baḥs̱ ’inde yıldızlar, gezegenler, bunların özellikleri, bunlarla irtibata geçerek tılsım yapma ve tılsım çeşitleri gibi konular ele alınmaktadır (a.g.e. , s. 383-384). Ebû Bekir İbn Vahşiyye el-Filâḥatü’n-Nabaṭiyye , Kitâbü’s-Siḥri’l-kebîr (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 372) ve Şevḳu’l-müstehâm (İA , V/1, s. 172) adlı eserlerinde tılsımla ilgili Bâbil kaynaklı bilgilerin büyük bir kısmını toplamıştır. İhvân-ı Safâ risâlelerinin 52. cüzü tılsıma ayrılmıştır. Endülüs’te Mecrîtî Ġāyetü’l-ḥakîm ve eḥaḳḳu’n-netîceteyn bi’t-taḳdîm adlı kitabında astroloji, tılsım ve havas konularını ele almıştır. Bu hususta önemli bir eser de Harâllî’nin es-Sırrü’l-mektûm fî muḫâṭabeti’ş-şems ve’l-ḳamer ve’n-nücûm ’udur. Ebû Zâtîs (Lenûdâtîş) el-Bâbilî’nin Risâle fi’ṭ-ṭılesmât ’ı da burada zikredilmelidir. Eserin bölümleri “Mushafü’z-Zuhal”, “Mushafü’l-Kamer” gibi adlar altında muhafaza edilmiştir (Ullmann, s. 420). Ayrıca Kirîton’un taşlara resmi kazınan yıldızlara ait ruhanîleri anlatan Kitâbü Tefsîri’ṭ-ṭılesmâti’r-rûḥaniyye ’si, Utârid b. Muhammed el-Kâtib’in Kitâbü Ḫavâṣṣi’l-aḥcâr ve menâfiʿihâ ve mâ yunḳaşu ʿaleyhâ mine’ṭ-ṭılesmât ve ġayri ẕâlike mine’l-menâfiʿ ve’l-ḫavâṣṣi’ş-şerîfe ’si, Sâbit b. Kurre’nin Maḳāle fi’ṭ-ṭılesmât ’ı (a.g.e. , s. 424), Ahmed b. Ali el-Bûnî’nin Ṭılsımü’l-esrâr ve kenzü’l-envâr ’ı ile Şemsü’l-maʿârif ve leṭâʾifü’l-ʿavârif ’i, Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Irâkī’nin ʿUyûnü’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ ve îżâḥu’ṭ-ṭarâʾiḳ ’ı, Muhammed b. el-Hâc et-Tilimsânî’nin Şümûsü’l-envâr ve künûzü’l-esrâr ’ı zikredilebilir. Aynı konuda Sekkâkî’nin güzel bir kitabının bulunduğunu kaydeden Kâtib Çelebi, Molla İlyâs’ın Ṭılsımü’l-ʿavn fi’d-devâʾ ve’ṣ-ṣavn ʿani’t-tâʿûn ve’l-vebâʾ adlı eseriyle, müellifleri belli olmayan Ṭılsımü’l-eşbâh fî kenzi’l-ervâḥ ve eṭ-Ṭılsımü’l-maṣûn ve’l-lüʾlüʾü’l-maḫzûn adlı eserlere de yer verir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1115). Bu eserlerin içeriği, gök cisimlerinin canlı ve faal oldukları ve yeryüzüne hükmettikleri telakkisine dayanır. Bazıları doğrudan yıldızları ve felekleri devreye sokarken bazıları bunların yerine meleklere rol vermektedir. Eserde yılları, ayları ve haftanın günlerini yöneten meleklerden söz edilmektedir. Ancak bu literatürde geçen isimler Talih-İlih, Kaytar-Maytar, Kintaş-Yakintaş şeklinde tekrarlar olup İslâm kaynaklarındaki adlandırmalarla örtüşmemektedir. Söz konusu literatürde çokça geçen bir isim de Metatron diye adlandırılan ve bazan Müşteri, bazan da Utârid gezegenini idare ettiği kabul edilen melektir. Bazıları ise Kur’an’da adları geçen Hârût ile Mârût’u tılsımla ilişkilendirmektedir (bk. SİHİR ).
Genel olarak büyü türlerinden tılsımın Mezopotamya’da, esrâr-ı hurûfun Yunan’da, sihrin (cinleri kullanma suretiyle büyü yapma) Araplar’da ve şa‘bezenin (nefsi güçlendirme suretiyle büyü yapma) Hint’te ortaya çıktığı kabul edilir. Bunların bir kısmı yer kaynaklı, bir kısmı gök kaynaklı sayılmakta, tılsım gök kaynaklılar arasında yer almakta ve ilâhî dinlerin tahrifi sonucu ortaya çıkmış bir inanç olma ihtimalinden söz edilmektedir. Şöyle ki, başlangıçta Allah’ın yaratma ve yönetmesine bağlanan olaylar daha sonra Allah yerine gök cisimlerine nisbet edilmeye başlanmıştır. Buradaki “semavîlik” gök cisimleri kadar Allah’a da işaret etmektedir. Bazıları ise tılsımla totemizmdeki mâna gücü arasında irtibat kurmakta, tılsım için kullanılan objelerde gizli güç bulunduğunu iddia etmektedir. Ayrıca tılsımın toplumsal kabule ve psikolojik şartlanmaya dayandığını söyleyenler de vardır. İslâm dini bunların bir kısmını itikadî, bir kısmını ahlâkî gerekçelerle yasaklamıştır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ve hadislerde büyünün bütün çeşitleri menedilmiş (Buhârî, “Veṣâyâ”, 23, “Ṭıb”, 48; Müslim, “Îmân”, 145), Allah dilemedikçe kimsenin kimseye fayda veya zarar veremeyeceği, büyücüde olağan üstü bir gücün bulunmadığı vurgulanmıştır (Tâhâ 20/69). Büyü çeşitlerini haramdan mubaha doğru sıralayan Fahreddin er-Râzî ilk sıraya tılsımı koymuştur. Ona göre tılsım yıldız ve gezegenlere tapan, bunları müdebbir kabul eden toplulukların inançlarının ürünüdür (Ḳıṣṣatü’s-siḥr , s. 39-46). İbn Haldûn ise şa‘bezenin aksine sihir ve tılsımın bir gerçekliğinin olduğunu kaydetmekte, ancak bunları yapanların Allah’a göstermeleri gereken dua ve tâzimi yıldız ve gezegenlere gösterdikleri için küfre düştüklerini bildirmektedir (Muḳaddime , III, 1147-1158). İslâm âlimleri sihirden korunmak için Muavvizeteyn’i okumayı tavsiye etmektedir. Ayrıca Fâtiha, Yâsîn, Âyetü’l-kürsî (2/256) ve Âyetü’l-arş (9/129) gibi sûre ve âyetleri okumayı veya yazılı şekillerini yanında bulundurmayı önermektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Tehânevî, Keşşâf (Dahrûc) , II, 1138-1139.
The Babylonian Talmud , London 1978, XII, 119-124.
Câhiz, Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân , V, 397.
Fârâbî, İḥṣâʾü’l-ʿulûm , s. 43-44.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 369-373.
İbn Hazm, el-Faṣl , V, 4.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Ḳıṣṣatü’s-siḥr ve’s-seḥare fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm (nşr. M. İbrâhim Selîm), Kahire 1985, s. 39-46.
Ahmed b. Ali el-Bûnî, Şemsü’l-maʿârifi’l-kübrâ , Beyrut, ts. (el-Mektebetü’s-sekāfiyye), s. 2-5.
İbn Haldûn, Muḳaddime , III, 1147-1158.
Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî, Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf (nşr. M. Bedreddin en-Na‘sânî), Kahire 1325/1907, VIII, 237.
Taşköprizâde, Mevzûâtü’l-ulûm , I, 365.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1114-1115.
Sıddîk Hasan Han, Ebcedü’l-ʿulûm (nşr. Abdülcebbâr Zekkâr), Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye), II, 367.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , I, 442-443.
Sezgin, GAS , III, 31-44, 77-91.
Dinler Tarihi Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1976, III, 606.
M. Ullmann, Islamic Medicine , Edinburgh 1978, tür.yer.
Yusuf Çakar, Gizli İlimler , İstanbul 2005, s. 49.
H. H. Spoer, “Notes on Jewish Amulets”, Journal of Biblical Literature , V, London 1904, s. 23, 97-105.
B. L. Goff, “The Role of Amulets in Mesopatamian Ritual Texts”, Journal of Warburg and Courtauld Institutes , V, London 1956, s. 19, 192.
TA , XXXI, 182.
E. Graefe, “Cedvel”, İA , III, 43.
B. Carra de Vaux, “Hamail”, a.e. , V/1, s. 172-173.
a.mlf. – Ruska – [C. E. Bosworth], “Tılsam”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 500-502.
el-Ḳāmûsü’l-İslâmî , IV, 527-528.
Osman Cilacı, “Tılsım”, Şamil İslâm Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1994, VI, 218.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 91-94 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.