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TİMURTAŞ PAŞA Skip to content (ö. 806/1404)
Osmanlı beylerbeyi.
Kaynaklarda “Kara” lakabıyla anılmakta olup ilk Osmanlı vezirlerinden biri kabul edilir. Tarihî geleneğe göre ailesi Osman Bey’in silâh arkadaşlarından Aykut Alp’e dayanır. Babası Aykut Alp’in oğlu Kara Ali Bey olarak gösterilir; ancak bu bilgilerin teyidi güçtür. Hayatının ilk dönemleri ve faaliyetleri hakkında bilgi yoktur. Babasıyla birlikte Marmara’nın güney sahillerinde fütuhatta bulunduğu ve Süleyman Paşa ile Rumeli’de seferlere katıldığı belirtilirse de bu bilgiler yine ilk Osmanlı kaynaklarıyla teyit edilememektedir. Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi onun Orhan Bey zamanında 1334 yılı civarında Gemlik’in alınmasında rol oynadığını ve Rumeli yakasına geçen ilk beyler arasında olduğunu belirtir. Fakat bu bilgiler de şüphelidir. Neşrî ve Rûhî tarihlerinde ise adı, I. Murad’ın cülûsu sırasında yahut Rumeli yakasına ikinci geçişinde Şehzade Bayezid’in yanında, belki de onun lalası sıfatıyla Bursa’da muhafaza hizmetinde kalması dolayısıyla geçer. Daha sonra muhtemelen I. Murad’ın emriyle Lala Şâhin Paşa ile beraber Tunca nehri boyunca yapılan fetihlere katıldı; birlikleriyle Yenice-i Kızılcaağaç ile (Elhovo) Yanbolu’yu ele geçirdi ve Edirne’ye döndü (1367-1369 arası). Ardından Edirne’de vefat eden Lala Şâhin Paşa’nın yerine Rumeli beylerbeyi oldu. Bu görevde iken I. Murad’ın emriyle, Saruhan-ili’nde bulunan konar göçer Türkmenler’i Serez ve Vardar ovalarına yerleştirdiği gibi Manastır, Pirlepe, İştip kalelerini aldı (784/1382); Epir bölgesinde fetihler yaptı; Epir idarecisi Carlo Tocco’nun topraklarına girdi (Karlı-ili bölgesi); buradaki şehirlere saldırdı; Arta’yı baskı altında tuttu. Ayrıca Güney Arnavutluk’ta Savra (Muzakiye) ovasına indi. Buradaki savaşta Balşa’yı ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattı (787/1385). Cenevizliler’le yapılan antlaşma metinlerinde I. Murad’ın yanında adının zikredilmesi şöhretinin iyice arttığını ve Osmanlı Beyliği’nin önde gelen askerî liderleri arasında yer aldığını gösterir.
I. Murad’ın Karaman seferi dolayısıyla Anadolu yakasına geçen Timurtaş Paşa, Kütahya’da padişah ile buluştu. Neşrî’ye göre I. Murad’ın Karamanoğulları ile yaptığı Frenk Yazısı savaşı sırasında (788/1386) Germiyan askerleriyle birlikte merkezde yer aldı ve ilk Karaman hücumlarını karşıladığı gibi savaşın kazanılmasında önemli rol oynadı. Hatta savaşta Karamanoğlu Alâeddin Ali Bey ile karşı karşıya geldi, onunla yaptığı mücadeleyi kazandı. Bunun üzerine I. Murad, Alâeddin Ali Bey’den kalan eşyaları ve diğer malları kendisine verdi. Bu başarısının ardından Timurtaş Paşa’nın vezirlik makamına getirildiği bilgisi ise şüpheli görünmektedir. Bazı kaynaklarda adının geçmemesine rağmen onun 1389’daki Kosova savaşına Rumeli beylerbeyi sıfatıyla katıldığı düşünülebilir. Fetihnâme ’ye göre savaş sırasında Şehzade Bayezid ile birlikte sağ kolda yer almıştı. Savaştan sonra I. Murad’ın ölümü ve yerine Yıldırım Bayezid’in geçişiyle nüfuzunu daha da arttırmış olması muhtemeldir.
Cülûsunun ardından Yıldırım Bayezid’in Sırbistan’a akına gönderdiği Timurtaş Paşa Kratova maden bölgesine inerek buraları yağmaladı ve Edirne’ye döndü. Kısa bir süre sonra Anadolu yakasındaki Yıldırım Bayezid tarafından Bursa’ya çağrıldı. 1390 kışında Anadolu beylikleri ve Alaşehir üzerine yapılan harekâta katıldı. Neşrî’ye göre bunun ardından Eflak seferine çıkmak için Rumeli yakasına geçen Yıldırım Bayezid Anadolu beylerbeyiliğini verip onu Ankara sancağına yolladı. Böylece teşkil edilen Anadolu beylerbeyiliğinin ilk idarecisi oldu (1393). Bu görevde iken Karamanoğlu Alâeddin Bey’in baskınına uğrayarak esir düştü ve bir müddet Konya’da mahpus kaldı. Olayı öğrenen Yıldırım Bayezid’in Anadolu’ya geçişi sırasında iyi niyet gösterisi olarak Alâeddin Bey tarafından serbest bırakıldı, ayrıca kendisine padişaha götürülmek üzere türlü hediyeler verildi. İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, burada adı geçen Timurtaş’ın Sarı lakabıyla anılan başka bir Timurtaş Paşa olduğu görüşünde ise de kaynaklar, Anadolu beylerbeyi sıfatıyla Karaman seferinde rol oynayan kişinin Kara Timurtaş Bey olduğu yolunda müttefiktir (Rûhî Târîhi , s. 393-394).
Timurtaş Paşa daha sonra Yıldırım Bayezid’i, Alaşehir’in alınmasının ardından artık sıranın İstanbul’a geldiğini söyleyerek İstanbul’un fethi için teşvik etti. İstanbul kuşatmasında bulundu, fakat Haçlı kuvvetlerinin Niğbolu’ya yürümesi yüzünden kuşatma kaldırıldı. Niğbolu Fetihnâme ’sine göre bu savaşta Anadolu beylerbeyi sıfatıyla yer almıştı. Savaşın kazanılmasının ardından muhtemelen tekrar Anadolu’ya döndü ve 1397’de Yıldırım Bayezid’in Karaman seferine katıldı. Kaynaklara göre Akçay savaşında esir düşen Alâeddin Bey ona teslim edilmiş, o da muhtemelen daha önce esir alınmasına karşı duyduğu intikam hisleriyle onu katlettirmişti. Kaynaklarda Yıldırım Bayezid’in bu olaya çok üzüldüğü kaydedilir. Bundan sonra gözden düştü, yaşlılığı sebebiyle artık bir daha kendisine görev verilmedi. Ankara Savaşı’nda ve savaşın ardından meydana gelen karışıklık yıllarında nerede olduğu konusu açık değildir. Bazı Osmanlı kaynaklarında Timurtaş Paşa’nın da Ankara Savaşı’na katıldığından ve oğullarıyla birlikte Timur’a esir düştüğünden, Kütahya’daki hazinede bulunan para ve mallar dolayısıyla Timur tarafından azarlandığından, hatta savaşta hayatını kaybettiğinden söz edilirse de bunların doğru olması ihtimali zayıftır. Zira onunla birlikte iki Timurtaş Paşa daha kaynaklarda zikredilmiş ve yapılan araştırmalarda bunlar birbirine karıştırılmıştır. Muhtemelen yaşı ilerlediği için idarî işlerden çekilen Timurtaş Paşa son yıllarını Bursa’da geçirmiştir. Nitekim Ramazan 806’da (Mart 1404) burada vefat ederek yaptırdığı caminin yanındaki türbesine gömüldü. Türbe kitâbesinde kendisinden “melîkü’l-ümerâ” şeklinde bahsedilmesi dikkat çekicidir. Günümüzde Bursa’daki Timurtaş mahallesi onun adından gelir.
Uzun yıllar önemli görevlerde bulunan Timurtaş Paşa bazı kaynaklarda yeni askerî teşkilâtın oluşturulmasındaki rolüyle de anılır. Fakat bu bilgiler daha çok geç tarihli kaynaklarda yer alır. Bunlara göre İslâm ülkelerinden gelip devletin hizmetine giren Arap, Acem ve Türkler’den Kapıkulu ocaklarından biri olan sipahi bölüğünü meydana getirmiştir. Ayrıca geri hizmet görevi yapan voynuk teşkilâtının da kurucusu diye gösterilir. Rumeli beylerbeyiliği sırasında yerli hıristiyan askerlerine timar vermesiyle Osmanlı ordusunun yerli askerî zümrelerce benimsenmesini sağladığı ifade edilir. Yine Orhan Bey zamanında beylerin ve askerî erkânın kırmızı renkli üsküf giymesi işine ön ayak olduğu belirtilir. Bunun yanı sıra bölüklerin sancaklarının renklerinin ve şekillerinin onun tarafından tesbit edildiği ileri sürülür. Ancak bütün bunların doğruluğu konusunda kesin bir şey söylemek zordur. Bununla birlikte Timurtaş Paşa’nın önemli ve nüfuzlu bir aile teşkil ettiği söylenebilir. Dört oğlu ve ailenin diğer fertleri Rumeli uç kesiminde ve devlet kademelerinde önemli görevlerde bulunmuştur. Oğlu Yahşi Bey, I. Murad ve Yıldırım Bayezid zamanında Balkanlar’da faaliyet göstermiştir. Niş ve Pravadi’nin fethi sırasında oynadığı rolle kaynaklarda adı sıkça geçmektedir. Kosova savaşında da öncü birliklerin kumandasını üstlenmiş, Ankara Savaşı’nda hayatını kaybetmiştir. Diğer üç oğlu II. Murad’ın cülûsunun ardından ortaya çıkan Düzme Mustafa isyanının bastırılmasındaki hizmetleri dolayısıyla bir süre vezir olarak divana katılmıştır. Daha sonra Oruç Bey Anadolu beylerbeyiliğine getirilmiş, Ali Bey Saruhan sancak beyliği yapmıştır. Bu ikisi İzmir Beyi Cüneyd’in ayaklanmasının bertaraf edilmesinde önemli hizmetlerde bulunmuştur. Ali Bey’in Manisa’da bir camisi vardır. Diğer oğlu Umur Bey’in Âşıkpaşazâde’nin râvileri arasında yer aldığı bilinmektedir. Âlim bir zat olan ve 865’te (1461) vefat eden Umur Bey Bursa, Biga ve Afyon’da cami, Edirne’de mescid yaptırmıştır. 859 Muharrem (Aralık 1454 – Ocak 1455) tarihli vakfiyesi Bursa’daki camisinin cephesinde iki parça halinde taşa kazdırılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Âşıkpaşazâde, Târih (Atsız) , s. 133, 135, 136.
Bihiştî Ahmed Sinan Çelebi, Tevârîh-i Âl-i Osmân , British Museum, Add. Or. ms. 7869, vr. 6b , 9a , 11b , 12b .
Neşrî, Cihannümâ (haz. Necdet Öztürk), İstanbul 2008, s. 97, 141, 144, 148.
Rûhî Târîhi (TTK Belgeler , XIV/18 [1992] içinde, tıpkıbasımı ile birlikte nşr. Yaşar Yücel – Halil Erdoğan Cengiz), s. 387-389, 393-395.
Hoca Sâdeddin, Tâcü’t-tevârîh , I, 37, 39, 46, 100, 106, 110, 118,120.
Âlî Mustafa Efendi, Kitâbü’t-Târîh-i Künhü’l-Ahbâr (haz. Ahmet Uğur v.dğr.), Kayseri 1997, I/1, s. 124.
Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , I, 174-176, 248, 573-576.
a.mlf., “Osmanlı Tarihinin İlk Devirlerine Ait Bazı Yanlışlıkların Tashihi”, TTK Belleten , XXI/81 (1957), s. 173-178.
Kamil Kepecioğlu, Bursa Kütüğü (haz. Hüseyin Algül v.dğr.), Bursa 2009 s. 173-272.
a.mlf., “Timurtaş Paşalar”, Uludağ: Bursa Halkevi Dergisi , sy. 51-52 (1942), s. 10-18.
Türkiye’de Vakıf Abideler ve Eski Eserler , Ankara 1983, III, 44-50.
Adem Apak, “Osmanlı Devletinin Kuruluş Döneminde Bursalı Bir Vezir Ailesi: Kara Timurtaşoğulları”, Gümüşlü’den Günümüze Osmanlı Kültüründe Bursa (haz. Hasan Basri Öcalan), İstanbul 2003, s. 151-170.
M. C. Şehâbeddin Tekindağ, “Timurtaş”, İA , XII/1, s. 372-374.
Fr. Babinger – [C. E. Bosworth], “Tımurtash Oghullari”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 528-529.
Halil İnalcık, “Murad I”, DİA , XXXI, 158, 159.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 185-186 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.