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TOY Skip to content Türk hükümdarlarının ve beylerin çeşitli vesilelerle maiyetlerine ve halka verdikleri büyük ziyafet.
Eski Türkçe’de “ordu karargâhı” demek olan toy kelimesi “ziyafet, düğün” anlamında kullanılır. Türk tarihinin İslâmî dönem kaynaklarında toy bazan Moğolca şölen (şilân ), bazan da Farsça hân-ı yağmâ (yağma sofrası) sözüyle ifade edilmiştir. Ziyafete katılanların ziyafetten sonra hükümdarın veya beyin sofra takımını yağmalamaları bir gelenekti. Bundan dolayı toylara hân-ı yağmâ denilmiş olması muhtemeldir. Yağma ile biten bu ziyafetler bazı Kuzey Amerika ve Hint topluluklarında da görülmektedir. Oğuz boylarına ait onkunların av kuşları olması av törenleriyle toyların dinî veya totemik bir kaynaktan geldiğini göstermektedir. Toylar zamanla dinî mahiyetini kaybedip içtimaî, askerî ve hukukî bir gelenek halinde asırlarca devam etmiştir.
Toy, Türk beylerinin iktidarı ve hâkimiyeti tek elden yürütebilmek için icat edip uyguladıkları bir faaliyetti. Dolayısıyla bütün Türk tarihi boyunca hükmetme ve hükümdarlık göstergelerinden biri sayılmıştır. Ancak Türk hükümdarları toyu sosyal yönü ağır basan bir âdet haline getirmiştir. Genellikle çocuk isteme, bey çocuklarının doğumu, veliaht tayini, tahta çıkış, bey çocuklarının ilk avlarından dönüşü, akınların ve seferlerin zaferle sonuçlanması, kahramanlık gösterenlere ad verme, esirlikten kurtulma, evlenme ve bayram gibi vesilelerle toy törenleri düzenlenmiştir. Türk hükümdarlarının verdikleri geleneksel toylar da (ulu toy) vardı. Nitekim Oğuz Han ulu toyunu dünya fethini tamamlayıp yurduna dönünce düzenlemişti. Oğuzlar’ın büyük hükümdarı Bayındır Han yılda bir defa, Kazan Bey üç defa ulu toy verir, Oğuz beylerini ve boylarını ağırlardı. Bu toylarda herkesin oturacağı yer (orun = mevki) ve önüne getirilecek et (ülüg/ülüş = pay) önceden belliydi. Destana göre Oğuz boylarının ve beylerinin toylarda, kurultaylarda oturacakları yeri ve önlerine getirilecek yemekleri belirleyen kişi Oğuz Han’ın ve oğullarının bilge danışmanı Irkıl Hoca idi.
Türk hükümdarları, kendilerine destek veren beyler ve halk için ne kadar büyük fedakârlık yapabileceklerini ulu toylar vasıtasıyla kanıtlamış oluyordu. Bu toylara herkesin ve özellikle beylerin mutlaka katılması gerekirdi. Zira toya katılma iktidarın tanınması ve devlet otoritesine itaat anlamına gelmekteydi, aksi itaatsizlik ve isyan demekti. Bu sebeple hükümdarlar toylarına ve kurultaylarına katılmayan beylerini, vasallarını üzerlerine ordu göndermek suretiyle cezalandırırdı. Ulu toyların hem devletin hem milletin temellerini sağlamlaştırması bakımından son derece önemli rolü vardı. Yönetenlerle yönetilenler bu toylar sayesinde bir araya gelmekte, birbirlerine karşı görev ve sorumluluklarını hatırlamakta, fert ile millet ve fert ile devlet arasında kuvvetli bağlar kurulmakta, devletle milletin bütünleşmesi sağlanmaktaydı. Türk toplulukları, hükümdarların toylarını ihmal etmelerini veya bu toylara davet edilmemelerini hiçbir zaman hoş karşılamamış, hatta bu yüzden isyan dahi çıkarmıştır. Büyük Selçuklu Sultanı Melikşah, Mâverâünnehir seferlerinde toy vermeyi ihmal edince başta Çiğiller olmak üzere bölgedeki Türkler ayaklanmıştı. Büyük Oğuz beylerinden Kazan ulu toyuna Dış Oğuz kolunu davet etmemiş, bu yüzden Dış Oğuz beyleri Kazan Bey’i düşman ilân ederek onunla savaşmıştır.
Toylara dair ilk bilgiler Hunlar’a kadar gitmektedir. Çin yıllıklarındaki kayıtlara göre Hunlar yılın birinci, beşinci ve dokuzuncu aylarında büyük toplantılar yapmaktaydı. Bunlardan ilki dinî nitelikteydi; bu toplantıda Tanrı’ya kurban sunulmakta ve topluca yemek yenilmekteydi. İkincisi daha çok bayram ve şenlik türünden bir toplantı olup toydan sonra yarışmalar ve eğlenceler düzenlenmekteydi. Asıl büyük toplantı ise Şansi bölgesindeki Tailin denilen yerde yapılmaktaydı. Buradaki toplantıya başta Hun hükümdarı ve hatun olmak üzere bütün şehzadeler (tiginler), yüksek dereceli memurlar, ordu kumandanları, beyleriyle birlikte tâbi boylar ve topluluklar katılmaktaydı. Toplantının başında Hun hükümdarı tarafından büyük bir toy verilmekteydi. Ardından ordu teftiş edilmekte, insan ve hayvan sayımı yapılmakta, ülke meseleleri görüşülmekte, devlet politikaları karara bağlanmakta, idareye geniş yetkiler verilmekte ve hükümdarın meşruiyeti onaylanmaktaydı. Göktürkler ve Uygurlar’da da benzer toplantılar düzenlenmekteydi. Göktürk kağanları toplantılarını Hun hükümdarları gibi beşinci ayda ecdat mağarasında, Uygur kağanları ise üçüncü ayda devletin merkezi Beşbalık’taki hükümdarlık sarayında veya avlusunda yapmaktaydı. Bütün bunlardan geleneksel dinî törenlerin, bayram ve şenliklerin, kurultayların hep toylarla birlikte gerçekleştiği anlaşılmaktadır. Esasen Türkler’de yemeksiz toplantı hiçbir zaman olmamıştır. Bundan dolayı devlet meclislerine (kengeş, térnek, kurultay) toy denilmiştir.
Bu gelenek İslâmî dönemde Tolunoğulları, Karahanlılar, Büyük Selçuklular, Anadolu Selçukluları, Atabeglikler, Anadolu beylikleri, Memlükler, Akkoyunlular, Karakoyunlular, Osmanlılar ve Özbekler (Şeybânîler) tarafından devam ettirilmiştir. Kâşgarlı Mahmud’a göre Türk beyleri bayramlarda ve düğünlerde minareler gibi sofralar kurduruyor, halkı yedirip içirdikten sonra sofra takımlarını yağmalatıyordu (Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk Tercümesi , III, 438). Bu yağmalı toylara XI. yüzyılda “kençliyü” denilmekteydi. Nizâmülmülk’e göre Karahanlı hükümdarları gibi Büyük Selçuklu Sultanı Tuğrul Bey de ordusuyla gezintiye ve ava çıktığı zaman muhteşem sofralar kurdururdu. Toya katılanlar bu sofraların ihtişamı karşısında hayretler içinde kalıyordu. Sultanlar cömert olmak zorundaydı; aksi takdirde babalık görevini ihmal etmiş ve millî hukuka karşı çıkmış sayılırdı.
Müslüman Türk hükümdarları ve beyleri toy geleneğini sürdürmüşlerdir. Tuğrul Bey, Abbâsî halifesinin kızıyla evlenirken büyük bir toy vermiş, toydan sonra sultanın sofra takımı yemeğe katılanlar tarafından yağma edilmiştir. Nikâhın ardından hem saltanat çadırının hem tahtın önünde Türkler’in saçı âdeti icra edilmiştir. Diğer taraftan Abbâsî halifesinin sarayında düzenlenen düğün eğlencesinde başta Tuğrul Bey olmak üzere bütün Selçuklu beyleri ve kumandanları topluca oyunlar oynamışlar, Türkçe ezgiler söylemişlerdir. Sultan Muhammed Tapar 511 yılı kurban bayramında (4-6 Nisan 1118) büyük bir ziyafet düzenlemiş ve sonunda sofrasını ve sarayını yağmalatmıştı (Özaydın, s. 149). İbn Bîbî, Anadolu Selçuklu sultanlarının halka verdiği ziyafetlerden sık sık bahseder ve yemekten sonra kıymetli eşyaların yağmalandığını belirtir. Yağmanın gerçekleştiği ziyafetlerden birinin I. Keykâvus’un düğün töreninde, diğerinin Muînüddin Süleyman Pervâne’nin verdiği, Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’nin de hazır bulunduğu bir ziyafet sırasında meydana geldiği bilinmektedir (Turan, Türkiye Selçukluları Hakkında Resmî Vesikalar , s. 31). İbn Battûta’nın verdiği bilgilerden Anadolu beyliklerinde de bu geleneğin devam ettiği anlaşılmaktadır (Seyahatnâme , I, 352). Aksarâyî de Muînüddin Pervâne zamanında cuma sabahı umumi ziyafetler düzenlendiğini belirtir (Müsâmeretü’l-aḫbâr , s. 90).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Ebü’l-Ferec, Târih , II, 315.
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a.mlf., “Türk Edebiyatının Menşei”, MTM , IV (1331), s. 27-34.
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a.mlf., Türk Millî Kültürü , İstanbul 2002, s. 261 vd.
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Tuncer Baykara, “Türklerde Şenlikler, Kutlamalar, Toylar ve Eğlenceler”, Erdem , XII/36, Ankara 2000, s. 867-898.
Altan Çetin, “Memlûk Sultanlarının İhsan ve İn’amlarına Dair”, EKEV Akademi Dergisi , X/26, Erzurum 2006, s. 101-114.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2012 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 41. cildinde, 270-272 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.